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α-Synuclein is a protein implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). AAV1/2-driven overexpression of human mutated A53T-α-synuclein in rat and monkey substantia nigra (SN) induces degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons and decreases striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Given certain advantages of the mouse, especially it being amendable to genetic manipulation, translating the AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein model to mice would be of significant value. AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein or AAV1/2 empty vector (EV) at a concentration of 5.16 x 10\(^{12}\) gp/ml were unilaterally injected into the right SN of male adult C57BL/6 mice. Post-mortem examinations included immunohistochemistry to analyze nigral α-synuclein, Ser129 phosphorylated α-synuclein and TH expression, striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) levels by autoradiography and dopamine levels by high performance liquid chromatography. At 10 weeks, in AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein mice there was a 33% reduction in TH+ dopaminergic nigral neurons (P < 0.001), 29% deficit in striatal DAT binding (P < 0.05), 38% and 33% reductions in dopamine (P < 0.001) and DOPAC (P < 0.01) levels and a 60% increase in dopamine turnover (homovanilic acid/dopamine ratio; P < 0.001). Immunofluorescence showed that the AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein injected mice had widespread nigral and striatal expression of vector-delivered A53T-α-synuclein. Concurrent staining with human PD SN samples using gold standard histological methodology for Lewy pathology detection by proteinase K digestion and application of specific antibody raised against human Lewy body α-synuclein (LB509) and Ser129 phosphorylated α-synuclein (81A) revealed insoluble α-synuclein aggregates in AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein mice resembling Lewy-like neurites and bodies. In the cylinder test, we observed significant paw use asymmetry in the AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein group when compared to EV controls at 5 and 9 weeks post injection (P < 0.001; P < 0.05). These data show that unilateral injection of AAV1/2-A53T α-synuclein into the mouse SN leads to persistent motor deficits, neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and development of Lewy-like pathology, thereby reflecting clinical and pathological hallmarks of human PD.
Amphiphysin 2, encoded by BIN1, is a key factor for membrane sensing and remodelling in different cell types. Homozygous BIN1 mutations in ubiquitously expressed exons are associated with autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy (CNM), a mildly progressive muscle disorder typically showing abnormal nuclear centralization on biopsies. In addition, misregulation of BIN1 splicing partially accounts for the muscle defects in myotonic dystrophy (DM). However, the muscle-specific function of amphiphysin 2 and its pathogenicity in both muscle disorders are not well understood. In this study we identified and characterized the first mutation affecting the splicing of the muscle-specific BIN1 exon 11 in a consanguineous family with rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal centronuclear myopathy. In parallel, we discovered a mutation in the same BIN1 exon 11 acceptor splice site as the genetic cause of the canine Inherited Myopathy of Great Danes (IMGD). Analysis of RNA from patient muscle demonstrated complete skipping of exon 11 and BIN1 constructs without exon 11 were unable to promote membrane tubulation in differentiated myotubes. Comparative immunofluorescence and ultrastructural analyses of patient and canine biopsies revealed common structural defects, emphasizing the importance of amphiphysin 2 in membrane remodelling and maintenance of the skeletal muscle triad. Our data demonstrate that the alteration of the muscle-specific function of amphiphysin 2 is a common pathomechanism for centronuclear myopathy, myotonic dystrophy, and IMGD. The IMGD dog is the first faithful model for human BIN1-related CNM and represents a mammalian model available for preclinical trials of potential therapies.
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans frequently produces genetically altered variants to adapt to environmental changes and new host niches in the course of its life-long association with the human host. Gain-of-function mutations in zinc cluster transcription factors, which result in the constitutive upregulation of their target genes, are a common cause of acquired resistance to the widely used antifungal drug fluconazole, especially during long-term therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis. In this study, we investigated if C. albicans also can develop resistance to the antimicrobial peptide histatin 5, which is secreted in the saliva of humans to protect the oral mucosa from pathogenic microbes. As histatin 5 has been shown to be transported out of C. albicans cells by the Flu1 efflux pump, we screened a library of C. albicans strains that contain artificially activated forms of all zinc cluster transcription factors of this fungus for increased FLU1 expression. We found that a hyperactive Mrr1, which confers fluconazole resistance by upregulating the multidrug efflux pump MDR1 and other genes, also causes FLU1 overexpression. Similarly to the artificially activated Mrr1, naturally occurring gain-of-function mutations in this transcription factor also caused FLU1 upregulation and increased histatin 5 resistance. Surprisingly, however, Mrr1-mediated histatin 5 resistance was mainly caused by the upregulation of MDR1 instead of FLU1, revealing a previously unrecognized function of the Mdr1 efflux pump. Fluconazole-resistant clinical C. albicans isolates with different Mrr1 gain-of-function mutations were less efficiently killed by histatin 5, and this phenotype was reverted when MRR1 was deleted. Therefore, antimycotic therapy can promote the evolution of strains that, as a consequence of drug resistance mutations, simultaneously have acquired increased resistance against an innate host defense mechanism and are thereby better adapted to certain host niches.
