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Serverless computing is an emerging cloud computing paradigm that offers a highlevel
application programming model with utilization-based billing. It enables the
deployment of cloud applications without managing the underlying resources or
worrying about other operational aspects. Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms
implement serverless computing by allowing developers to execute code on-demand
in response to events with continuous scaling while having to pay only for the
time used with sub-second metering. Cloud providers have further introduced
many fully managed services for databases, messaging buses, and storage that also
implement a serverless computing model. Applications composed of these fully
managed services and FaaS functions are quickly gaining popularity in both industry
and in academia.
However, due to this rapid adoption, much information surrounding serverless
computing is inconsistent and often outdated as the serverless paradigm evolves.
This makes the performance engineering of serverless applications and platforms
challenging, as there are many open questions, such as: What types of applications
is serverless computing well suited for, and what are its limitations? How should
serverless applications be designed, configured, and implemented? Which design
decisions impact the performance properties of serverless platforms and how can
they be optimized? These and many other open questions can be traced back to an
inconsistent understanding of serverless applications and platforms, which could
present a major roadblock in the adoption of serverless computing.
In this thesis, we address the lack of performance knowledge surrounding serverless
applications and platforms from multiple angles: we conduct empirical studies
to further the understanding of serverless applications and platforms, we introduce
automated optimization methods that simplify the operation of serverless applications,
and we enable the analysis of design tradeoffs of serverless platforms by
extending white-box performance modeling.
In produzierenden Unternehmen werden verschiedene Vorgehensweisen zur Planung, Überwachung und Steuerung von Produktionsabläufen eingesetzt. Einer dieser Methoden wird als Vorgangsknotennetzplantechnik bezeichnet. Die einzelnen Produktionsschritte werden als Knoten definiert und durch Pfeile miteinander verbunden. Die Pfeile stellen die Beziehungen der jeweiligen Vorgänge zueinander und damit den Produktionsablauf dar. Diese Technik erlaubt den Anwendern einen umfassenden Überblick über die einzelnen Prozessrelationen. Zusätzlich können mit ihr Vorgangszeiten und Produktfertigstellungszeiten ermittelt werden, wodurch eine ausführliche Planung der Produktion ermöglicht wird. Ein Nachteil dieser Technik begründet sich in der alleinigen Darstellung einer ausführbaren Prozessabfolge. Im Falle eines Störungseintritts mit der Folge eines nicht durchführbaren Vorgangs muss von dem originären Prozess abgewichen werden. Aufgrund dessen wird eine Neuplanung erforderlich. Es werden Alternativen für den gestörten Vorgang benötigt, um eine Fortführung des Prozesses ungeachtet der Störung zu erreichen. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wird daher eine Erweiterung der Vorgangsknotennetzplantechnik beschrieben, die es erlaubt, ergänzend zu dem geplanten Soll-Prozess Alternativvorgänge für einzelne Vorgänge darzulegen. Diese Methode wird als Maximalnetzplan bezeichnet. Die Alternativen werden im Falle eines Störungseintritts automatisch evaluiert und dem Anwender in priorisierter Reihenfolge präsentiert. Durch die Verwendung des Maximalnetzplans kann eine aufwendige Neuplanung vermieden werden. Als Anwendungsbeispiel dient ein Montageprozess, mithilfe dessen die Verwendbarkeit der Methode dargelegt wird. Weiterführend zeigt eine zeitliche Analyse zufallsbedingter Maximalnetzpläne eine Begründung zur Durchführung von Alternativen und damit den Nutzen des Maximalnetzplans auf. Zusätzlich sei angemerkt, dass innerhalb dieser Arbeit verwendete Begrifflichkeiten wie Anwender, Werker oder Mitarbeiter in maskuliner Schreibweise niedergeschrieben werden. Dieses ist ausschließlich der Einfachheit geschuldet und nicht dem Zweck der Diskriminierung anderer Geschlechter dienlich. Die verwendete Schreibweise soll alle Geschlechter ansprechen, ob männlich, weiblich oder divers.
