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Sila-difenidol (6b), a sila-analogue of the drug difenidol (6a), was synthesized according to Scheme 1. 6b and its new precursors 3 and 5 were characterized by their physical and chemical properties, and their structures confirmed by elementary analyses, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. 6 b crystallizes orthorhombic \(P2_12_12_1\) with a = 11.523(1), b = 14.366(4), c = 11.450(1) Å, Z = 4, \(D_{ber} = 1.14 gcm^{-3}\). The structure was refined to R = 0.050 for 1897 reflexions. A strong nearly linear intramolecular O-H···N hydrogen bond of 2.685 Å is observed. The anticholinergic, histaminolytic and musculotropic spasmolytic activities of 6 a and 6 b are reported.
Single crystal X-ray studies on bis[3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-1 ,2-benzenediolato(2- )](pyrrolidiniomethyl)silicate acetonitrile solvate [(C6Br40 2hSiCH2(H)NC4H8 · CH3CN; monoclinic, P2t/c, a = 808.5(4), b = 1533.0(8), c = 2212.6(1) pm, ß = 97.67(2)0 , Z = 4] revealed a zwitterionic structure with a pentacoordinate, formally negatively charged silicon atom and a positively charged ammonium moiety. The silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms and one carbon atom in a trigonalbipyramidal fashion, with the carbon atom in an equatorial position. The structure is displaced by 7.0% from the trigonal bipyramid towards the square pyramid. The zwitterion and the CH3CN molecule form intermolecular N-H · · · N hydrogen bonds.
Das zwitterionische Tctratluoro[2-(pyrrolidinio) ethyl]silicat (4) wurde durch Reaktion von Trimethoxy( 2-pyrrolidinoethyl)silan (5) mit Fluorwasserstoff in einem Ethanol/Flußsäure-Gemisch bei 0 °C synthetisiert. Die Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von 4 wurde bei - 100 °C mittels einer Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse untersucht. Außerdem wurde 4 durch NMR-Untersuchungen in Lösung charakterisiert (CD\(_3\)CN: \(^1\)H, \(^{13}\)C).
Aufklärung der Struktur und Charakterisierung des ternären Komplexes aus BMP-2, BMPR-IA und ActR-IIB
(2006)
„Bone Morphogenetic Proteins“ (BMPs) kontrollieren eine Vielzahl unterschiedlichster Prozesse bei der Embryonalentwicklung und der postnatalen Gewebehomöostase. Wie TGF-betas, Activine und andere Mitglieder der TGF-beta Superfamilie vermitteln BMPs ihr Signal durch die Bildung eines aus dem Liganden und zwei Rezeptorsubtypen bestehenden Signalkomplexes. Für die Rezeptoraktivierung ist ein Zwei-Schritt Mechanismus allgemein akzeptiert. Bisher wurde nur der erste Schritt, die Bindung des Liganden an seinen hochaffinen Rezeptor, strukturell untersucht. Der molekulare Mechanismus der anschließenden Rekrutierung des niederaffinen Rezeptortyps war bisher nicht bekannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Präparation, Kristallisation und Strukturaufklärung des ternären Komplexes aus BMP-2 und den extrazellulären Domänen von BMPR-IA und ActR-IIB. Mit der Kristallstruktur dieses ternären Komplexes kann erstmals der Mechanismus der BMP Rezeptoraktivierung von der Bindung des Liganden bis hin zur Transaktivierung untersucht werden. Der Ligand BMP-2 präsentiert sich hier, im Gegensatz zu anderen Mitgliedern der TGF-beta Superfamilie, als nahezu starre Komponente, um welche die beiden Rezeptortypen symmetrisch angelagert werden. Zwischen den extrazellulären Domänen der Rezeptoren können keine direkten Kontakte beobachtet werden. Die in Zellen beobachtete Kooperativität bei der Rekrutierung des niederaffinen Rezeptors im BMP-2 System ist folglich weder durch allosterische Effekte, noch durch direkte Rezeptor-Rezeptor-Kontakte erklärbar. Vielmehr repräsentiert die Bindung des niederaffinen Rezeptors von BMP-2 einen Minimalmechanismus, bei dem Kooperativität über die Verringerung der Freiheitsgrade durch Lokalisation des Liganden in der Zellmembran erzeugt wird. Die durchgeführten Mutations-/Interaktionsanalysen erlauben vertiefende Einblicke wie Affinität und Spezifität im BMP/Activin-System generiert werden. