Filtern
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (18)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- ja (18)
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2015 (18) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- Topologischer Isolator (4)
- topological insulators (3)
- Elektronischer Transport (2)
- Festkörperphysik (2)
- Spintronik (2)
- physics (2)
- states (2)
- Au/Ge(111) (1)
- BaPb\(_{1-X}\)Bi\(_{X}\)O\(_{3}\) (1)
- Beyond Standard Model (1)
- Biological Networks (1)
- CTB 109 (1)
- Complex Systems (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Crab-Nebel (1)
- Crossed Andreev Refexion (1)
- Crossed Andreev Reflection (1)
- Data Mining (1)
- Dreieck (1)
- Elektronenkorrelation (1)
- Elemente (1)
- Emery Kivelson line (1)
- Gammaastronomie (1)
- Gammastrahlenastronomie (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Halbleiterphysik (1)
- Higgs-Teilchen (1)
- Hubbard-Modell (1)
- K-PG radiation (1)
- Komplexes System (1)
- Kondo cloud (1)
- Kondo effect (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- LHC (1)
- Landau level (1)
- Lepton-Flavour-Verletzung (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Majorana fermions (1)
- Markov-Ketten-Monte-Carlo-Verfahren (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Maxwell demon (1)
- Monte-Carlo Methods (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- NSN-Grenzfächen (1)
- NSN-junctions (1)
- Networks (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Niederdimensionales System (1)
- Nonequilibrium (1)
- Physik jenseits des Standardmodells (1)
- Pulsar (1)
- Quanteninformation (1)
- Radioastronomie (1)
- Radiofrequenzstrahlung (1)
- Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling (1)
- Rashba impurity (1)
- Rashba-Effekt (1)
- Schockfront (1)
- Sonnenwind (1)
- Sr\(_2\)RuO\(_4\) (1)
- Standardmodell <Elementarteilchenphysik> (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Statistische Mechanik (1)
- Statistische Physik (1)
- Stoßfreies Plasma (1)
- Stoßwelle (1)
- Substruktur (1)
- Supernovaüberrest (1)
- Supersymmetrie (1)
- Supersymmetry (1)
- Supraleiter (1)
- Szilárd (1)
- Teilchenbeschleunigung (1)
- Thermoelektrizität (1)
- Topological Insulator (1)
- Topological edge states (1)
- Topologische Randkanäle (1)
- Toulouse point (1)
- Vacuum stability (1)
- Vektorboson (1)
- ancestor (1)
- anyons (1)
- beyond Standard Model (1)
- confinement-deconfinement transition (1)
- conjugated honeycomb-chained-trimer (1)
- correlation (1)
- cortical magnification factor (1)
- crab pulsar (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- diffraction (1)
- direction selectivity (1)
- efficiency (1)
- erweiterte Eichsymmetrie (1)
- excitations (1)
- extended gauge symmetry (1)
- extra Eichbosonen (1)
- extra gauge bosons (1)
- fluctuation theorem (1)
- fluid (1)
- gamma astronomy (1)
- gas (1)
- giant pulses (1)
- helical liquid (1)
- hybrid systems (1)
- information engine (1)
- initio molecular dynamics (1)
- insulator (1)
- insulators (1)
- kinetische Plasmaphysik (1)
- lateral geniculate-nucleus (1)
- lattice (1)
- lepton flavour violation (1)
- localized wannier functions (1)
- maximum power (1)
- mesoscopic physics (1)
- mesoskopische Physik (1)
- model (1)
- monkey striate cortex (1)
- mutual information (1)
- neutron star (1)
- ocular dominance columns (1)
- orientation columns (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- placental mammal (1)
- radio astronomy (1)
- self-organized magnetization (1)
- simple receptive-fields (1)
- spin structures (1)
- surface (1)
- system (1)
- temperature (1)
- topologische Isolatoren (1)
- total energy calculations (1)
- transition (1)
- tree shrew (1)
- tunneling spectroscopy (1)
- unconventional superconductivity (1)
- wave basis set (1)
- wave functions (1)
- wave superconductors (1)
- wrath (1)
Institut
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik (18) (entfernen)
EU-Projektnummer / Contract (GA) number
- 336012 (3)
Density functional theory (DFT) is applied to study the atomic, electronic, and spin structures of the Au monolayer at the Ge(111) surface. It is found that the theoretically determined most stable atomic geometry is described by the conjugated honeycomb-chained-trimer (CHCT) model, in a very good agreement with experimental data. The calculated electronic structure of the system, being in qualitatively good agreement with the photoemission measurements, shows fingerprints of the many-body effects (self-interaction corrections) beyond the LDA or GGA approximations. The most interesting property of this surface system is the large spin splitting of its metallic surface bands and the undulating spin texture along the hexagonal Fermi contours, which highly resembles the spin texture at the Dirac state of the topological insulator Bi\(_{2}\)Te\(_{3}\). These properties make this system particularly interesting from both fundamental and technological points of view.
