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Posture and mobility are important aspects for spinal health. In the context of low back pain, strategies to alter postural anomalies (e.g., hyper/hypolordosis, hyper/hypokyphosis) and mobility deficits (e.g., bending restrictions) have been of interest to researchers and clinicians. Machine-based isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise (ILEX) has been used successfully for rehabilitation of patients suffering from low back pain. The aim of this study was to analyse the immediate effects of ILEX on spinal posture and mobility. In this interventional cohort study, the posture and mobility measures of 33 healthy individuals (m = 17, f = 16; mean age 30.0 years) were taken using the surface-based Spinal Mouse system (IDIAG M360©, Fehraltdorf, Switzerland). Individuals performed one exercise set to full exhaustion with an ILEX-device (Powerspine, Wuerzburg, Germany) in a standardized setup, including uniform range of motion and time under tension. Scans were made immediately before and after the exercise. There was an immediate significant decrease in standing lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. No change could be observed in standing pelvic tilt. Mobility measures showed a significant decrease in the lumbar spine and an increase in the sacrum. The results show that ILEX alters spine posture and mobility in the short-term, which may benefit certain patient groups.
Physical exercise can convey a protective effect against cognitive decline in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. While the long-term health-promoting and protective effects of exercise are encouraging, it’s potential to induce neuronal and vascular plasticity in the ageing brain is still poorly understood. It remains unclear whether exercise slows the trajectory of normal ageing by modifying vascular and metabolic risk factors and/or consistently boosts brain function by inducing structural and neurochemical changes in the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe circuitry—brain areas that are important for learning and memory. Hence, it remains to be established to what extent exercise interventions in old age can improve brain plasticity above and beyond preservation of function. Existing data suggest that exercise trials aiming for improvement and preservation may require different outcome measures and that the balance between the two may depend on exercise intensity and duration, the presence of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease pathology, vascular and metabolic risk factors and genetic variability.
Background: Multimodal rehabilitation improves fatigue and mobility in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Effects are transient and may be conserved by internet-based physical activity promotion programs. Objective: Evaluate the effects of internet-based physical activity and exercise promotion on fatigue, quality of life, and gait in PwMS after inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: PwMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤ 6.0, fatigue: Würzburg Fatigue Inventory for Multiple Sclerosis (WEIMuS) ≥ 32) were randomized into an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). After rehabilitation, IG received 3 months of internet-based physical activity promotion, while CG received no intervention. Primary outcome: self-reported fatigue (WEIMuS). Secondary outcomes: quality of life (Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale 29, MSIS-29), gait (2min/10m walking test, Tinetti score). Measurements: beginning (T0) and end (T1) of inpatient rehabilitation, 3 (T2) and 6 (T3) months afterwards. Results: 64 of 84 PwMS were analyzed (IG: 34, CG: 30). After rehabilitation, fatigue decreased in both groups. At T2 and T3, fatigue increased again in CG but was improved in IG (p < 0.001). MSIS-29 improved in both groups at T1 but remained improved at T2 and T3 only in IG. Gait improvements were more pronounced in IG at T2. Conclusions: The study provides Class II evidence that the effects of rehabilitation on fatigue, quality of life, and gait can be maintained for 3–6 months with an internet-based physical activity and exercise promotion program.
(1) Background: Reconditioning of the paraspinal lumbar extensor muscles by isolated lumbar extension resistance exercises (ILEX) has shown good clinical results for patients with chronic unspecific low back pain. However, the clinical value and safety for patients with specific spine pathologies is unclear. In this study, clinical outcome and influencing factors were retrospectively analyzed for patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) and radiculopathy. (2) Methods: 189 consecutive patients (123 men and 66 women; mean age, 36 years) with clinically diagnosed LDH and relative indications for surgery started a 9-week rehabilitation program (2x/week) including ILEX in limited range of motion (ROM) adjusted to patients’ symptoms. Patients diagnosed with advanced levels of spine degeneration were excluded. Pain/radiculopathy (PR), influence on mental health (IOMH), satisfaction rates were measured via Numeric Rating Scales (NRS, 0–10), and overall clinical outcome was stated in % (100% = full recovery). Isometric extension strength was tested before and after the program. (3) Results: 168 patients (88.9%) completed the program. For 162 out of 168 patients (96.4%) there was a significant reduction of clinical symptoms, whereas 6 patients reported no changes in symptoms. Scores (mean) for symptom intensity decreased from 4.2 (±1.5) to 1.9 (±1.5) (p < 0.001), the impact on mental health decreased from 5.9 (±2.3) to 2.4 (±2.0) (p < 0.001). There was a (weak) correlation between lower scores for PR and IOMH before the study and better clinical outcomes; PR also weakly correlated with satisfaction. Other factors such as age, strength increase, level/location and number of LDH did not have a significant impact on the clinical results. (4) Conclusion: The results indicate that ILEX in limited ROM can be an effective treatment for the majority of patients with LDH. For patients with high pain levels, the results are less consistent, and surgery may be considered.