After the discovery of three-dimensional topological insulators (TIs), such as tetradymite chalcogenides Bi$_2$Se$_3$, Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and Sb$_2$Te$_3$ – a new class of quantum materials characterized by their unique surface electronic properties – the solid state community got focused on topological states that are driven by strong electronic correlations and magnetism. An important material class is the magnetic TI (MTI) exhibiting the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect, i.e. a dissipationless quantized edge-state transport in the absence of external magnetic field, originating from the interplay between ferromagnetism and a topologically non-trivial band structure. The unprecedented opportunities offered by these new exotic materials open a new avenue for the development of low-dissipation electronics, spintronics, and quantum computation. However, the major concern with QAH effect is its extremely low onset temperature, limiting its practical application. To resolve this problem, a comprehensive understanding of the microscopic origin of the underlying ferromagnetism is necessary.
V- and Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)$_2$Te$_3$ are the two prototypical systems that have been widely studied as realizations of the QAH state. Finding microscopic differences between the strongly correlated V and Cr impurities would help finding a relevant model of ferromagnetic coupling and eventually provide better control of the QAH effect in these systems. Therefore, this thesis first focuses on the V- and Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)$_2$Te$_3$ systems, to better understand these differences. Exploiting the unique capabilities of x-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism (XAS/XMCD), combined with advanced modeling based on multiplet ligand-field theory (MLFT), we provide a detailed microscopic insight into the local electronic and magnetic properties of these systems and determine microscopic parameters crucial for the comparison with theoretical models, which include the $d$-shell filling, spin and orbital magnetic moments. We find a strongly covalent ground state, dominated by the superposition of one and two Te-ligand-hole configurations, with a negligible contribution from a purely ionic 3+ configuration. Our findings indicate the importance of the Te $5p$ states for the ferromagnetism in (Bi, Sb)$_2$Te$_3$ and favor magnetic coupling mechanisms involving $pd$-exchange. Using state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) calculations in combination with XMCD and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (resPES), we reveal the important role of the $3d$ impurity states in mediating magnetic exchange coupling. Our calculations illustrate that the kind and strength of the exchange coupling varies with the impurity $3d$-shell occupation. We find a weakening of ferromagnetic properties upon the increase of doping concentration, as well as with the substitution of Bi at the Sb site. Finally, we qualitatively describe the origin of the induced magnetic moments at the Te and Sb sites in the host lattice and discuss their role in mediating a robust ferromagnetism based on a $pd$-exchange interaction scenario. Our findings reveal important clues to designing higher $T_{\text{C}}$ MTIs.
Rare-earth ions typically exhibit larger magnetic moments than transition-metal ions and thus promise the opening of a wider exchange gap in the Dirac surface states of TIs, which is favorable for the realization of the high-temperature QAH effect. Therefore, we have further focused on Eu-doped Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and scrutinized whether the conditions for formation of a substantial gap in this system are present by combining spectroscopic and bulk characterization methods with theoretical calculations. For all studied Eu doping concentrations, our atomic multiplet analysis of the $M_{4,5}$ x-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra reveals a Eu$^{2+}$ valence, unlike most other rare earth elements, and confirms a large magnetic moment. At temperatures below 10 K, bulk magnetometry indicates the onset of antiferromagnetic ordering. This is in good agreement with DFT results, which predict AFM interactions between the Eu impurities due to the direct overlap of the impurity wave functions. Our results support the notion of antiferromagnetism coexisting with topological surface states in rare-earth doped Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and corroborate the potential of such doping to result in an antiferromagnetic TI with exotic quantum properties.
The doping with impurities introduces disorder detrimental for the QAH effect, which may be avoided in stoichiometric, well-ordered magnetic compounds. In the last part of the thesis we have investigated the recently discovered intrinsic magnetic TI (IMTI) MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$, where we have uncovered robust ferromagnetism with $T_{\text{C}} \approx 12$ K and connected its origin to the Mn/Bi intermixing. Our measurements reveal a magnetically intact surface with a large moment, and with FM properties similar to the bulk, which makes MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$ a promising candidate for the QAH effect at elevated temperatures. Moreover, using an advanced ab initio MLFT approach we have determined the ground-state properties of Mn and revealed a predominant contribution of the $d^5$ configuration to the ground state, resulting in a $d$-shell electron occupation $n_d = 5.31$ and a large magnetic moment, in excellent agreement with our DFT calculations and the bulk magnetometry data. Our results together with first principle calculations based on the DFT-GGA$+U$, performed by our collaborators, suggest that carefully engineered intermixing plays a crucial role in achieving a robust long-range FM order and therefore could be the key for achieving enhanced QAH effect properties.