Recent theoretical studies employing density-functional theory have predicted BaBiO\(_{3}\) (when doped with electrons) and YBiO\(_{3}\) to become a topological insulator (TI) with a large topological gap (~0.7 eV). This, together with the natural stability against surface oxidation, makes the Bismuth-Oxide family of special interest for possible applications in quantum information and spintronics. The central question, we study here, is whether the hole-doped Bismuth Oxides, i.e. Ba\(_{1-X}\)K\(_{X}\)BiO\(_{3}\) and BaPb\(_{1-X}\)Bi\(_{X}\)O\(_{3}\), which are "high-Tc" bulk superconducting near 30 K, additionally display in the further vicinity of their Fermi energy E\(_{F}\) a topological gap with a Dirac-type of topological surface state. Our electronic structure calculations predict the K-doped family to emerge as a TI, with a topological gap above E\(_{F}\). Thus, these compounds can become superconductors with hole-doping and potential TIs with additional electron doping. Furthermore, we predict the Bismuth-Oxide family to contain an additional Dirac cone below E\(_{F}\) for further hole doping, which manifests these systems to be candidates for both electron-and hole-doped topological insulators.
We study a two-level system controlled in a discrete feedback loop, modeling both the system and the controller in terms of stochastic Markov processes. We find that the extracted work, which is known to be bounded from above by the mutual information acquired during measurement, has to be compensated by an additional energy supply during the measurement process itself, which is bounded by the same mutual information from below. Our results confirm that the total cost of operating an information engine is in full agreement with the conventional second law of thermodynamics. We also consider the efficiency of the information engine as a function of the cycle time and discuss the operating condition for maximal power generation. Moreover, we find that the entropy production of our information engine is maximal for maximal efficiency, in sharp contrast to conventional reversible heat engines.
Many fractional quantum Hall wave functions are known to be unique highest-density zero modes of certain "pseudopotential" Hamiltonians. While a systematic method to construct such parent Hamiltonians has been available for the infinite plane and sphere geometries, the generalization to manifolds where relative angular momentum is not an exact quantum number, i.e., the cylinder or torus, remains an open problem. This is particularly true for non-Abelian states, such as the Read-Rezayi series (in particular, the Moore-Read and Read-Rezayi Z\(_3\) states) and more exotic nonunitary (Haldane-Rezayi and Gaffnian) or irrational (Haffnian) states, whose parent Hamiltonians involve complicated many-body interactions. Here, we develop a universal geometric approach for constructing pseudopotential Hamiltonians that is applicable to all geometries. Our method straightforwardly generalizes to the multicomponent SU(n) cases with a combination of spin or pseudospin (layer, subband, or valley) degrees of freedom. We demonstrate the utility of our approach through several examples, some of which involve non-Abelian multicomponent states whose parent Hamiltonians were previously unknown, and we verify the results by numerically computing their entanglement properties.
Pulsars (in short for Pulsating Stars) are magnetized, fast rotating neutron stars. The basic picture of a pulsar describes it as a neutron star which has a rotation axis that is not aligned with its magnetic field axis. The emission is assumed to be generated near the magnetic poles of the neutron star and emitted along the open magnetic field lines. Consequently, the corresponding beam of photons is emitted along the magnetic field line axis. The non-alignment of both, the rotation and the magnetic field axis, results in the effect that the emission of the pulsar is only seen if its beam points towards the observer.
