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Foliation of the cerebella of Sprague-Dawley rats (strain Han:SPRD) is more advanced than in Wistar rats (strain Chbb:THOM). The differences expressed as length of the granular layer in median sections were significant in lobules VIa, VIII, IX and X. The length of the other vermian lobules is generally higher in the former strain. With regard to the volume of the granular layer, the situation is reversed, indicating that the lateral extent and thickness of vermian lobules in Wistar rats (strain Chbb:THOM) is generally larger. These quantitative differences may express differences in cerebellar microcircuitry and fibre connections in the cortex of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats.
A rapid method for macroscopic and microscopic investigation of human CNS is proposed. After fonnalin fixation, gelatin or agarose embedding, and cryoprotective treatment, frozen human spinal cords, brainstems, or hemispheres can be serially cut into 0.7 mm thick slices. Stained with gallocyanin-chromalum, these slices facilitate cytoarchitectonic, neuropathologic, and quantitative examination. Regions of interest from parallel fonnalin-stored unstained slices can be embedded into paraffin and stained by any irnrnunocytologic and histologic stain compatible with fonnalin fixation and paraffin embedding.
The distribution of lipofuscin in the perikarya of Purkin je cells of vermal and hemispheric lobules has been determined quantitatively in 7 rats, 30-38 months old, by the point-counting method. On the basis of morphologically and statistically significant differences a pigmentarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex is established. The Purkinje cells of lobule VIa (Larsell 1952) are extremely lipofuscin-rich. The Purkinje cells of the hemispheres, lobules V, Vlb + c and VII contain considerable amounts of a finely granular lipofuscin, the Purkinje cells of lobules I-III and VIII- IXa a globular type of lipofuscin. The Purkinje cells of sublobule XI d c and X are lipofuscin-poor cells. Three types of lipofuscin ha ve been identified in the light microscope.
The total nerve cell numbers in the right and in the left human entorhinal areas have been calculated by volume estimations with the Cavalieri principle and by cell density determinations with the optical disector. Thick gallocyanin-stained serial frozen sections through the parahippocampal gyrus of 22 human subjects (10 female, 12 male) ranging from 18 to 86 years were analysed. The laminar composition of gallocyanin (Nissl)-stained sections could easily be compared with Braak's (1972, 1980) pigmentoarchitectonic study, and Braak's nomenclature of the entorhinal laminas was adopted. Cellsparse laminae dissecantes can more clearly be distinguished in Nissl than in aldehydefuchsin preparations. These cell-poor dissecantes, lamina dissecans extema (dis-ext), lamina dissecans 1 (dis-1) and lamina dissecans 2 (dis-2), were excluded from nerve cell nurober determinations. An exact delineation of the entorhinal area is indispensable for any kind of quantitative investigation. We have defined the entorhinal area by the presence of pre-alpha ceil clusters and the deeper layers of lamina principalis externa (pre-beta and gamma) separated from lamina principalis interna (pri) by lamina dissecans 1 (dis-1). The human entorhinal area is quantitatively characterized by a left-sided (asymmetric) higher pre-alpha cell number and an age-related nerve cell loss in pre as well as pri layers. At variance with other CNS cortical and subcortical structures, the neuronal number of the entorhinal area appears to decrease continuously from the earliest stages analysed, although a secular trend has to be considered. The asymmetry in pre-alpha cell number is discussed in the context of higher human mental capabilities, especially language.
Quantitative anatomical studies on the postnatal development of the cerebellum of the albino rat
(1977)
The quantitative postnatal changes of the cerebella of 65 Wistar rats aged 2-120 days have been examined. The cerebellar volume increases in two phases: The first phase lasts from birth to the seventh postnatal week. The second phase begins ten weeks post parturn and lasts for a Ionger period than the first phase. The cerebellar surface increases continuously from birth to the end of the seventh week. The volume of the external granular layer is maximal when the organ grows rapidly. The external granular layer has nearly disappeared 24 days after birth; the volume of the interaal granular layer is maximal at this time. Later on, the volume and the width of the interaal granular layer decrease. Myelinization of the cerebellar fibers and growth of the molecular layer run parallel to this decrease. The second late, but protracted growth of the cerebellum, ten weeks after birth, is due to an increase of the molecular and medullary layer. These findings are in good accord with histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural observations of other authors.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia; however, mechanisms and biomarkers remain unclear. Here, we examined hippocampal CA4 and dentate gyrus subfields, which are less studied in the context of AD pathology, in post-mortem AD and control tissue to identify possible biomarkers. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis combined with label-free quantification for identification of differentially expressed proteins. We identified 4,328 proteins, of which 113 showed more than 2-fold higher or lower expression in AD hippocampi than in control tissues. Five proteins were identified as putative AD biomarkers (MDH2, PCLO, TRRAP, YWHAZ, and MUC19 isoform 5) and were cross-validated by immunoblotting, selected reaction monitoring, and MALDI imaging. We also used a bioinformatics approach to examine upstream signalling interactions of the 113 regulated proteins. Five upstream signalling (IGF1, BDNF, ZAP70, MYC, and cyclosporin A) factors showed novel interactions in AD hippocampi. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel platform that may provide new strategies for the early detection of AD and thus its diagnosis.
Background: While most neuropathologic studies focus on regions involved in behavioral abnormalities in autism, it is also important to identify whether areas that appear functionally normal are devoid of pathologic alterations. In this study we analyzed the posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus, an extrastriate area not considered to be affected in autism. This area borders the fusiform gyrus, which is known to exhibit functional and cellular abnormalities in autism.
Findings: No studies have implicated posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus dysfunction in autism, leading us to hypothesize that neuropathology would not occur in this area. We indeed observed no significant differences in pyramidal neuron number or size in layers III, V, and VI in seven pairs of autism and controls.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuropathology is unique to areas involved in stereotypies and social and emotional behaviors, and support the specificity of the localization of pathology in the fusiform gyrus.
Neuroanatomy of the equine brain as revealed by high-field (3Tesla) magnetic-resonance-imaging
(2018)
In this study, the morphology of the horse brain (Equus caballus) is decribed in detail using high field MRI. The study includes sagittal, dorsal, and transverse T2-weighted images at 0.25 mm resolution at 3 Tesla and 3D models of the brain presenting the external morphology of the brain. Representative gallocyanin stained histological slides of the same brain are presented. The images represent a useful tool for MR image interpretation in horses and may serve as a starting point for further research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.
The ultrastructure of autofluorescent, PAS-positive lipofuscin in Purkinje, granule, Golgi epithelial, basket and stellate, microglial and perivascular cells in the cerebellar cortex of senescent rats is described. The membrane- bounded pigment is composed ofthree elements: 1) electron-lucent homogeneaus droplets, 2) a granular matrix and 3) intensely osmiophilic patches. The proportians ofthese three components vary between cell types and one can grossly differentiate a neuronal and a gliallipofuscin. The lipofuscin granules of stellate and perivscular cells are different from lipofuscin of other cerebellar neurons and glia. lt can be concluded from these morphological observations that each cerebellar cell type has its distinct lipofuscin.