Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (31)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (31)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (31)
Keywords
- Zellzyklus (31) (remove)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (11)
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (9)
- Institut für Humangenetik (4)
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (2)
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (2)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, plastische und ästhetische Operationen (2)
- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie (1)
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie (1)
- Medizinische Fakultät (1)
The recently discovered human DREAM complex (for DP, RB-like, E2F and MuvB complex) is a chromatin-associated pocket protein complex involved in cell cycle- dependent gene expression. DREAM consists of five core subunits and forms a complex either with the pocket protein p130 and the transcription factor E2F4 to repress gene expression or with the transcription factors B-MYB and FOXM1 to promote gene expression.
Gas2l3 was recently identified by our group as a novel DREAM target gene. Subsequent characterization in human cell lines revealed that GAS2L3 is a microtubule and F-actin cross-linking protein, expressed in G2/M, plays a role in cytokinesis, and is important for chromosomal stability.
The aim of the first part of the study was to analyze how expression of GAS2L3 is regulated by DREAM and to provide a better understanding of the function of GAS2L3 in mitosis and cytokinesis.
ChIP assays revealed that the repressive and the activating form of DREAM bind to the GAS2L3 promoter. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated GAS2L3 depletion demonstrated the requirement of GAS2L3 for proper cleavage furrow ingression in cytokinesis. Immunofluorescence-based localization studies showed a localization of GAS2L3 at the mitotic spindle in mitosis and at the midbody in cytokinesis. Additional experiments demonstrated that the GAS2L3 GAR domain, a putative microtubule- binding domain, is responsible for GAS2L3 localization to the constriction zones in cytokinesis suggesting a function for GAS2L3 in the abscission process.
DREAM is known to promote G2/M gene expression. DREAM target genes include several mitotic kinesins and mitotic microtubule-associated proteins (mitotic MAPs). However, it is not clear to what extent DREAM regulates mitotic kinesins and MAPs, so far. Furthermore, a comprehensive study of mitotic kinesin expression in cancer cell lines is still missing.
Therefore, the second major aim of the thesis was to characterize the regulation of mitotic kinesins and MAPs by DREAM, to investigate the expression of mitotic kinesins in cancer cell line panels and to evaluate them as possible anti-cancer targets.
ChIP assays together with RNAi mediated DREAM subunit depletion experiments demonstrated that DREAM is a master regulator of mitotic kinesins. Furthermore, expression analyses in a panel of breast and lung cancer cell lines revealed that mitotic kinesins are up-regulated in the majority of cancer cell lines in contrast to non-transformed controls. Finally, an inducible lentiviral-based shRNA system was developed to effectively deplete mitotic kinesins. Depletion of selected mitotic kinesins resulted in cytokinesis failures and strong anti-proliferative effects in several human cancer cell lines.
Thus, this system will provide a robust tool for future investigation of mitotic kinesin function in cancer cells.
GAS2L3 was identified recently as a target gene of the DREAM complex (Reichert et al., 2010; Wolter et al., 2012). It was shown that GAS2L3 is expressed in a cell cycle specific manner and that depletion of the protein leads to defects in cytokinesis and genomic instability (Wolter et al., 2012).
Major aim of this thesis was, to further characterize the biochemical properties and physiological function of GAS2L3.
By in vitro co-sedimentation and bundling assays, GAS2L3 was identified as a cytoskeleton associated protein which bundles, binds and crosslinks F-actin and MTs. GST pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that GAS2L3 interacts in vitro and in vivo with the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a very important regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis, and that the interaction is mediated by the GAR domain of GAS2L3 and the C-terminal part of Borealin and the N-terminal part of Survivin. Kinase assays showed that GAS2L3 is not a substrate of the CPC but is strongly phosphorylated by CDK1 in vitro. Depletion of GAS2L3 by shRNA influenced protein stability and activity of the CPC. However pharmacological studies showed that the decreased CPC activity is not responsible for the observed cytokinesis defects upon GAS2L3 depletion. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that GAS2L3 is localized to the constriction zone by the CPC in a GAR dependent manner and that the GAR domain is important for proper protein function.
New interacting proteins of GAS2L3 were identified by stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with tandem affinity purification and subsequent mass spectrometrical analysis. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further confirmed the obtained mass spectrometrical data.
