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The high failure rate of new drug candidates in preclinical or clinical studies due to hepatotoxicity represents a considerable problem in the drug development. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new approaches for early and reliable prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity that enables a better identification of drug candidates with high potential for toxicity at early stages of drug development. Therefore, the aim of this work was to improve the prediction of drug-induced liver injury in preclinical studies through evaluation of more reliable and sensitive biomarkers of hepatotoxicity and a better understanding of the underlying mechanistic basis for drug-induced toxicity. First, the ability of a set of potential markers (NGAL, thiostatin, clusterin, PON1) to detect early signs of liver injury was assessed in rats treated with drug candidates that were dropped from further development, in part due to toxic adverse effects in the liver. In summary, PON1 and clusterin were not consistently altered in response to liver injury and thus provide no additive information to the traditional liver enzymes in detecting drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In contrast, thiostatin and NGAL were increased in serum and urine of treated animals in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These changes correlated well with mRNA expression in the target organ and generally reflected the onset and degree of drug-induced liver injury. Receiver-operating characteristics analyses supported serum thiostatin, but not NGAL, as a better indicator of drug-induced hepatobiliary injury than conventional clinical chemistry parameters, such as ALP, ALT and AST. Although thiostatin, an acute phase protein expressed in a range of tissues, may not be specific for liver injury, our results indicate that thiostatin may serve as a sensitive, minimally-invasive diagnostic marker of inflammation and tissue damage in preclinical safety assessment. In the second part of this work, combined application of genomics profiling technology and RNAi to inhibit the pharmacological target of a drug candidate BAY16, a glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonist, was used to determine if interference with the pharmacological target plays a role in the toxic response to BAY16, and to narrow down those molecular changes that are associated with toxicity, and not the pharmacological action of BAY16. In contrast to Bay 16, which was found to be cytotoxic at concentrations of 75 µM, silencing of the glucagon receptor did not affect cell viability in primary rat hepatocytes. Thus, it can be concluded that hepatotoxicity of Bay 16 was not related to the drugs inhibitory effect on the glucagon receptor in vitro and in vivo. These findings were supported by the fact that most of BAY16-induced changes in gene expression occurred independently of the pharmacological modulation of GCGR. These off-target effects include altered xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, increased fatty acid synthesis, and alterations in cholesterol and bile acid metabolic processes. Although it was not possible to draw a final conclusion about the mechanism of BAY16 hepatotoxicity, changes in these molecular mechanisms appear contribute to progression of hepatic injury. With regard to drug safety assessment in preclinical studies, the utilization of siRNA technology in vitro represents a new approach to improve mechanistic understanding of the nature of drug’s toxicity, being either chemically mediated or due to primary or secondary pharmacological mode of action.
Die Nukleosidischen Reverse Transkriptase Hemmer (NRTI) Zidovudin (AZT) und Stavudin (d4T) sind häufig eingesetzte Bestandteile der antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie. Die Behandlung erstreckt sich oft über viele Jahre, sodass neben der antiviralen und immunologischen Effektivität besonders das Auftreten von Langzeitnebenwirkungen von Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden retrospektiv die Langzeit-Therapieverläufe von 213 Patienten, die zwischen 1990 und 2003 mit Zidovudin oder Stavudin behandelt wurden, verglichen. Die Kombinationsegime unterschieden sich nicht in ihrer antiretroviralen Wirksamkeit oder Einnahmedauer, jedoch in ihrem Nebenwirkungsprofil. So traten hämatologische Nebenwirkungen (Anämien, Leukopenien, Neutropenien) signifikant häufiger unter AZT auf. Die Gabe von Stavudin kann die hämatotoxische Wirkung von Zidovudin zum Teil kompensieren. Nach Therapieumstellung von AZT auf d4T kam es zu einem Anstieg der absoluten Leukozyten, der neutrophilen Granulozyten und des Hämoglobins. Sowohl in Zidovudin- als auch Stavudin-haltigen Regimen trat nach Beginn der antiretroviralen Therapie eine Makrozytose auf. Patienten mit Noncompliance zeigten eine anhaltende Normozytose bzw. eine Normalisierung des MCV, falls nach Beginn der ART eine Makrozytose bestand. Das MCV kann als Compliancemarker genutzt werden. Unter d4T-haltigen Regimen traten häufiger metabolische Nebenwirkungen wie Hypercholesterinämien, Hypertriglyceridämien und Hepatotoxizität auf, v.a. in Kombination mit Proteaseinhibitoren. Lipodystrophien wurden unter Proteasehemmer-haltigen und –freien Regimen beobachtet. Unter Stavudin traten Veränderungen der Körperfettverteilung signifikant häufiger auf als unter Zidovudin.