We expect our findings to aid better understanding of MTIs, which is essential to help increasing the temperature of the QAH effect, thus facilitating the realization of low-power electronics in the future.
For formative evaluations of user experience (UX) a variety of methods have been developed over the years. However, most techniques require the users to interact with the study as a secondary task. This active involvement in the evaluation is not inclusive of all users and potentially biases the experience currently being studied. Yet there is a lack of methods for situations in which the user has no spare cognitive resources. This condition occurs when 1) users' cognitive abilities are impaired (e.g., people with dementia) or 2) users are confronted with very demanding tasks (e.g., air traffic controllers). In this work we focus on emotions as a key component of UX and propose the new structured observation method Proxemo for formative UX evaluations. Proxemo allows qualified observers to document users' emotions by proxy in real time and then directly link them to triggers. Technically this is achieved by synchronising the timestamps of emotions documented by observers with a video recording of the interaction.
In order to facilitate the documentation of observed emotions in highly diverse contexts we conceptualise and implement two separate versions of a documentation aid named Proxemo App. For formative UX evaluations of technology-supported reminiscence sessions with people with dementia, we create a smartwatch app to discreetly document emotions from the categories anger, general alertness, pleasure, wistfulness and pride. For formative UX evaluations of prototypical user interfaces with air traffic controllers we create a smartphone app to efficiently document emotions from the categories anger, boredom, surprise, stress and pride. Descriptive case studies in both application domains indicate the feasibility and utility of the method Proxemo and the appropriateness of the respectively adapted design of the Proxemo App.
The third part of this work is a series of meta-evaluation studies to determine quality criteria of Proxemo. We evaluate Proxemo regarding its reliability, validity, thoroughness and effectiveness, and compare Proxemo's efficiency and the observers' experience to documentation with pen and paper. Proxemo is reliable, as well as more efficient, thorough and effective than handwritten notes and provides a better UX to observers. Proxemo compares well with existing methods where benchmarks are available.
With Proxemo we contribute a validated structured observation method that has shown to meet requirements formative UX evaluations in the extreme contexts of users with cognitive impairments or high task demands. Proxemo is agnostic regarding researchers' theoretical approaches and unites reductionist and holistic perspectives within one method.
Future work should explore the applicability of Proxemo for further domains and extend the list of audited quality criteria to include, for instance, downstream utility. With respect to basic research we strive to better understand the sources leading observers to empathic judgments and propose reminisce and older adults as model environment for investigating mixed emotions.
Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits.
Facing Enemies. Modulation of Revenge Interactions based on Opponent State Indicators of Suffering
(2023)
Research on revenge often treats vengeful acts as singular one-way experiences, an approach which fails to account for the social nature and functions of revenge. This dissertation aims to integrate emotional punishment reactions into dynamic revenge sequences to investigate the affective and cognitive consequences of revenge within a social interaction.
Exacting revenge can evoke intense affective consequences, from feelings of guilt to the genuine enjoyment of the suffering of others. In Chapter 2, affective responses towards suffering opponents and the regulation of aggression based on the appraisal of distinct suffering indicators were investigated. Results indicate that the observation of opponent pain evokes positive affect (measured via facial muscle contractions during the observation), which is followed by a downregulation of subsequent punishment. Both, positive affective reactions and the downregulation of punishment, were only observed following pain and not sadness expressions. Empathic distress, indexed by negative affective reactions, was only present following the observation of pain in non-provoking opponents. Showcasing the modulation of empathy related processes due to provocation and competition.