To address the physiological function of GAS2L3 in vivo, a conditional and a non-conditional knockout mouse strain was established. The non-conditional mouse strain showed a highly increased mortality rate before weaning age probably due to heart failure. The physiological function of GAS2L3 in vivo as well as the exact reason for the observed heart phenotype is not known at the moment.
Pocket-Proteine und E2F-Transkriptionsfaktoren regulieren die Expression von Zellzyklus-assoziierten Genen und spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Koordination der Zellteilung, Differenzierung und Apoptose. Störungen dieser Signalwege tragen zur Entstehung zahlreicher Tumorentitäten beim Menschen bei. Trotz der intensiven Untersuchung der Zellzyklusregulation sind viele Details noch unverstanden.
Der LIN-Komplex (LINC / DREAM) ist ein kürzlich entdeckter humaner Multiprotein-komplex, welcher dynamisch mit Pocket-Proteinen und E2F-Transkriptionsfaktoren interagiert. Eine essentielle Komponente des LIN-Komplexes ist das LIN9-Protein. Um die Funktion dieses Proteins bei der Zellzyklusregulation und Tumorentstehung genauer untersuchen zu können, wurde in unserer Arbeitsgruppe ein konditionelles Lin9-Knockout-Mausmodell etabliert.
Primäres Ziel der Arbeit war es, den Phänotyp embryonaler Fibroblasten (MEFs) aus diesen Mäusen zu charakterisieren. Bereits kurz nach Inaktivierung von Lin9 konnte ein stark verlangsamtes Zellwachstums beobachtet werden. In Lin9-depletierten MEFs wurden multiple mitotische Defekte detektiert, die u. a. strukturelle Auffälligkeiten des Spindelapparates, aberrante Zellkerne, Störungen der Chromosomensegregation sowie zytokinetische Defekte umfassen und in einer dramatischen Zunahme polyploider und aneuploider Zellen resultieren. Im Langzeitverlauf führen diese erheblichen Aberrationen zu einer vorzeitigen zellulären Seneszenz. Wird diese durch das Large T-Protoonkogen durchbrochen, können sich MEFs an den Verlust von Lin9 adaptieren, zeigen dann jedoch eine hochgradige genomische Instabilität und Substrat-unabhängiges Wachstum im Weichagar als Zeichen onkogener Transformation.
Im zweiten Abschnitt der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Genexpression in Lin9-defizienten MEFs mittels quantitativer Real Time-PCR untersucht um zu klären, ob die beschriebenen Defekte auf Veränderungen der transkriptionellen Aktivität zurück-zuführen sind. Dabei wurde eine erhebliche Reduktion der Expressionslevel mitotischer Gene nach Verlust von Lin9 beobachtet. Des Weiteren wurden zur Klärung der zu Grunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen Chromatin-Immunpräzipitations-Experimente (ChIP) durchgeführt. Im Vergleich zu Kontrollzellen wurden dabei in Lin9-defizienten Zellen signifikante epigenetische Veränderungen bezüglich aktivierender Histon-Modifikationen an den Promotoren mitotischer Lin9-Zielgene festgestellt.
Im letzten Abschnitt der Arbeit sollten die Auswirkungen des heterozygoten Verlustes von Lin9 analysiert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Lin9-haploinsuffiziente Zellen normal proliferieren, obwohl die Expression verschiedener G2/M-Gene leicht vermindert war. Es wurde jedoch eine Schwächung des mitotischen Spindelkontrollpunktes und in der Folge über mehrere Zellgenerationen eine Zunahme polyploider Zellen beobachtet. Mit Weichagar-Assays konnte gezeigt werden, dass bereits der heterozygote Verlust des Lin9-Gens zur onkogenen Transformation beiträgt.
Zusammengenommen dokumentieren diese Studien, dass LIN9 eine entscheidende Bedeutung bei der Regulation von Zellzyklus-assoziierten Genen spielt und sowohl einen essentiellen Faktor für die Zellproliferation darstellt als auch durch die Gewährleistung genomischer Stabilität tumorsuppressive Eigenschaften aufweist.