Background: Regular exercise is beneficial for cardiovascular health but a recent meta-analysis indicated a relationship between extensive endurance sport and a higher risk of atrial fibrillation, an independent risk factor for stroke. However, data on the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias or (clinically silent) brain lesions during and after marathon running are missing.
Methods/Design: In the prospective observational "Berlin Beat of Running" study experienced endurance athletes underwent clinical examination (CE), 3 Tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), carotid ultrasound imaging (CUI) and serial blood sampling (BS) within 2-3 days prior (CE, MRI, CUI, BS), directly after (CE, BS) and within 2 days after (CE, MRI, BS) the 38\(^{th}\) BMW BERLIN-MARATHON 2011. All participants wore a portable electrocardiogram (ECG)-recorder throughout the 4 to 5 days baseline study period. Participants with pathological MRI findings after the marathon, troponin elevations or detected cardiac arrhythmias will be asked to undergo cardiac MRI to rule out structural abnormalities. A follow-up is scheduled after one year.
Results: Here we report the baseline data of the enrolled 110 athletes aged 36-61 years. Their mean age was 48.8 \(\pm\) 6.0 years, 24.5% were female, 8.2% had hypertension and 2.7% had hyperlipidaemia. Participants have attended a mean of 7.5 \(\pm\) 6.6 marathon races within the last 5 years and a mean of 16 \(\pm\) 36 marathon races in total. Their weekly running distance prior to the 38\(^{th}\) BMW BERLIN-MARATHON was 65 \(\pm\) 17 km. Finally, 108 (98.2%) Berlin Beat-Study participants successfully completed the 38\(^{th}\) BMW BERLIN-MARATHON 2011.
Discussion: Findings from the "Berlin Beats of Running" study will help to balance the benefits and risks of extensive endurance sport. ECG-recording during the marathon might contribute to identify athletes at risk for cardiovascular events. MRI results will give new insights into the link between physical stress and brain damage.
Dynamic resistance exercise (DRT) might be the most promising agent for fighting sarcopenia in older people. However, the positive effect of DRT on osteopenia/osteoporosis in men has still to be confirmed. To evaluate the effect of low‐volume/high‐intensity (HIT)‐DRT on bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in men with osteosarcopenia, we initiated the Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Forty‐three sedentary community‐dwelling older men (aged 73 to 91 years) with osteopenia/osteoporosis and SMI‐based sarcopenia were randomly assigned to a HIT‐RT exercise group (EG; n = 21) or a control group (CG; n = 22). HIT‐RT provided a progressive, periodized single‐set DRT on machines with high intensity, effort, and velocity twice a week, while CG maintained their lifestyle. Both groups were adequately supplemented with whey protein, vitamin D, and calcium. Primary study endpoint was integral lumbar spine (LS) BMD as determined by quantitative computed tomography. Core secondary study endpoint was SMI as determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Additional study endpoints were BMD at the total hip and maximum isokinetic hip−/leg‐extensor strength (leg press). After 12 months of exercise, LS‐BMD was maintained in the EG and decreased significantly in the CG, resulting in significant between‐group differences (p < 0.001; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.90). In parallel, SMI increased significantly in the EG and decreased significantly in the CG (p < 0.001; SMD = 1.95). Total hip BMD changes did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.064; SMD = 0.65), whereas changes in maximum hip−/leg‐extensor strength were much more prominent (p < 0.001; SMD = 1.92) in the EG. Considering dropout (n = 2), attendance rate (95%), and unintended side effects/injuries (n = 0), we believe our HIT‐RT protocol to be feasible, attractive, and safe. In summary, we conclude that our combined low‐threshold HIT‐RT/protein/vitamin D/calcium intervention was feasible, safe, and effective for tackling sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis in older men with osteosarcopenia.