In Chapter 3, a significant escalation of punishment, when being confronted with Schadenfreude, was observed. Results are interpreted as supporting the assumption that opponent monitoring processes inform subsequent action selection. The observation of opponent smiles led to imitation behavior (facial mimicry), which was partially attenuated due to previous provocation. The different functions of smile mimicry in the context of the aggressive competitive setting are discussed as containing simulation aspects (to aid in opponent understanding) and as a potential mirroring of dominance gestures, to avoid submission.
In an additional series of studies, which are presented in Chapter 4, changes in memory of opponent faces following vengeful encounters were measured. Based on provocation, and punishment outcomes (pain & anger), face memory was distorted, resulting in more positive representations of opponents that expressed pain. These results are discussed as evidence of the impact of outcome appraisals in the formation of opponent representations and are theorized to aid empathy avoidance in future interactions.
The comparison of desired and observed opponent states, is theorized to result in appraisals of the punishment outcomes, which evoke affective states, inform the action selection of subsequent punishments, and are integrated into the representation of the opponent in memory.
Overall, the results indicate that suffering cues that are congruent with the chosen punishment action are appraised as positive, evoking an increase in positive affect. The emergence of positive affect during the observation of successful aggressive actions supports recent theories about the chronification of aggressive behavior based on reinforcement learning. To allow positive affect to emerge, affective empathic responses, such as distress, are theorized to be suppressed to facilitate the goal attainment process. The suffering of the opponent constitutes the proximate goal during revenge taking, which highlights the importance of a theoretical differentiation of proximate and ultimate goals in revenge to allow for a deeper understanding of the underlying motives of complex revenge behavior.
Proton‐coupled electron‐transfer (PCET) processes play a key role in biocatalytic energy conversion and storage, for example, photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation. Here, we report a series of bipyridine‐containing di‐ to tetranuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles 2 C–4 C (bda: 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐dicarboxylate) to promote O−O bond formation. In photocatalytic water oxidation under neutral conditions, all complexes 2 C–4 C prevail in a folded conformation that support the water nucleophilic attack (WNA) pathway with remarkable turnover frequencies of up to 15.5 s\(^{−1}\) per Ru unit respectively. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed an increased tendency for intramolecular π‐π stacking and preorganization of the proximal bases close to the active centers for the larger macrocycles. H/D kinetic isotope effect studies and electrochemical data demonstrate the key role of the proximal bipyridines as proton acceptors in lowering the activation barrier for the crucial nucleophilic attack of H\(_{2}\)O in the WNA mechanism.
Isolated 2‐phenylallyl radicals (2‐PA), generated by pyrolysis from a nitrite precursor, have been investigated by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy using free electron laser radiation. 2‐PA is a resonance‐stabilized radical that is considered to be involved in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in combustion, but also in interstellar space. The radical is identified based on its gas‐phase IR spectrum. Furthermore, a number of bimolecular reaction products are identified, showing that the self‐reaction as well as reactions with unimolecular decomposition products of 2‐PA form several PAH efficiently. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the chemistry of 2‐PA is compared with the one of the related 2‐methylallyl and phenylpropargyl radicals.
Die Interaktion des onkogenen Transkriptionsfaktors MYCN mit der Ser/Thr Kinase Aurora-A verhindert
dessen Abbau über das Ubiquitin Proteasomsystem indem die Rekrutierung des SCF FbxW7 Komplexes
verhindert wird. Die Kinase nimmt mit der Bindung an MYCN eine aktive Konformation ein und erhält
somit die Fähigkeit zur Kinaseaktivität ohne die sonst notwendige Phosphorylierung von Thr288 oder
die Anwesenheit eines Aktivators wie TPX2. Da hohe MYCN Konzentrationen Tumore wie
Neuroblastome antreiben, ist die Störung der Komplexbildung mit Aurora-A eine valide Strategie zur
Entwicklung von Chemotherapeutika. Einige Inhibitoren von Aurora-A wie Alisertib (MLN8237) sind in
der Lage, eine Konformationsänderung in der Kinase zu verursachen, die mit der Bindung von MYCN
inkompatibel ist und auf diese Weise den Abbau des Transkriptionsfaktors induziert. Da Aurora-A
wichtige Funktionen in der Mitose übernimmt, könnte eine direkte Adressierung des Komplexes anstelle
einer systemischen Inhibition der Kinase vielversprechender sein.