Aurora B is a mitotic kinase that is essential for cell division. Because it is mutated or overexpressed in a range of cancer types, it has been suggested as a novel therapeutic target. Currently chemical inhibitors against Aurora B are in various phases of clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors and leukemia. Information regarding the molecular requirements for the reported phenotypes of Aurora B inhibition such as cell cycle arrest, activation of the tumor suppressor p53 and its target p21 are not well understood.
In this study, I investigated the requirements for p21 induction after Aurora B inhibition. I found that p38 is phosphorylated and activated when Aurora B is inhibited. Experiments with chemical inhibitors against p38 indicate that p38 is required for p21 induction and cell cycle arrest in response to Aurora B inhibition. p53 induction after impairment of Aurora B function and the recruitment of p53 to its binding site in the p21 gene promoter occur independently of p38 signaling. Instead, I found that p38 is required for the enrichment of the elongating RNA Polymerase II in the coding region of the p21 gene. Furthermore, p38 is required for formation of the full-length p21 mRNA transcript. These data indicate that p38 promotes the transcriptional elongation of p21 gene in response to Aurora B inhibition. In further experiments I could show that the p21 causes cell cycle arrest due to a decrease in E2F-dependent transcription by promoting the dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein.
Using synchronized cells I could show that the induction of p21 in response to Aurora B inhibition requires transition through an aberrant mitosis and does not occur in cells that are arrested in interphase. Interestingly, p38, p53 and p21 are already induced by partial inhibition of Aurora B, which results in aneuploidy but not in cytokinesis failure and in tetraploidy. This supports the notion that activation of p38-p53-p21 signaling correlates with aneuploidy but not with tetraploidy or binucleation. Partial inhibition of Aurora B also leads to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are required for the activation of p38, p21 and cell cycle arrest. Based on these observations I propose the following model: Inhibition of Aurora B leads to chromosome missegregation resulting in aneuploidy. This results in increased generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) possibly through proteotoxic stress caused by an imbalance of protein synthesis in aneuploid cells. ROS triggers the activation of p38, which then stimulates the transcriptional elongation of p21 resulting in cell cycle arrest.
Aneuploidy, proteotoxic stress and oxidative stress are hallmarks of cancer cells. Based on my results reported in this study, I suggest that the combination of Aurora B inhibitors with drugs that specifically target aneuploid cells might be a novel strategy for cancer therapy, as this is a lethal combination for proliferation of cancer cells.
The DREAM complex plays an important role in regulation of gene expression during the cell cycle. It was previously shown that the DREAM subunits LIN9 and B-MYB are required for early embryonic development and for the maintenance of the inner cell mass in vitro. In this work the effect of LIN9 or B-MYB depletion on embryonic stem cells (ESC) was examined. It demonstrates that LIN9 and B-MYB knock down changes the cell cycle distribution of ESCs and results in an accumulation of cells in G2 and M and in an increase of polyploid cells. By using genome-wide expression studies it was revealed that the depletion of LIN9 leads to downregulation of mitotic genes and to upregulation of differentiation-specific genes. ChIP-on chip experiments determined that mitotic genes are direct targets of LIN9 while lineage specific markers are regulated indirectly. Importantly, depletion of LIN9 does not alter the expression of the pluripotency markers Sox2 and Oct4 and LIN9 depleted ESCs retain alkaline phosphatase activity. I conclude that LIN9 is essential for proliferation and genome stability of ESCs by activating genes with important functions in mitosis and cytokinesis. The exact molecular mechanisms behind this gene activation are still unclear as no DREAM subunit features a catalytically active domain. It is assumed that DREAM interacts with other proteins or co-factors for transcriptional activation. This study discovered potential binding proteins by combining in vivo isotope labeling of proteins with mass spectrometry
(MS) and further analysed the identified interaction of the tight junction protein ZO-2 with DREAM which is cell cycle dependent and strongest in S-phase. ZO-2 depletion results in reduced cell proliferation and decreased G1 gene expression. As no G2/M genes, typical DREAM targets, are affected upon ZO-2 knock down, it is unlikely that ZO-2 binding is needed for a functional DREAM complex. However, this work demonstrates that with (MS)-based quantitative proteomics, DREAM interacting proteins can be identified which might help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying DREAM mediated gene activation.
