Institut für Sonderpädagogik
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Although inclusion is the declared goal, the transition from a system based on special schools to an inclusive school system has only been progressing very slowly in individual countries. In an evolving school system, the existing special schools keep struggling to justify their existence. This study investigates the regional distribution effects based on official school data and shows the influence of a pull effect on special schools as a distance effect of special schools affecting the placement of students. For this purpose, official school statistics including all students at special and regular schools in the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 (N = 11 280 040) are evaluated in a spatiotemporal comparison using Educational Data Mining. In a hierarchical regression model on school placement in inclusive schools, the distance between primary and special schools has the highest influence (β = 0.48) on the inclusion rate (i.e., the proportion of students with special needs who are educated in regular schools in relation to all students with disabilities), along with the size (β = −0.14) and the density of special schools in a district (β = −0.12). The effects differ according to the population density of the region and are stronger in large cities. When the proportion of students with and without SEN in regular schools is considered (support rate), the density of special schools has the greatest impact on school placement (ß = 43.44). Self‐preservation of schools, traditional funding systems and regional differences between urban and rural areas are discussed as possible reasons.
Background: Approximately 10% of children, adolescents and young adults with an intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) in Bavaria live in residential institutions. 2015 saw media reports raising suspicions about excessive use of coercive measures (cM) in those institutions. Until a law reform at the end of 2017 made permission from family courts mandatory for cM, their use was governed by parental consent. The REDUGIA project conducted a representative survey comparing cM and their relation to challenging behaviour (cB) and employee stress in Bavaria pre and post reform.
Methods: We sent questionnaires to 65 residential institutions for children, adolescents and young adults with IDD in 2017 (pre reform, T1) and 2019 (post reform, T2). To assess changes, we analysed data from all available questionnaire pairs (T1 and T2, N = 43). We calculated paired t-test and correlative analyses concerning the relationship between cB, cM, and employee stress.
Results: The number of residents overall (T1: N = 1,661; T2: N = 1,673) and per institution (T1: m = 38.6 ± 32.0; T2: m = 38.9 ± 34.5, p = 0.920) remained stable. We did not see any changes in the Index cB (p = 0.508) or the proportion of residents per institution displaying various types of challenging behaviour (all ps>0.220). There was no change in the Index cM (p = 0.089) or any indicator of employee stress, all ps > 0.323. At follow-up, the Index cB correlated positively with the Index cM (r = 0.519 p < 0.001). Regarding employee stress, the Index cB correlated positively with the frequency of sick leave (r = 0.322, p = 0.037) and physical attacks on employees (r = 0.552, p < 0.001). The Index cM also correlated positively with the frequency of sick leave (r = 0.340, p = 0.028) and physical attacks on employees (r = 0.492, p = 0.001).
Discussion: Coercive measures are not a general phenomenon, but are focused on specialised institutions. The law reform did not lead to changes in the number of children, adolescents and young adults with IDD affected by coercive measures in residential institutions in Bavaria. There were still large discrepancies between institutions in the prevalence of challenging behaviour and coercive measures. Coercive measures were associated with challenging behaviour and employee stress. Taken together, findings from REDUGIA emphasise the need to prevent challenging behaviour and thus coercive measures.