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease) caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene is the most prevalent inherited neurodegenerative disease in childhood resulting in widespread central nervous system dysfunction and premature death. The consequences of CLN3 mutation on the progression of the disease, on neuronal transmission, and on central nervous network dysfunction are poorly understood. We used Cln3 knockout (Cln3\(^{Δex1-6}\)) mice and found increased anxiety-related behavior and impaired aversive learning as well as markedly affected motor function including disordered coordination. Patch-clamp and loose-patch recordings revealed severely affected inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellar networks. Changes in presynaptic release properties may result from dysfunction of CLN3 protein. Furthermore, loss of calbindin, neuropeptide Y, parvalbumin, and GAD65-positive interneurons in central networks collectively support the hypothesis that degeneration of GABAergic interneurons may be the cause of supraspinal GABAergic disinhibition.
Over recent years next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies evolved from costly tools used by very few, to a much more accessible and economically viable technology. Through this recently gained popularity, its use-cases expanded from research environments into clinical settings. But the technical know-how and infrastructure required to analyze the data remain an obstacle for a wider adoption of this technology, especially in smaller laboratories. We present GensearchNGS, a commercial DNAseq software suite distributed by Phenosystems SA. The focus of GensearchNGS is the optimal usage of already existing infrastructure, while keeping its use simple. This is achieved through the integration of existing tools in a comprehensive software environment, as well as custom algorithms developed with the restrictions of limited infrastructures in mind. This includes the possibility to connect multiple computers to speed up computing intensive parts of the analysis such as sequence alignments. We present a typical DNAseq workflow for NGS data analysis and the approach GensearchNGS takes to implement it. The presented workflow goes from raw data quality control to the final variant report. This includes features such as gene panels and the integration of online databases, like Ensembl for annotations or Cafe Variome for variant sharing.
Mutationen im humanen DNA Mismatch-Reparatur (MMR) Gens Mlh1 sind mit dem erblichen, nicht-polypösen Kolonkarzinom (Lynch Syndrom, HNPCC) und einem signifikanten Anteil sporadischer kolorektaler Tumore assoziiert. Zudem konnten MMR Defekte in sporadischen und erblichen Lymphom Erkrankungen beschrieben werden. In Zellen resultiert die Inaktivierung des Mlh1 Gens in der Akkumulation von somatischen Mutationen im Genom und einer erhöhten Resistenz gegenüber den genotoxischen Effekten einer Vielzahl von DNA schädigenden Agenzien. Mäuse, die ein Null Allel für das MMR Gen Mlh1 tragen zeigen einen starken Tumorprädispositions Phänotyp. Sie entwickeln vorrangig B- und T-Zell Lymphome und mit geringerer Haufigkeit gastrointestinale Tumore. Zusätzlich sind Mlh1-/- Mäuse durch einen meiotischen Phänotyp charakterisiert, der zu Sterilitäten in beiden Geschlechtern führt. Um die Effekte von Mlh1 missense Mutationen auf die Tumoranfälligkeit zu untersuchen, erzeugten wir eine Mauslinie, die die häufig in HNPCC Patienten beschriebene MLH1G67R Mutation tragen, die in einer der ATP Bindungs-Domänen von MLH1 lokalisiert ist. Auch wenn die MLH1G67R Mutation in homozygot mutanten Mäusen in einer DNA Reparatur Defizienz resultierte hatte sie keinen Effekt auf die MMR vermittelte zelluläre Antwort auf DNA Schäden. Hierzu gehörte die apoptotische Antwort von Epithelzellen der intestinalen Mucosa auf Cisplatin, die in Mlh1-/- Mäusen defektiv jedoch in Mlh1G67R/G67R Mäusen normal ausfiel. Mlh1G67R/G67R mutante Mäuse zeigten wie Mlh1-/- Tiere einen starken Tumorprädispositions Phänotyp. Sie entwickelten jedoch im Vergleich zu Mlh1-/- Tieren signifikant weniger gastrointestinale Tumore, was darauf hinweist, dass Mlh1 missense Mutationen die Tumor supprimierende MMR Funktion in einer Gewebs-spezifischen Weise beeinflussen können. Darüber hinaus sind