In the context of this thesis, I investigated the molecular causes and functional consequences of genetic instability using a human inherited disease, Fanconi anemia. FA patients display a highly variable clinical phenotype, including congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure and a high cancer risk. The FA cellular phenotype is characterized by spontaneous and inducible chromosomal instability, and a typical S/G2 phase arrest after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. So far, 13 genes have been identified, whose biallelic (or, in the case of X-linked FANCB, hemizygous) mutations cause this multisystem disorder. The FA proteins interact in a multiprotein network, instrumental and essential in the cellular response to DNA damage. A more comprehensive summary of Fanconi anemia and its myriad clinical, cellular and molecular manifestations is provided in the introduction section of this thesis. The results of my experimental work are presented as published papers and manuscripts ready to be submitted. In the first publication, I investigated the connection between FA genes and bladder tumors. The question I tried to answer was whether a disruption of the FA/BRCA pathway may be a frequent and possibly causal event in bladder cancer, explaining the hypersensitivity of these cells to DNA-crosslinking agents. On the basis of my experimental data I arrived at the conclusion that disruption of the FA/BRCA pathway might be detrimental rather than advantageous for the majority tumor types by rendering them vulnerable towards DNA damaging agents and oxidative stress. The second publication deals with the gene coding for the core complex protein FANCE and tries to answer the question why FANCE is so rarely affected among FA-patients. The conclusion from these studies is that like FANCF, FANCE functions as a probable adaptor protein with a high tolerance towards amino acid substitutions which would explain the relative rareness of FA-E patients. I have also investigated the FANCL gene whose product functions as the catalytic subunit of the E3 ligase. The third publication addresses this issue by providing the first comprehensive description of genetic alterations and phenotypic manifestations in a series of three FA-L patients. The results of my study show that genetic alterations of FANCL are compatible with survival, these alterations may include large deletions such as so far common only in the FANCA gene, FA-L phenotypes can be mild to severe, and FANCL belongs to the group of FA genes that may undergo somatic reversion. The central protein of the FA/BRCA network, FANCD2, is the subject of the fourth publication presented in this thesis. Most importantly, we were able to show that there are no biallelic null mutations in FANCD2. Correspondingly, residual protein of both FANCD2-isotypes (FANCD2-S and FANCD2-L) was present in all available patient cell lines. This suggests that complete abrogation of the FANCD2 protein cannot be tolerated and causes early embryonic lethality. There are at least three FA proteins that are not required for the posttranslational modification of FANCD2. One of these proteins is the 5’-3’ helicase BRIP1 (BRCA1-interacting protein 1), a protein that interacts directly with the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1. I participated in the identification of BRIP1 as the FA protein FANCJ. This discovery is described in the fifth publication of this thesis. The newly discovered protein BRIP1/FANCJ seems to act as one of the mediators of genomic maintenance downstream of FANCD2. Another protein identified downstream of FANCD2 is PALB2. PALB2 was originally discovered as “partner and localizer of BRCA2”. In a candidate gene approach we tested patients with early childhood cancers but without mutations in BRCA2 for mutations in PALB2 (publication 6). PALB2 was identified as a novel FA gene and designated FANCN. FA-N patients are very severely affected. The last publication included in my thesis describes the identification of the FA gene FANCI as the second monoubiquitinated member of the FA/BRCA pathway (publication 7). We identified biallelic mutations in KIAA1794 in four FA patients, thus proving the genuine FA-nature of this candidate sequence. The general discussion provides a synopsis of the results and conclusions of my work with the state of art of FA research.
