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Thomas Naogeorgs ‘Hamanus’ dokumentiert eindrucksvoll, dass die humanistische Antikenrezeption zur Ausbildung einer eigenen frühneuzeitlichen Poetik führt. Der ‘imitatio veterum’ erteilt Naogeorg eine bewusste Absage und entwickelt eine ‘Tragoedia nova’, indem er mit antiken Gattungskonventionen bricht und komische Elemente in eine Tyrannentragödie integriert. Naogeorg begründet seine konzeptionellen Veränderungen mit dem zeitgenössischen Kontext, in dem sein Werk rezipiert werden soll. Diese Orientierung am Zielpublikum schlägt sich ebenso in der deutschen Übertragung des Johannes Chryseus nieder, der Naogeorgs modifiziertes Tragödienkonzept adaptiert, jedoch ohne die poetischen Spezifika zu würdigen.
This paper discusses the categorization of Quranic chapters by major phases of Prophet Mohammad’s messengership using machine learning algorithms. First, the chapters were categorized by places of revelation using Support Vector Machine and naïve Bayesian classifiers separately, and their results were compared to each other, as well as to the existing traditional Islamic and western orientalists classifications. The chapters were categorized into Meccan (revealed in Mecca) and Medinan (revealed in Medina). After that, chapters of each category were clustered using a kind of fuzzy-single linkage clustering approach, in order to correspond to the major phases of Prophet Mohammad’s life. The major phases of the Prophet’s life were manually derived from the Quranic text, as well as from the secondary Islamic literature e.g hadiths, exegesis. Previous studies on computing the places of revelation of Quranic chapters relied heavily on features extracted from existing background knowledge of the chapters. For instance, it is known that Meccan chapters contain mostly verses about faith and related problems, while Medinan ones encompass verses dealing with social issues, battles…etc. These features are by themselves insufficient as a basis for assigning the chapters to their respective places of revelation. In fact, there are exceptions, since some chapters do contain both Meccan and Medinan features. In this study, features of each category were automatically created from very few chapters, whose places of revelation have been determined through identification of historical facts and events such as battles, migration to Medina…etc. Chapters having unanimously agreed places of revelation were used as the initial training set, while the remaining chapters formed the testing set. The classification process was made recursive by regularly augmenting the training set with correctly classified chapters, in order to classify the whole testing set. Each chapter was preprocessed by removing unimportant words, stemming, and representation with vector space model. The result of this study shows that, the two classifiers have produced useable results, with an outperformance of the support vector machine classifier. This study indicates that, the proposed methodology yields encouraging results for arranging Quranic chapters by phases of Prophet Mohammad’s messengership.
Diese Veröffentlichung ist eine Einführung in die syntaktischen Strukturen der deutschen Gegenwartssprache und deckt folgende Gebiete ab: Satzdefinition, Wortarten, Topologie deutscher Sätze, valenzabhängige und -unabhängige Satzglieder (Ergänzungen und Angaben), Funktion und Semantik von Dativ- und Genitivkonstruktionen, Hilfs-, Modal- und Modalitätsverben, Funktionsverbgefüge und verbale Wendungen, reflexive Konstruktionen, komplexe Sätze und Satzglieder, Passivkonstruktionen, Temporalität sowie Modalität.
The question of why the Quran structure does not follow its chronology of revelation is a recurring one. Some Islamic scholars such as [1] have answered the question using hadiths, as well as other philosophical reasons based on internal evidences of the Quran itself. Unfortunately till today many are still wondering about this issue. Muslims believe that the Quran is a summary and a copy of the content of a preserved tablet called Lawhul-Mahfuz located in the heaven. Logically speaking, this suggests that the arrangement of the verses and chapters is expected to be similar to that of the Lawhul-Mahfuz. As for the arrangement of the verses in each chapter, there is unanimity that it was carried out by the Prophet himself under the guidance of Angel Gabriel with the recommendation of God. But concerning the ordering of the chapters, there are reports about some divergences [3] among the Prophet’s companions as to which chapter should precede which one. This paper argues that Quranic chapters might have been arranged according to months and seasons of revelation. In fact, based on some verses of the Quran, it is defendable that the Lawhul-Mahfuz itself is understood to have been structured in terms of the months of the year. In this study, philosophical and mathematical arguments for computing chapters’ months of revelation are discussed, and the result is displayed on an interactive scatter plot.
Jean Pauls Registerbände
(2011)
Die Dissertation befasst sich mit den Registerbänden Jean Pauls. Diese stellen eine komprimierte Fassung der umfangreichen Exzerptbände dar, die auf mehr als 12.000 Seiten vorliegen. Jean Paul ordnet seine Exzerpte unter zuvor ausgewählten Oberbegriffen, und fasst diese in den Registerbänden zusammen.