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Enkephalins and their receptors are found in neurons and nerve terminals known to be involved in central cardiovascular control as well as the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Enkephalins and opioid receptors were also iden tified in the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels. The enkephalins interact with several specific receptors, of which p, 0, and K have been best characterized. Enkephalins administered to humans or animals produce cardiovascular effects which depend on the spedes, route of administration, anesthesia, and the selectivity for receptor subtype. While little information exists on the role of enkephalins in normal cardiovascular control, current data suggest that enkephalins might have a role in cardiovascular stress responses such os in shock and trauma.
The endogenous opioid system includes three major families of peptides: dynorphins (derived from pre-proenkephalin B), endorphins (derived from pre-proopiomelanocortin), and enkephalins (derived from pre-proenkephalin A). Multiple species of opioid peptides are derived from these major precursors and many of them possess potent cardiovascular properties. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors, of which multiple forms have been defined, are present in the central nervous system and peripheral neural elements. In the central nervous system, opioid peptides and receptors are found in forebrain and hindbrain nuclei involved in baroregulation, sympathoadrenal activation, and several other vital autonomic functions. In the periphery, opioid peptides are found in autonomic ganglia, adrenal gland, heart, and other organs; multiple opioid receptors are also found in vascular tissue, heart, and kidneys. Although little is known to date on the regulatory mechanisms of the opioid system in normal cardiovascular states, it became clear that cardiovascular stress situations substantially modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system. The purpose of this review is to clarify the sites of interaction of the opioid system with all major components of the cardiovascular system and indicate the potential role of this system in the ontogenesis of cardiac malfunction, vascular diseases, and hypertension.
Grundlagenprobleme der Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Kommunikationsmedien bei Niklas Luhmann
(1987)
Niklas Luhmanns Version einer Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Medien soll mit der Version Talcott Parsons' konfrontiert werden, indem die grundbegrifflichen Differenzen aufgesucht werden, die Luhmanns Revisionen motivieren - Revisionen, die trotz ihrer Radikalität in der Diskussion bisher vernachlässigt wurden. Es wird versucht, eine Zwischen bilanz der theoretischen Weiterentwicklung von Luhmanns Version zu ziehen. Dabei treten Inkonsistenzen zutage, die sich dem prekären Verhältnis der Medien zur Sprache verdarrken: Der Code-Begriff ist nicht eindeutig bestimmt; die Engführung von Wahrheitsmedium, Logik und Wissenschaftssystem bedeutet eine Verkennung der Logizität von Sprache; es bestehen Widersprüche zwischen der kommunikativen und der evolutiven Rolle der Sprache. Luhmanns Versuch der Marginalisierung von Sprache bleibt mithin nicht ohne Auswirkungen auf die Schlüssigkeit der Medientheorie.
According to more recent studies on memory development in young children, preschoolers and kindergarteners are able to demonstrate surprisingly good memory skills in natural as weH as in laboratory-type settings. This finding is not consistent with the results of a study by Istomina (1975), conducted in 1948, leading to the concJusion that (a) preschoolers do not use voluntary remembering, and (b) children generally recall better in play situations than in typical experimental settings. In this study, two experiments were conducted to replicate Istomina's research. In the first, it was shown that Istomina's findings were replicable when methodological problems in the procedure were ignored. Experiment 2 improved methodologically upon Istomina's experimental methods and did not produce results to support her concJusions. Four- and 6-year-olds showed voluntary memory in play activities as weH as in laboratory-type settings, and remembered equally weB in both contexts. The results did not support the assumption that memory performance in young children can be substantially facilitated by motivating contexts.
No abstract available
No abstract available
Nichtverbale Kommunikation
(1987)
No abstract available
Ausdruck
(1987)
No abstract available
Ausdrucksforschung
(1987)
No abstract available