The emission from a pulsar is therefore perceived as being pulsed although its generation is not. This rather simple geometrical model is commonly referred to as Lighthouse Model and has been widely accepted. However, it does not deliver an explanation of the precise mechanisms behind the emission from pulsars (see below for more details).
Nowadays more than 2000 pulsars are known. They are observed at various wavelengths. Multiwavelength studies have shown that some pulsars are visible only at certain wavelengths while the emission from others can be observed throughout large parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of the latter case is the Crab pulsar which is also the main object of interest in this thesis. Originating from a supernova explosion observed in 1054 A.D. and discovered in 1968, the Crab pulsar has been the central subject of numerous studies. Its pulsed emission is visible throughout the whole electromagnetic spectrum which makes it a key figure in understanding the possible mechanisms of multiwavelength emission from pulsars.
The Crab pulsar is also well known for its radio emission strongly varying on long as well as on short time scales. While long time scale behaviour from a pulsar is usually examined through the use of its average profile (a profile resulting from averaging of a large number of individual pulses resulting from single rotations), short time scale behaviour is examined via its single pulses. The short time scale anomalous behaviour of its radio emission is commonly referred to as Giant Pulses and represents the central topic of this thesis.
While current theoretical approaches place the origin of the radio emission from a pulsar like the Crab near its magnetic poles (Polar Cap Model) as already indicated by the Lighthouse model, its emission at higher frequencies, especially its gamma-ray emission, is assumed to originate further away in the geometrical region surrounding a pulsar which is commonly referred to as a pulsar magnetosphere (Outer Gap Model). Consequently, the respective emission regions are usually assumed not to be connected. However, past observational results from the Crab pulsar represent a contradiction to this assumption.
Radio giant pulses from the Crab pulsar have been observed to emit large amounts of energy on very short time scales implying small emission regions on the surface of the pulsar. Such energetic events might also leave a trace in the gamma-ray emission of the Crab pulsar.
The aim of this thesis is to search for this connection in the form of a correlation study between radio giant pulses and gamma-photons from the Crab pulsar.
To make such a study possible, a multiwavelength observational campaign was organized for which radio observations were independently applied for, coordinated and carried out with the Effelsberg radio telescope and the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and gamma-ray observations with the Major Atmospheric Imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The corresponding radio and gamma-ray data sets were reduced and the correlation analysis thereafter consisted of three different approaches:
1) The search for a clustering in the differences of the times of arrival of radio giant pulses and gamma-photons;
2) The search for a linear correlation between radio giant pulses and gamma-photons using the Pearson correlation approach;
3) A search for an increase of the gamma-ray flux around occurring radio giant pulses.
In the last part of the correlation study an increase of the number of gamma-photons centered on a radio giant pulse by about 17% (in contrast with the number of gamma-photons when no radio giant pulse occurs in the same time window) was discovered. This finding suggests that a new theoretical approach for the emission of young pulsars like the Crab pulsar, is necessary.
It is generally agreed upon the fact that the Standard Model of particle physics can only be viewed as an effective theory that needs to be extended as it leaves some essential questions unanswered. The exact realization of the necessary extension is subject to discussion. Supersymmetry is among the most promising approaches to physics beyond the Standard Model as it can simultaneously solve the hierarchy problem and provide an explanation for the dark matter abundance in the universe. Despite further virtues like gauge coupling unification and radiative electroweak symmetry breaking, minimal supersymmetric models cannot be the ultimate answer to the open questions of the Standard Model as they still do not incorporate neutrino masses and are besides heavily constrained by LHC data. This does, however, not derogate the beauty of the concept of supersymmetry. It is therefore time to explore non-minimal supersymmetric models which are able to close these gaps, review their consistency, test them against experimental data and provide prospects for future experiments.
The goal of this thesis is to contribute to this process by exploring an extraordinarily well motivated class of models which bases upon a left-right symmetric gauge group. While relaxing the tension with LHC data, those models automatically include the ingredients for neutrino masses.