Aim:
The aim of the present study was to analyze the response of vascular circulating microRNAs (miRNAs; miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) and the VEGF mRNA following an acute bout of HIIT and HVT in children.
Methods:
Twelve healthy competitive young male cyclists (14.4 ± 0.8 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 ml•min−1•kg−1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of high intensity 4 × 4 min intervals (HIIT) at 90–95% peak power output (PPO), each interval separated by 3 min of active recovery, and one high volume session (HVT) consisting of a constant load exercise for 90 min at 60% PPO. Capillary blood from the earlobe was collected under resting conditions, during exercise (d1 = 20 min, d2 = 30 min, d3 = 60 min), and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after the exercise to determine miR-16, -21, -126, and VEGF mRNA.
Results:
HVT significantly increased miR-16 and miR-126 during and after the exercise compared to pre-values, whereas HIIT showed no significant influence on the miRNAs compared to pre-values. VEGF mRNA significantly increased during and after HIIT (d1, 30′, 60′, 180′) and HVT (d3, 0′, 60′).
Conclusion:
Results of the present investigation suggest a volume dependent exercise regulation of vascular regulating miRNAs (miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) in children. In line with previous data, our data show that acute exercise can alter circulating miRNAs profiles that might be used as novel biomarkers to monitor acute and chronic changes due to exercise in various tissues.
Background: Ketogenic diets (KDs) have gained some popularity not only as effective weight-loss diets and treatment options for several diseases, but also among healthy and physically active individuals for various reasons. However, data on the effects of ketosis in the latter group of individuals are scarce. We therefore collected pilot data on the physiological response to a self-prescribed ketogenic diet lasting 5-7 weeks in a small cohort of healthy and physically active individuals. Methods: Twelve subjects (7 males, 5 females, age 24-60 years) who followed moderate to intensive exercise routines underwent blood testing, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and spiroergometry during an incremental treadmill test. On the next day, they went on a self-prescribed KD for a median of 38 days (range 35-50 days), after which the same tests were performed again. Ketosis was self-monitored by urinary ketone strips. Subjective feeling during the diet was assessed by a questionnaire after the intervention. Due to the small and heterogenous sample, the results are interpreted in the context of the already existing literature. Results: The KDs were tolerated well by the majority of individuals. Impaired recovery from exercise remained the most frequently reported side effect until the end of the study. Most blood parameters remained stable during the intervention. However, there were significant elevations of total and LDL cholesterol concentrations (p<0.01) and a trend towards increased HDL-cholesterol (p=0.05). The drastic reduction of carbohydrates had no statistically significant influence on running performance judged by the time to exhaustion, VO2max and respiratory compensation points. BIA measurements showed significant increases in phase angle (p=0.01) indicating improvements of body composition with an estimated decrease of 3.4 kg of fat mass (p=0.002) and gain of 1.3 kg of fat free mass. We discuss the validity of these estimates taking into account a possibly altered hydration status due to the KD. Conclusions: Active healthy individuals will probably experience no major problems during a short term KD lasting several weeks. The drastically reduced carbohydrate content of the diet seems to be no limiting factor for running performance. In addition, improvements in body composition can be expected. While most biochemical parameters are not influenced by the diet, there seems to be an impact on the blood lipid profile that could be considered problematic with respect to cardiovascular disease risk. However, the predictive role of cholesterol levels alone in individuals undergoing regular physical activity remains to be elucidated.
Asthma bronchiale gehört weltweit zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen des Menschen. In verschiedenen Leitlinien zur Asthmatherapie sind Sport bzw. regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität als nicht-medikamentöse Maßnahmen mittlerweile ein integrativer Bestandteil. Etliche Studien haben gezeigt, dass regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität sowohl die Lebensqualität als auch den Krankheitsverlauf bei Asthmatikern positiv beeinflussen kann. Welche Mechanismen genau die positiven Effekte von Sport bei dieser Erkrankung vermitteln, ist jedoch noch nicht abschließend geklärt. Die Erklärungsansätze reichen dabei von einer Zunahme der kardiopulmonalen Fitness sowie Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion über eine immunologisch vermittelte Reduzierung der Atemwegsinflammation bis hin zu einer Verbesserung körpereigener Reparaturmechanismen. Letztere ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten gerückt, wobei man vermutet, dass dabei insbesondere CD34+ Progenitorzellen und MSCs eine bedeutende Rolle spielen könnten.