Mlh1G67R/G67R Mäuse, aufgrund der fehlenden Bindungsfähigkeit des MLH1G67R Proteins an die meiotischen Chromosomen im Pachytän Stadium, steril. Dies zeigt, dass die ATPase Aktivität von MLH1 für die Fertilität in Säugern essentiell ist. Diese Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Mlh1G67R Mutation die biologischen MLH1 Funktionen differentiell mit einem eindeutigen Phänotyp beeinflusst. Um die Rolle von MLH1 für die Lymphomagenese detaillierter untersuchen zu können, generierten wir ein neues Mausmodell mit einem konditionellen Mlh1 Allel (Mlh1flox/flox). Das Einkreuzen von transgenen EIIa-Cre Mausen in die Mlh1flox/flox Mauslinie führte zur konstitutiven Inaktivierung von MLH1. Die resultierende Mlh1Δex4/Δex4 Mauslinie zeichnete sich durch MMR Defizienz und einen zu Mlh1-/- Tieren vergleichbaren Tumorprädispositions Phänotyp aus. Zur T-Zell spezifischen MMR Inaktivierung kombinierten wir das Mlh1flox/flox Allel mit dem Lck-Cre Transgen. In den resultierenden Mlh1TΔex4/TΔex4 Mäusen ist die MLH1 Inaktivierung auf doppelt positive und einzel positive Thymozyten und naïve periphere TZellen beschränkt. Die Entwicklung von T-Zell Lymphomen in Mlh1TΔex4/TΔex4 Mäusen ist im Vergleich zu Mlh1-/- Mäusen signifikant reduziert, was eine wichtige, Lymphom supprimierende MMR Funktion in frühen Stadien der T-Zell Entwicklung oder in lymphoiden Vorläuferzellen impliziert.
B-Zell-Lymphome vom mukosa-assoziierten lymphatischen Gewebe (MALT)-Typ sind die größte Gruppe der extranodalen Lymphome. Sie enstehen vor dem Hintergrund einer chronischen Entzündung, wie etwa einer Helicobacter pylori-assoziierten Gastritis im Magen. Die Mechanismen der Lymphomgenese sind weitgehend unverstanden. Der Befund, dass die malignen B-Zellen der MALT-Typ Lymphome autoreaktiv sind und durch Antigen oder T-Zell-vermittelte Signale stimuliert werden, weist auf ein mögliches Ver-sagen der T-Zell-Kontrolle hin. Zur Prüfung dieser Hypothese wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit sowohl tumor-infiltrierende T-Zellen als auch maligne B-Zellen aus MALT-Typ Lymphomen untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Expressionsanalysen der Vb -Kette des T-Zell-Rezeptors (TCR) wurden antigen-induzierte klonale Expansionen in den tumor-infiltrierenden T-Zellen nachgewiesen. Weiterhin wurden ähnliche antigen-erkennende Regionen (CDR3) des TCR in tumor-infiltrierenden T-Zellen aus zwei verschiedenen MALT-Typ Lymphomen gefunden. Diese Ergebnisse charakterisieren die T-Zellen als funktionell und auch als potenziell tumor-reaktiv. Um mögliche Defekte bei malignen B-Zellen zu untersuchen, wurde eine in vitro T/B-Zell-Kokultur entwickelt. Damit war es möglich, die Interaktion des apoptose-induzierenden Oberflächenmoleküls FasL auf aktivierten T-Zellen mit dem entsprechenden Todesrezeptor Fas auf malignen B-Zellen zu untersuchen. Drei von sieben MALT-Typ Lymphomen und vier von fünf DLBL erwiesen sich als resistent gegen FasL-vermittelte Apoptose. Meine Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass hierfür eine mutationsbedingte funktionelle Inaktivierung des Fas-Rezeptors verantwortlich ist. In Fas-Transkripten aller untersuchten malignen B-Zellen wurden insgesamt 14 verschiedene Punktmutationen gefunden, die zu Aminosäureaustauschen bei der Translation führen. Zehn dieser Mutationen waren mit der Apoptose-Resistenz maligner B-Zellen assoziiert. Durch ergänzende Untersuchungen konnten alternative Mechanismen der Apoptose-Resistenz wie etwa reduzierte Fas-Expression, Produktion von löslichem Fas (sFas) oder Störungen in der Fas-Signalkaskade weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Aus diesen Ergebnissen lässt sich folgender Schluss ziehen: Resistenz gegen FasL/Fas-vermittelte Apoptose ist ein Mechanismus der frühen MALT-Typ Lymphomgenese und möglicherweise auf bestimmte Fas-Mutationen zurückzuführen. Durch Apoptose-Resistenz entkommen die malignen B-Zellen der MALT-Typ Lymphome der vorhandenen T-Zell-Kontrolle. Gleichzeitig nehmen sie die parakrin angebotene T-Zell-Hilfe solange in Anspruch, bis sie völlige Autonomie erreicht haben. Durch das abnorm verlängerte Überleben der B-Zellen steigt dann die Wahrscheinlichkeit, weitere Aberrationen wie etwa die in 50 Prozent aller Fälle auftretende Chromosomentranslokation t(11;18)(q21;q21) zu erwerben.