We start with a left-right supersymmetric model at the TeV scale in which scalar \(SU(2)_R\) triplets are responsible for the breaking of left-right symmetry as well as for the generation of neutrino masses. Although a tachyonic doubly-charged scalar is present at tree-level in this kind of models, we show by performing the first complete one-loop evaluation that it gains a real mass at the loop level. The constraints on the predicted additional charged gauge bosons are then evaluated using LHC data, and we find that we can explain small excesses in the data of which the current LHC run will reveal if they are actual new physics signals or just background fluctuations. In a careful evaluation of the loop-corrected scalar potential we then identify parameter regions in which the vacuum with the phenomenologically correct symmetry-breaking properties is stable. Conveniently, those regions favour low left-right symmetry breaking scales which are accessible at the LHC.
In a slightly modified version of this model where a \(U(1)_R × U(1)_{B−L}\) gauge symmetry survives down to the TeV scale, we implement a minimal gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking mechanism for which we calculate the boundary conditions in the presence of gauge kinetic mixing. We show how the presence of the extended gauge group raises the tree-level Higgs mass considerably so that the need for heavy supersymmetric spectra is relaxed. Taking the constraints from the Higgs sector into account, we then explore the LHC phenomenology of this model and point out where the expected collider signatures can be distinguished from standard scenarios.
In particular if neutrino masses are explained by low-scale seesaw mechanisms as is done throughout this work, there are potentially spectacular signals at low-energy experiments which search for charged lepton flavour violation. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to the detailed exploration of processes like μ → e γ, μ → 3 e or μ−e conversion in nuclei in a supersymmetric framework with an inverse seesaw mechanism. In particular, we disprove claims about a non-decoupling effect in Z-mediated three-body decays and study the prospects for discovering and distinguishing signals at near-future experiments. In this context we identify the possibility to deduce from ratios like BR(\(τ → 3 μ\))/BR(\(τ → μ e^+ e^−\)) whether the contributions from ν − W loops dominate over supersymmetric contributions or vice versa.
Das Magnetfeld der Sonne ist kein einfaches statisches Dipolfeld, sondern weist
wesentlich kompliziertere Strukturen auf. Wenn Rekonnexion die Topologie eines
Feldlinienbündels verändert, wird viel Energie frei, die zuvor im Magnetfeld
gespeichert war. Das abgetrennte Bündel wird mit dem damit verbundenen Plasma
mit großer Geschwindigkeit durch die Korona
von der Sonne weg bewegen. Dieser Vorgang wird als koronaler Massenauswurf
bezeichnet. Da diese Bewegung mit Geschwindigkeiten deutlich über der
Alfv\'en-Geschwindigkeit, der kritischen Geschwindigkeit im Sonnenwind,
erfolgen kann, bildet sich eine Schockfront, die durch den Sonnenwind
propagiert.
Satelliten, die die Bedingungen im Sonnenwind beobachten, detektieren beim
Auftreten solcher Schockfronten einen erhöhten Fluss von hochenergetischen
Teilchen. Mit Radioinstrumenten empfängt man zeitgleich elektromagnetische
Phänomene, die als Radiobursts bezeichnet werden, und ebenfalls für die
Anwesenheit energiereicher Teilchen sprechen. Daher, und aufgrund von
theoretischen Überlegungen liegt es nahe, anzunehmen, daß Teilchen an der
Schockfront beschleunigt werden können.
Die Untersuchung der Teilchenbeschleunigung an kollisionsfreien Schockfronten
ist aber noch aus einem zweiten Grund interessant. Die Erde wird kontinuierlich
von hochenergetischen Teilchen, die aus historischen Gründen als kosmische
Strahlung bezeichnet werden, erreicht. Die gängige Theorie für deren Herkunft
besagt, daß zumindest der galaktische Anteil durch die Beschleunigung an
Schockfronten, die durch Supernovae ausgelöst wurden, bis zu den beobachteten
hohen Energien gelangt sind. Das Problem bei der Untersuchung der Herkunft der
kosmischen Strahlung ist jedoch, daß die Schockfronten um Supernovaüberreste
aufgrund der großen Entfernung nicht direkt beobachtbar sind.