Fragestellung: In Bayern leben etwa 10 % aller jungen Menschen mit Intelligenzminderung in Heimeinrichtungen. 2016 wurde in Presseberichten der Vorwurf unzulässiger freiheitsentziehender Maßnahmen formuliert. Im Rahmen des Projekts REDUGIA wurde in bayerischen Heimeinrichtungen eine repräsentative Erhebung zu freiheitsentziehenden Maßnahmen (FeM), herausforderndem Verhalten (hfV) und der Mitarbeiterbelastung (MaB) durchgeführt. Methodik: 65 Einrichtungen für junge Menschen mit Intelligenzminderung in Bayern wurde ein Fragebogen zu strukturellen Gegebenheiten sowie MaB, hfV und FeM zugesendet. Neben deskriptiven Auswertungen wurden korrelative Analysen bzw. Regressionsanalysen zum Zusammenhang zwischen hfV, FeM und MaB durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Es wurden Daten zu 1839 Personen in 61 Einrichtungen erhoben. 84.3 % der Einrichtungen berichteten geringe Raten an hfV und FeM, während 15.7 % ein gehäuftes Vorkommen von hfV und FeM angaben. Auf n = 1809 Vollzeitäquivalente kam es innerhalb von 14 Tagen zu 639 körperlichen Angriffen durch Bewohner_innen. In 12 Monaten wurden problemverhaltensassoziiert 85 Krankmeldungen sowie 33 Versetzungsanträge/Kündigungen berichtet. Es zeigte sich ein signifikant positiver Zusammenhang zwischen hfV und FeM (R² = .307, F = 21.719, p < .001). Die Mitarbeiterbelastung korrelierte positiv mit hfV (r = .507, p < .001). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studienbefunde weisen darauf hin, dass hfV sowie FeM bei jungen Menschen mit Intelligenzminderung kein flächendeckendes Phänomen darstellen, sondern sich auf wenige spezialisierte Einrichtungen fokussieren. Mögliche Maßnahmen zur Prävention von Problemverhalten und Freiheitsentzug werden diskutiert.
Previous research has demonstrated that humans are able to match unfamiliar voices to corresponding faces and vice versa. It has been suggested that this matching ability might be based on common underlying factors that have a characteristic impact on both faces and voices. Some researchers have additionally assumed that dynamic facial information might be especially relevant to successfully match faces to voices. In the present study, static and dynamic face-voice matching ability was compared in a simultaneous presentation paradigm. Additionally, a procedure (matching additionally supported by incidental association learning) was implemented which allowed for reliably excluding participants that did not pay sufficient attention to the task. A comparison of performance between static and dynamic face-voice matching suggested a lack of substantial differences in matching ability, suggesting that dynamic (as opposed to mere static) facial information does not contribute meaningfully to face-voice matching performance. Importantly, this conclusion was not merely derived from the lack of a statistically significant group difference in matching performance (which could principally be explained by assuming low statistical power), but from a Bayesian analysis as well as from an analysis of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the actual effect size. The extreme border of this CI suggested a maximally plausible dynamic face advantage of less than four percentage points, which was considered way too low to indicate any theoretically meaningful dynamic face advantage. Implications regarding the underlying mechanisms of face-voice matching are discussed.
Lernbehinderte und CNC-Technologie : Bericht über einen in Deutschland laufenden Modellversuch
(1991)
Im Rahmen eines Modellversuches sollen in Hessen neue Ausbildungsgänge im Metallbereich für Lernbehinderte umgesetzt und evaluiert werden. Dabei geht es insbesondere um eine Prüfung der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Ausbildung an computergesteuerten Dreh- und Fräsmaschinen. Berufsbildungswerke für die Ausbildung Lern- und Körperbehinderter sowie Betriebe der freien Wirtschaft bilden im Rahmen des Versuches modellhaft Gruppen von Werkzeugmaschinenspanern aus. Ziele des pädagogischen Rahmenprogrammes sind grösstmögliche Fachkompetenz, Selbständigkeit, Kooperations- und Kommunikationsfähigkeit. Von dem Projekt sind Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Möglichkeiten des qualifizierten Einsatzes Lernbeeinträchtigter in Bereichen moderner industrieller Fertigung zu erwarten.
In Hessen wurde 1989 ein Modellversuch gestartet. der die Chancen Lernbehinderter für qualifizierte Arbeitsplätze im Bereich Metall verbessern soll. Ziel ist die Erarbeitung einer differenzierten Ausbildung im Berufsbild ,Werkzeugmaschinenspaner', einer reduzierten Variante des aktuellen Metallberufes ,Zerspanungsmechaniker·. Dabei geht es auch um die Integration von Arbeiten an computergesteuerten Dreh- und Fräsmaschinen. Berufsbildungswerke für die Ausbildung Lernund Körperbehinderter sowie Betriebe der freien Wirtschaft bilden im Rahmen des Versuchs modellhaft Gruppen von Werkzeugmaschinenspanern aus. Ziele sind Fachkompetenz, Selbständigkeit, Kooperations- und Kommunikationsfähigkeit.