Pre-mRNA splicing by the spliceosome is an essential step in the maturation of nearly all human mRNAs. Mutations in six spliceosomal proteins, PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31 and SNRNP200, cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. All splicing factors linked to RP are constituents of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP subunit of the spliceosome, suggesting that the compromised function of this particle may lead to RP. Here, we report the identification of the p.R192H variant of the tri-snRNP factor PRPF4 in a patient with RP. The mutation affects a highly conserved arginine residue that is crucial for PRPF4 function. Introduction of a corresponding mutation into the zebrafish homolog of PRPF4 resulted in a complete loss of function in vivo. A series of biochemical experiments suggested that p.R192H disrupts the binding interface between PRPF4 and its interactor PRPF3. This interferes with the ability of PRPF4 to integrate into the tri-snRNP, as shown in a human cell line and in zebrafish embryos. These data suggest that the p.R192H variant of PRPF4 represents a functional null allele. The resulting haploinsufficiency of PRPF4 compromises the function of the tri-snRNP, reinforcing the notion that this spliceosomal particle is of crucial importance in the physiology of the retina.
An epidemic of avian type H7N9 influenza virus, which took place in China in 2013, was enhanced by a naturally occurring R294K mutation resistant against Oseltamivir at the catalytic site of the neuraminidase. To cope with such drug-resistant neuraminidase mutations, we applied the molecular docking technique to evaluate the fitness of the available drugs such as Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir, Laninamivir, L-Arginine and Benserazide hydrochloride concerning the N9 enzyme with single (R294K, R119K, R372K), double (R119_294K, R119_372K, R294_372K) and triple (R119_294_372K) mutations in the pocket. We found that the drugs Peramivir and Zanamivir score best amongst the studied compounds, demonstrating their high binding potential towards the pockets with the considered mutations. Despite the fact that mutations changed the shape of the pocket and reduced the binding strength for all drugs, Peramivir was the only drug that formed interactions with the key residues at positions 119, 294 and 372 in the pocket of the triple N9 mutant, while Zanamivir demonstrated the lowest RMSD value (0.7 Å) with respect to the reference structure.
Lack of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 8 (USP8) Mutations in Canine Corticotroph Pituitary Adenomas
(2016)
Purpose
Cushing’s disease (CD), also known as pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumours. Affected humans and dogs have similar clinical manifestations, however, the incidence of the canine disease is thousand-fold higher. This makes the dog an obvious model for studying the pathogenesis of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Despite certain similarities identified at the molecular level, the question still remains whether the two species have a shared oncogenetic background. Recently, hotspot recurrent mutations in the gene encoding for ubiquitin specific protease 8 (USP8) have been identified as the main driver behind the formation of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas in humans. In this study, we aimed to verify whether USP8 mutations also play a role in the development of such tumours in dogs.
Methods
Presence of USP8 mutations was analysed by Sanger and PCR-cloning sequencing in 38 canine ACTH-secreting adenomas. Furthermore, the role of USP8 and EGFR protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a subset of 25 adenomas.
Results
None of the analysed canine ACTH-secreting adenomas presented mutations in the USP8 gene. In a subset of these adenomas, however, we observed an increased nuclear expression of USP8, a phenotype characteristic for the USP8 mutated human tumours, that correlated with smaller tumour size but elevated ACTH production in those tumours.
Conclusions
Canine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas lack mutations in the USP8 gene suggesting a different genetic background of pituitary tumourigenesis in dogs. However, elevated nuclear USP8 protein expression in a subset of tumours was associated with a similar phenotype as in their human counterparts, indicating a possible end-point convergence of the different genetic backgrounds in the two species. In order to establish the dog as a useful animal model for the study of CD, further comprehensive studies are needed.