Ziel des Projektes war die Identifizierung von Molekülen, die selektiv an das Interface des
Aurora-A – MYCN Komplexes binden und weiter optimiert werden können, um einen gezielten Abbau
des Transkriptionsfaktors über einen PROTAC Ansatz zu ermöglichen. Virtuelle Screenings und
molekulardynamische Simulationen wurden durchgeführt, um kommerziell erhältliche Verbindungen zu
identifizieren, welche mit einer Bindetasche des Komplexes interagieren, die nur zustande kommt, wenn
beide Proteine miteinander interagieren. Aus einem ersten Set von zehn potentiellen Liganden wurde
für vier eine selektive Interaktion mit dem Protein – Protein Komplex gegenüber Aurora-A oder MYCN
alleine in STD-NMR Experimenten bestätigt. Zwei der Hits besaßen ein identisches Grundgerüst und
wurden als Ausganspunkt für die Optimierung zu potenteren Liganden genutzt. Das Gerüst wurde
fragmentweise vergrößert und in Richtung besserer in-silico Ergebnisse und Funktionalisierung zur
Anbringung von E3-Ligase-Liganden optimiert. Neun dieser Liganden der zweiten Generation wurden
synthetisiert.
Um quantitative Bindungsdaten zu erhalten, wurde ein kovalent verknüpftes Aurora-A – MYCN
Konstrukt entworfen. Die strukturelle und funktionale Integrität wurde in STD-NMR und BLI
Experimenten mit bekannten Aurora-A Inhibitoren bestätigt, sowie in NMR-basierten ATPase Assays.
Zusätzlich konnte die Kristallstruktur des Konstrukts gelöst und damit die Validität des Designs bestätigt
werden. Quantitative Messungen der synthetisierten Moleküle identifizierten HD19S als Hit mit einer
zehnfach höheren Affinität für das Aurora-A – MYCN Konstrukt im Vergleich zu der Kinase allein.
Zusätzlich wurden in-silico Untersuchungen zu PROTACs der Aurora-A Kinase durchgeführt.
Interaktionen zwischen Aurora-A, der E3-Ligase Cereblon und den Liganden wurden modelliert und für
die Erklärung unterschiedlicher Aktivitäten der eingesetzten PROTACs verwendet. Zudem zeigte das
aktivste PROTAC eine hohe Selektivität für Aurora-A gegenüber Aurora-B, obwohl die verwendete
Erkennungseinheit (Alisertib) an beide Aurora-Proteine bindet. Dieser Umstand konnte durch
energetische Analysen von molekulardynamischen Simulationen der ternären Komplexe erklärt werden.
Optimierungsmöglichkeiten für eine effizientere Degradation von Aurora-A durch die PROTACs wurden
basierend auf modifizierten Erkennungseinheiten und verbesserten Linkern untersucht.
Ziel der Studie ist es, berufsbezogene Überzeugungen von Grundschullehrkräften zum Umgang mit Mehrsprachigkeit im unterrichtlichen Kontext anhand einer online-Fragebogenstudie zu erfassen. Das Thema Mehrsprachigkeit ist von hoher und wachsender pädagogischer und gesellschaftlicher Relevanz, da Lehrkräfte täglich sprachlicher Heterogenität begegnen. Im Unterricht stehen sie vor der Aufgabe, innerhalb eines einsprachig geprägten institutionellen Rahmens eine Sprachbildung für alle Kinder zu ermöglichen und dabei dem grundschulpädagogischen Anspruch nachzukommen, die sprachlichen Ausgangslagen der Schülerinnen und Schüler wertschätzend und reflexiv einzubeziehen. Angesichts dieser Herausforderungen wird mit dem Vorhaben auf die folgenden Forschungsdesiderata reagiert:
Der Umgang mit Mehrsprachigkeit – insbesondere in Bezug auf berufstätige Grundschullehrkräfte und deren Überzeugungen – wurde bisher nicht umfassend untersucht. Methodisch leistet die Studie einen Beitrag zu einer differenzierten und umfänglicheren quantitativen Operationalisierung berufsbezogener Überzeugungen von Lehrkräften.