In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich körperliche Belastung auf die Anzahl zirkulierender CD34+ Progenitorzellen und MSCs bei Patienten mit einem allergischen Asthma bronchiale gegen Hausstaubmilben der Art Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus verglichen mit gesunden Kontroll-Probanden auswirkt. Hierfür unterzogen sich sieben Patienten und zwölf Gesunde einem spiroergometrischen Ausdauerleistungstest bis zur subjektiven körperlichen Ausbelastung. Vor und nach der Spiroergometrie erfolgten Blutentnahmen. Neben einer Bestimmung von Entzündungsparametern wurde jeweils ein Blutbild inklusive Differenzierung angefertigt und die Anzahl zirkulierender CD34+ Progenitorzellen und MSCs mittels FACS-Analyse bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde überprüft, ob sich mithilfe einer gängigen Methode zur Kultivierung von MSCs aus Knochenmark diese auch aus peripherem Blut isolieren und kultivieren lassen.
Bezüglich der CD34+ Progenitorzellen und der MSCs kam es dabei nach Belastung bei getrennter Berechnung für die beiden Studiengruppen zu keiner signifikanten Veränderung. Die Gesamtheit der Studienteilnehmer wurde daher nochmals in einer Gesamtgruppe zusammengefasst, für die ebenfalls durch Belastung hervorgerufene Veränderungen berechnet wurden. Hier ließ sich ein signifikanter Anstieg von CD34+ Progenitorzellen feststellen, wohingegen bei den MSCs weiterhin keine Veränderung zu beobachten war. In den Versuchen zur Kultivierung von MSCs aus peripherem Blut ließen sich keine nennenswerten Mengen dieser Zellen kultivieren, wenngleich die Kulturen doch möglicherweise zu Beginn einige dieser Zellen enthielten. Im Gegensatz dazu war die Kultivierung von MSCs aus Knochenmark erfolgreich.
Dass es nach körperlicher Aktivität bzw. Sport zu einem Anstieg CD34+ Progenitorzellen im peripheren Blut kommt, ist in der Literatur bereits vielfach beschrieben. Es wird vermutet, dass diese Zellen an körpereigenen Reparaturvorgängen beteiligt sind. Dieser Mechanismus könnte eine mögliche Erklärung für die positiven Effekte von Sport bei Patienten mit Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen darstellen. Auch bei Lungenerkrankungen wird CD34+ Progenitorzellen eine Rolle bei Reparaturvorgängen zugeschrieben. Obwohl es zunehmend Hinweise dafür gibt, dass auch MSCs für diese Vorgänge von Bedeutung sind, ist die Frage, welche spezifische Rolle diesen Zellen im zirkulierenden peripheren Blut zukommt, weiterhin nicht hinreichend geklärt. Bei Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema kommt erschwerend hinzu, dass MSCs im peripheren Blut nur in sehr geringer Frequenz nachweisbar sind und die Gruppe dieser Zellen eine sehr große Heterogenität aufweist. Auch eine Kultivierung von MSCs aus peripherem Blut scheint nicht so ohne weiteres möglich zu sein. All dies bereitet Schwierigkeiten bei der genauen Quantifizie-rung und Charakterisierung dieser Zellen. Auch wenn es in dieser Studie nicht gelang einen Effekt körperlicher Belastung auf die Anzahl zirkulierender MSCs nachzuweisen, sollten dennoch weitere Untersuchungen zu den durch Sport vermittelten Effekten auf diese Zellen folgen. Der Fokus sollte dabei insbesondere auf die Untersuchung von Einflüssen körperlicher Aktivität auf die für das Homing dieser Zellen verantwortlichen Mechanismen gelegt werden. Auch weitere Untersuchungen zur Isolation und Expansion von MSCs aus peripherem Blut scheinen notwendig zu sein, um diesbezüglich langfristig eine sichere, erfolgsversprechende Kulturmethodik entwickeln zu können. Besonders vielversprechend scheint hier der Einsatz vorselektierter Zellen aus mobilisiertem Blut zu sein. Zusammenfassend könnte all dies einen wichtigen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Mechanismen körpereigener Reparaturvorgänge besser zu verstehen. Diese Erkenntnisse wiederum könnten dann zur Entwicklung neuer Strategien zur Therapie diverser Lungenerkrankungen wie auch Asthma beitragen.