Es liegt dementsprechend nahe, die Schockbeschleunigung an den wesentlich
näheren und besser zu beobachtenden Schocks im Sonnensystem zu studieren, um so
Modelle und Simulationen entwickeln und testen zu können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit Simulationen von
Schockfronten mit Parametern, die etwa denen von CME getriebenen Schocks
entsprechen. Um die Entwicklung der Energieverteilung der Teilchen zu studieren,
ist ein kinetischer Ansatz nötig. Dementsprechend wurden die Simulationen mit
einem Particle-in-Cell Code durchgeführt. Die Herausforderung ist dabei die
große Spanne zwischen den mikrophysikalischen Zeit- und Längenskalen, die aus
Gründen der Genauigkeit und numerischen Stabilität aufgelöst werden müssen und
den wesentlich größeren Skalen, die die Schockfront umfasst und auf der
Teilchenbeschleunigung stattfindet.
Um die Stabilität und physikalische Aussagekraft der Simulationen
sicherzustellen, werden die numerischen Bausteine mittels Testfällen, deren
Verhalten bekannt ist, gründlich auf ihre Tauglichkeit und korrekte
Implementierung geprüft.
Bei den resultierenden Simulationen wird das Zutreffen von analytischen
Vorhersagen (etwa die Einhaltung der Sprungbedingungen) überprüft. Auch die
Vorhersagen einfacherer Plasmamodelle, etwa für das elektrostatischen
Potential an der Schockfront, das man auch aus einer Zwei-Fluid-Beschreibung
erhalten kann, folgen automatisch aus der selbstkonsistenten, kinetischen
Beschreibung. Zusätzlich erhält man Aussagen über das Spektrum und die Bahnen
der beschleunigten Teilchen.
Bis heute ist nicht bekannt, in welcher Umgebung die schwersten Elemente durch Neutroneneinfangprozesse entstehen. Es gibt zwei mögliche Szenarien, die in der Literatur diskutiert werden: Supernova-Explosionen und Neutronensternverschmelzungen. Beide tragen zur Elementproduktion bei. Welches Szenario aber die dominierende Umgebung ist, bleibt umstritten. Mehrere Fakten sprechen für Supernova-Explosionen als Entstehungsorte: Wenn ein massereicher Stern kollabiert und anschließend explodiert, sind die Temperatur und die Dichte so hoch, dass Neutronen von den bereits bestehenden Elementen eingefangen und angelagert werden können. Obwohl in Simulationen mit kugelsymmetrischen Modellen nur protonen- reiche Auswürfe entstehen, kann es in asymmetrischen Explosionen aufgrund der Rotation und der Magnetfelder vermutlich zu einem neutronenreichen Auswurf kommen. Dieser ist hoch genug, dass der schnelle Neutroneneinfang auftreten kann. In dieser Arbeit habe ich daher die Überreste solcher Explosionen untersucht, um nach Asymmetrien und ihren möglichen Auswirkungen auf die Element-Entstehung und Verteilung zu suchen. Dafür wurden die beiden Supernova-Überreste CTB 109 und RCW 103 ausgewählt. CTB 109 besitzt im Zentrum einen anomale Röntgenpulsar, also einen Neutronenstern mit hohem Magnetfeld und starker Rotation, die durch Asymmetrien hervorgerufen worden sein könnten. Auch RCW 103 hat vermutlich einen solchen Pulsar als zentrale Quelle. Beide Überreste sind noch recht jung und befinden sich in ihrer Sedov-Taylor Phase. Die Distanz zur Erde beträgt für beide Überreste ungefähr 3 kpc, womit sie in der näheren Umgebung der Erde zu finden sind. Die Elemente bis zur Eisengruppe haben ihre bekanntesten Linien im Bereich der Röntgenstrahlung. Deswegen wurden für diese Arbeit archivierte Daten des Satelliten XMM-Newton ausgewählt und die Spektren in definierten Regionen in den bei- den Supernova-Überresten mit den EPIC MOS-Kameras ausgewertet. Die heutigen Röntgensatelliten haben jedoch keine ausreichende Sensitivität, um die schwersten Elemente zu detektieren. In den Spektren der beiden Überreste wurden deshalb vorwiegend