SUMMARY GABP is a heterodymeric member of Ets-family transcription factors. It consists of two subunits – GABPa which contains DNA binding domain and GABPb, which provides transcriptional activation domain and nuclear localization signal. GABPa/b complex is essential for transcriptional activation of multiple lineage-restricted and housekeeping genes, several viral genes, and in some cases might function as transcriptional repressor. Large variety of data indicates involvement of GABP in the complex regulation of cell growth, specified by quiescence, stimulation/proliferation, apoptosis and senescence. Expression level of GABPa subunit is rapidly increased when resting cells enter S-phase, and GABPa/b complex is critical to promote the continuity of the cell cycle. Conditional inactivation of GABPa expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in a complete block of proliferation and acquisition of senescence-like phenotype. However, the influence of GABP on the other cell growth determinant – the apoptosis – remains largely obscure. Therefore we aimed to investigate the influence of GABPa/b expression level on the cell growth in vitro. Using siRNA approach we achieved efficient but only transient down-regulation of GABPa expression which precluded further cell growth studies. Persistent increase of the expression of GABPb subunit only resulted in a positive effect on the cell growth speed. Simultaneous conditional overexpression of both GABPa and GABPb subunits though, strongly reduced the growth of the affected cell cultures in reversible and in expression level dependent manner. Interestingly, GABPa/b overexpressing cells did show neither cell cycle arrest nor massive induction of apoptosis. However, more detailed analyses revealed that dampened apoptotic processes were taking place in GABPa/b−overexpressing cells, starting with a prominent activation of caspase-12. Interestingly, activation of downstream effector caspases was rather suppressed explaining a weak increase of apoptotic cells in GABPa/b overexpressing cultures. This effect suggests that the activation of caspase-12 by elevated amounts of exogenous GABPa/b reflects the normal physiological mechanism of caspase-12 regulation.
Es werden die Parameter Summe-G2/GF und G0/G1 der hochauflösenden, zweiparametrigen Zellzyklusanalyse von Lymphozyten bei Fanconi-Anämie-Patienten, bei denen mehrere Meßwerte vorliegen, im Hinblick auf Schwankungen untersucht. Nach Auswertung der Daten stellen die Werte keine konstanten Parameter für den einzelnen Patienten dar. Die Langzeitanalyse des Zellzyklusverhaltens peripherer Blutlymphozyten reflektiert jedoch weitgehend die klinische Situation der Patienten.
Precise control of mitotic progression is vital for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Since the loss of genomic integrity is known to promote tumorigenesis, the identification of knew G2/M regulatory genes attracts great attention. LINC, a human multiprotein complex, is a transcriptional activator of a set of G2/M specific genes. By depleting LIN9 in MEFs, a core subunit of LINC, Gas2l3 was identified as a novel LINC target gene. The so far uncharacterized Gas2l3 gene encodes for a member of the family of growth arrest specific 2 (GAS2) proteins, which share a highly conserved putative actin binding CH and a putative microtubule binding GAS2 domain. In the present study GAS2L3 was identified as a LINC target gene also in human cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that GAS2L3 transcription, in contrast to all other GAS2 family members, is highly regulated during the cell cycle with highest expression in G2/M. The GAS2L3 protein showed a specific localization pattern during the M phase: In metaphase, GAS2L3 localized to the mitotic spindle, relocated to the spindle midzone microtubules in late anaphase and concentrated at the midbody in telophase where it persisted until the end of cytokinesis. Overexpression of a set of different GAS2L3 deletion mutants demonstrated that the localization to the mitotic microtubule network is dependent on the C-terminus, whereas the midbody localization is dependent on full length GAS2L3 protein. Additionally, exclusive overexpression of the CH domain induced the formation of actin stress fibers, suggesting that the CH domain is an actin binding domain. In contrast, the GAS2 domain was neither needed nor sufficient for microtubule binding, indicating that there must be an additional so far unknown microtubule binding domain in the C-terminus. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis also identified the C-terminus as the domain responsible for GAS2L3 protein instability, partially dependent on proteasomal degradation. Consistent with its specific localization pattern, GAS2L3 depletion by RNAi demonstrated its responsibility for proper mitosis and cytokinesis. GAS2L3 depletion in HeLa cells resulted in the accumulation of multinucleated cells, an indicator for chromosome mis-segregation during mitosis. Also the amount of cells in cytokinesis was enriched, indicating failures in completing the last step of cytokinesis, the abscission. Strikingly, treatment with microtubule poisons that lead to the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) indicated that the SAC was weakened in GAS2L3 depleted cells. Although the exact molecular mechanism is still unknown, fist experiments support the hypothesis that GAS2L3 might be a regulator of the SAC master kinase BUBR1. In conclusion, this study provides first evidence for GAS2L3 as a novel regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis and it might therefore be an important guardian against tumorigenesis.
