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No abstract available.
No abstract available.
Adenosine modulates a variety of physiological functions via membrane-bound receptors. These receptors couple via G proteins to adenylate cyclase and K+channels. The A1 subtype mediates an inhibition of adenylate cyclase and an opening of K+-channels, and the A2 subtype a Stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Both subtypes have been characterized by radioligand binding. This has facilitated the development of agonists and antagonists with more than 1000-fold A1 selectivity. A1-selective photoaffinity labels have been used for the biochemical characterization of A1 receptors and the study of their coupling to adenylate cyclase. Such selective ligands allow the analysis of the involvement of adenosine receptors in physiological functions. Selective interference with adenosine receptors provides new pharmacological tools and eventually new therapeutic approaches to a number of pathophysiological states.
Experimental research on memory development has typically focused on the description of universal development trends across the life span and the identification of major sources of development within this domain. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the preconditions and effects of interindividual variability within age groups across different memory tasks. Similarly, our knowledge about the stability of interindividual differences across the life span as well as the sources and the amount of intraindividual variability across memory tasks is scarce. In the present chapter, we concentrate on these neglected issues. First, theoretical assumptions concerning the interindividual and intraindividual variability of memory development are discussed. Next, empirical evidence is presented that seems suited to document the importance of these neglected issues. While we try to give a representative account of the literature, the emphasis is on more recent studies of memory development in children and elderly adults conducted in our laboratory. The results demonstrate that age-related changes and individual differences in the knowledge base are particularly important for describing and explaining individual differences in memory develoment. In comparison, the rote of stable individual differences in basic memory capacities in explaining variations in memory development is less clear given tbe conflicting empirical evidence. In the final section of the chapter consequences for future research are discussed.
Anhand eines geschichtlichen Rückblicks und einer Zusammenfassung jüngerer Emotionstheorien wird die Bedeutung der Emotionen für die Verhaltenstherapie abgeleitet. Die Ursprünge in der verhaltenstherapeutischen Angstbehandlung zeigen, daß für die Verhaltenstherapie seit ihrem Beginn die Veränderung von emotionalen Störungen eine zentrale Aufgabe war. Aus jüngeren Theorien zu diskreten Emotionen und deren Komponenten lassen sich diagnostische und therapeutische Zielrichtungen spezifizieren. Als Komponenten der Emotionen werden die Bewertung der Situation, physiologische Aktivierung, Motivierung, Handlungsvorbereitung, Signal zum Organismus und Signal zur Umgebung erläutert. Von den verschiedenen Funktionen der Emotionen sind die Funktion des Antriebs für unser Verhalten, die Funktion der Koppelung zwischen Reizen und Reaktionen und die verhaltenssteuernde Funktion für die Therapie besonders bedeutsam. Beispiele von verschiedenen Ansätzen auf der somatisch-physiologischen Ebene, der kognitiven Ebene und der Verhaltens-Ebene geben einen Einblick in die Möglichkeiten der Verhaltenstherapiefür die Veränderung negativer emotionaler Zustände. Nach der kognitiven Wende scheint die emotionale Wende in der Verhaltenstherapie angezeigt.
Familie und Kleingruppen
(1988)
No abstract available
Soziale Einflüsse
(1988)
No abstract available