die Elemente Silizium und Magnesium gefunden, in CTB 109 auch Neon. Elemente mit höheren Massezahlen konnten leider nicht signifikant aus dem Hintergrund herausgefiltert werden. Deutlich sind die Peaks der drei Elementen sichtbar, aber auch Schwefel ist in den Regionen mit hohen Zählraten zu entdecken. Für bei- de Supernova-Überreste wurde der beste Fit mit dem Modell vpshock gefunden. In diesem Modell wird ein Plasma angenommen, das bei konstanter Temperatur plan-parallel geschockt wird. Um diesen Fit zu erzielen wurden die Parameter für die Elemente Fe, S, Si, Mg, O und Ne variiert. Die restlichen Elemente wurden auf die solare Häufigkeit festgelegt. Bei CTB 109 befinden sich die Temperaturen (kT) in den Regionen mit hohen Zählraten im Bereich zwischen 0.6 und 0.7 keV und liegen damit im selben Bereich, der bereits mit anderen Teleskopen für CTB 109 gefunden wurde. In den Regionen mit niedrigen Zählraten liegen die Temperaturen etwas tiefer mit 0.3-0.4 keV. Im Supernova-Überrest RCW 103 wurde nur eine Region mit hoher Zählrate analysiert und eine Temperatur von 0.57 keV gefunden, während in der Region mit niedriger Zählrate die Temperatur kT = 0.36 ± 0.08 keV beträgt. Beide Werte passen zu den Werten in CTB 109. Die einzelnen Elementlinien wurden zusätzlich mit einer Gauß-Verteilung angepasst und die Flüsse ermittelt. Diese wurden in Intensitätskarten aufgetragen, in denen die unterschiedlichen Verteilungen der Elemente über den Supernova-Überrest zu sehen sind. Während Silizium in einigen wenigen Regionen geklumpt auftritt, ist Magnesium über die Überreste verteilt und hat in einigen Regionen höhere Werte als Silizium. Das lässt den Schluss zu, dass die beiden Elemente auf unterschiedliche Weise aus der Explosion herausgeschleudert wurden. Die Verteilung ist hier durchaus asymmetrisch, es ist jedoch nicht möglich dies auf eine asymmetrische Explosion der Supernova zurückzuführen. Dafür müssen mehr als zwei Supernova-Überreste mit dieser Methode untersucht werden und mit einer noch nicht vorhandenen Theorie zur Verteilung der Elemente in Überresten verglichen werden. Im direkten Vergleich der beiden bisher untersuchten Supernova-Überreste CTB 109 und RCW 103 sieht man, dass die beiden Überreste sich sehr in der Temperatur und der Verteilung der Elemente ähneln. Das lässt auf eine einheitliche Ausbreitung der Elemente innerhalb der Supernova-Überreste schließen. Silizium wird aufgrund der Explosion in fingerartigen Strukturen, die Rayleigh-Taylor-Instabilitäten, nach außen transportiert. Dabei bildet es Klumpen, die mit den weiter außen liegenden Schalen reagieren. Magnesium und Neon hingegen werden hauptsächlich in den Brennphasen vor der Explosion und in den äußeren Schichten des Sterns, der Zwiebelschalenstruktur, produziert. Dadurch ist eine ausgedehnte Verteilung zu er- warten. Diese Verteilungen der drei Elemente ist in dieser Arbeit bestätigt worden. Während Magnesium und Neon über den gesamten Überrest hohe Flüsse aufweisen, ist Silizium sehr lokal im Lobe von CTB 109 und im hellen Süden von RCW 103 zu finden. Mit zukünftigen Röntgenteleskopen, die eine höhere räumliche Auflösung ermöglichen, könnten die beobachteten Zusammenhänge zwischen der asymmetrischen Elementverteilung im Supernovaüberrest und den Mechanismen der Elemententstehung in der Supernova weiter untersucht werden.
In the field of spintronics, spin manipulation and spin transport are the main principles that need to be implemented. The main focus of this thesis is to analyse semiconductor systems where high fidelity in these principles can be achieved. To this end, we use numerical methods for precise results, supplemented by simpler analytical models for interpretation.