Die Zahnwerkstoffe HEMA (Hydroxyethylmethacrylat) und TEGDMA (Triethylenglycol-dimethacrylat) gehören zu den so genannten Restmonomeren. Sie liegen nach der Polymerisation noch ungebunden vor und werden anschließend freigesetzt. Sie gelangen in den Organismus über die Pulpa, die Gingiva oder über den Speichel und können biologisch wirksam werden. Bisherige Studien zeigen dosisabhängige mutagene Effekte in tierischen und menschlichen Zellen. HEMA und TEGDMA führen zu DNA-Strangbrüchen, Mikrokernbildung, Apoptosen und nehmen Einfluss auf den Zellzyklus (G1- und G2-Verzögerung). Ebenso wurden ein allergenes Potential und eine toxische Wirkung auf die Niere beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wurden genotoxische Effekte von HEMA und TEGDMA in humanen Lymphozyten in Konzentrationsbereichen überprüft, wie sie auch im Körper auftreten können. Hierfür wurden die Lymphozyten 24 Stunden mit 10 µM, 100 µM und 1 mM HEMA und mit 1 µM, 10 µM und 100 µM TEGDMA behandelt. Mit dem Comet Assay werden DNA-Einzel- und Doppelstrangbrüche sowie die Reparatur zuvor induzierter DNA-Schäden erfasst. Durch die Modifikation des Comet Assay mit dem Fpg-Protein werden zusätzlich oxidativ geschädigte Basen mit hoher Sensitivität nachgewiesen. Der Mikrokerntest weist manifeste DNA-Schäden auf DNA-Ebene in Form von Mikrokernen nach. Daneben lassen sich auch andere zelluläre Reaktionen wie Mitosen und Apoptosen sowie die Proliferationsrate der Zellen bestimmen. Der Chromosomen-aberrationstest dient zum Nachweis von Veränderungen in der Struktur und/oder in der Anzahl von Chromosomen eines Genoms. Mit dem Schwesterchromatidaustauschtest werden ebenfalls Chromosomenmutationen nachgewiesen. Durchflusszytometrische Methoden werden zum Nachweis von Apoptosen und zur Zellzyklusanalyse eingesetzt. Im herkömmlichen Comet Assay zeigen HEMA und TEGDMA keine signifikante Wirkung auf die DNA (OTM < 2). Es kann aber gezeigt werden, dass die Behandlung mit Fpg zu einer Verdoppelung des OTM führt. Bei 1 mM HEMA und 100 µM TEGDMA wird dadurch das OTM auf > 2 angehoben. HEMA und TEGDMA wirken sich nicht auf die Mikrokernbildung aus, jedoch wird durch den Mikrokerntest ab 1 mM HEMA und 100 µM TEGDMA eine Einflussnahme auf die Proliferation gezeigt. Die Rate früher (< 10%) und später Apoptosen Apoptosen (< 4 %) bleibt im Durchschnitt weitgehend konstant. Eine Ausnahme sind 1 mM HEMA, die die frühen Apoptosen auf > 10 % anheben. Eine Einflussnahme auf den Zellzyklus, in Form einer Verzögerung, üben 1 mM HEMA in der S-Phase und 100 µM TEGDMA in der G1-Phase aus. In den Chromosomentests werden einerseits ein dosisabhängiger Anstieg der Aberrationen und andererseits vermehrte Chromatidaustausche beobachtet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Verbindung von HEMA und TEGDMA zu oxidativen Stress im Comet Assay mit Fpg gezeigt. Da die tatsächlich in vivo erreichbaren Konzentrationen unter 100 µM liegen, ist zu schließen, dass HEMA und TEGDMA in diesem niedrigen Konzentrationsbereich keine nachteiligen Effekte ausüben, denn nur die hohen Konzentrationen (1 mM HEMA, 100 µM TEGDMA) sind in der Lage eine genotoxische Wirkung zu entfalten. Jedoch kann das Auslösen von Mutationen mit dem Chromosomenaberrationstest und Schwesterchromatidaustauschtest bestätigt werden. Um das Schädigungsprofil dieser häufig eingesetzten Zahnwerkstoffe detaillierter beschreiben zu können, müssen Untersuchungen auf Chromatidebene intensiviert werden.