The material system of 2D topological insulators, HgTe/CdTe quantum wells, is interesting not only because it provides a topologically distinct phase of matter, physically manifested in its protected transport properties, but also since within this system, ballistic transport of high quality can be realized, with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and electron densities that are tunable by electrical gating. Extending the Bernvevig-Hughes-Zhang model for 2D topological insulators, we derive an effective four-band model including Rashba spin-orbit terms due to an applied potential that breaks the spatial inversion symmetry of the quantum well. Spin transport in this system shows interesting physics because the effects of Rashba spin-orbit terms and the intrinsic Dirac-like spin-orbit terms compete. We show that the resulting spin Hall signal can be dominated by the effect of Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Based on spin splitting due to the latter, we propose a beam splitter setup for all-electrical generation and detection of spin currents. Its working principle is similar to optical birefringence. In this setup, we analyse spin current and spin polarization signals of different spin vector components and show that large in-plane spin polarization of the current can be obtained. Since spin is not a conserved quantity of the model,
we first analyse the transport of helicity, a conserved quantity even in presence of Rashba spin-orbit terms. The polarization defined in terms of helicity is related to in-plane polarization of the physical spin.
Further, we analyse thermoelectric transport in a setup showing the spin Hall effect. Due to spin-orbit coupling, an applied temperature gradient generates a transverse spin current, i.e. a spin Nernst effect, which is related to the spin Hall effect by a Mott-like relation. In the metallic energy regimes, the signals are qualitatively explained by simple analytic models. In the insulating regime, we observe a spin Nernst signal that originates from the finite-size induced overlap of edge states.
In the part on methods, we discuss two complementary methods for construction of effective semiconductor models, the envelope function theory and the method of invariants. Further, we present elements of transport theory, with some emphasis on spin-dependent signals. We show the connections of the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics to the semiclassical theory of electronic transport and to the characterization of topological phases. Further, as application of the adiabatic theorem to a control problem, we show that universal control of a single spin in a heavy-hole quantum dot is experimentally realizable without breaking time reversal invariance,
but using a quadrupole field which is adiabatically changed as control knob. For experimental realization, we propose a GaAs/GaAlAs quantum well system.
Over the last decade, the field of topological insulators has become one of the most vivid areas in solid state physics. This novel class of materials is characterized by an insulating bulk gap, which, in two-dimensional, time-reversal symmetric systems, is closed by helical edge states. The latter make topological insulators promising candidates for applications in high fidelity spintronics and topological quantum computing. This thesis contributes to bringing these fascinating concepts to life by analyzing transport through heterostructures formed by two-dimensional topological insulators in contact with metals or superconductors. To this end, analytical and numerical calculations are employed. Especially, a generalized wave matching approach is used to describe the edge and bulk states in finite size tunneling junctions on the same footing.
The numerical study of non-superconducting systems focuses on two-terminal metal/topological
insulator/metal junctions. Unexpectedly, the conductance signals originating from the bulk and
the edge contributions are not additive. While for a long junction, the transport is determined
purely by edge states, for a short junction, the conductance signal is built from both bulk and
edge states in a ratio, which depends on the width of the sample. Further, short junctions show
a non-monotonic conductance as a function of the sample length, which distinguishes the topologically non-trivial regime from the trivial one. Surprisingly, the non-monotonic conductance of the topological insulator can be traced to the formation of an effectively propagating solution, which is robust against scalar disorder.
The analysis of the competition of edge and bulk contributions in nanostructures is extended to transport through topological insulator/superconductor/topological insulator tunneling junctions. If the dimensions of the superconductor are small enough, its evanescent bulk modes
can couple edge states at opposite sample borders, generating significant and tunable crossed
Andreev reflection. In experiments, the latter process is normally disguised by simultaneous
electron transmission. However, the helical edge states enforce a spatial separation of both competing processes for each Kramers’ partner, allowing to propose an all-electrical measurement
of crossed Andreev reflection.
Further, an analytical study of the hybrid system of helical edge states and conventional superconductors in finite magnetic fields leads to the novel superconducting quantum spin Hall effect. It is characterized by edge states. Both the helicity and the protection against scalar disorder of these edge states are unaffected by an in-plane magnetic field. At the same time its superconducting gap and its magnetotransport signals can be tuned in weak magnetic fields, because the combination of helical edge states and superconductivity results in a giant g-factor. This is manifested in a non-monotonic excess current and peak splitting of the dI/dV characteristics as a function of the magnetic field. In consequence, the superconducting quantum spin Hall effect is an effective generator and detector for spin currents.
The research presented here deepens the understanding of the competition of bulk and edge
transport in heterostructures based on topological insulators. Moreover it proposes feasible experiments to all-electrically measure crossed Andreev reflection and to test the spin polarization of helical edge states.