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl bei der niederaffinen Interaktion von ActR-IIBecd mit BMP-2 bzw. BMP-7 als auch bei der hochaffinen Bindung von ActA mit ActR-IIBecd ein Großteil der freien Bindungsenergie von denselben hydrophoben Interaktionen getragen wird. Während polare Interaktionen bei der niederaffinen Bindung der BMPs an ActR-IIBecd kaum eine Rolle spielen, stellt die zentrale Wasserstoffbrücke zwischen ActA Ser90(OG) und ActR-IIB Leu61(N) bei der Bildung des Komplexes ActA/ActR-IIBecd eine entscheidende Determinante der hochaffinen Bindung dar. BMP-2 bindet an die Typ II Rezeptoren BMPR-II, ActR-II und ActR-IIB mit nahezu identischer Affinität, daher wird eine promiske Verwendung dieser Rezeptoren angenommen. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die spezifische Erkennung und Bindung der Typ II Rezeptoren durch den Austausch einzelner Aminosäuren modulierbar ist. Mit den hier gewonnenen Kenntnissen über den molekularen Mechanismus der Typ II Rezeptorerkennung ist nun eine Generierung von BMPs mit definierter Typ II Rezeptorspezifität möglich. Diese BMP-2 Varianten können als Werkzeuge zur Aufklärung von Typ II Rezeptor-spezifischen Signalwegen verwendet werden. Ebenso wäre es denkbar, BMP-2 Varianten mit ausgeprägter Typ II Rezeptor Spezifität in vivo zur Modulation TypII Rezeptor spezifischer Signalwege zu benutzen. Beispielsweise könnte ein auf BMP-2 basierendes ActR-IIB-spezifisches Protein als Myostatin-Antagonist zur Behandlung von Muskeldystrophie eingesetzt werden.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis and responsible for more than eight million new infections and about two million deaths each year. Novel chemotherapeutics are urgently needed to treat the emerging threat of multi drug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains. Cell wall biosynthesis is a widely used target for chemotherapeutic intervention in bacterial infections. In mycobacteria, the cell wall is comprised of mycolic acids, very long chain fatty acids that provide protection and allow the bacteria to persist in the human macrophage. The type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes fatty acids with a length of up to 56 carbon atoms that are the precursors of the critical mycobacterial cell wall components mycolic acids. KasA, the mycobacterial ß-ketoacyl synthase and InhA, the mycobacterial enoyl reductase, are essential enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and validated drug targets. In this work, KasA was expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, purified and co-crystallized in complex with the natural thiolactone antibiotic thiolactomycin (TLM). High-resolution crystal structures of KasA and the C171Q KasA variant, which mimics the acyl enzyme intermediate of the enzyme, were solved in absence and presence of bound TLM. The crystal structures reveal how the inhibitor is coordinated by the enzyme and thus specifically pinpoint towards possible modifications to increase the affinity of the compound and develop potent new drugs against tuberculosis. Comparisons between the TLM bound crystal structures explain the preferential binding of TLM to the acylated form of KasA. Furthermore, long polyethylene glycol molecules are bound to KasA that mimic a fatty acid substrate of approximately 40 carbon atoms length. These structures thus provide the first insights into the molecular mechanism of substrate recognition and reveal how a wax-like substance can be accommodated in a cytosolic environment. InhA was purified and co-crystallized in complex with the slow, tight binding inhibitor 2-(o-tolyloxy)-5-hexylphenol (PT70). Two crystal structures of the ternary InhA-NAD+-PT70 were solved and reveal how the inhibitor is bound to the substrate binding pocket. Both structures display an ordered substrate binding loop and corroborate the hypothesis that slow onset inhibition is coupled to loop ordering. Upon loop ordering, the active site entrance is more restricted and the inhibitor is kept inside more tightly. These studies provide additional information on the mechanistic imperatives for slow onset inhibition of enoyl ACP reductases.
Effective treatment of infections caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus remains a worldwide challenge, in part due to the constant emergence of new strains that are resistant to antibiotics. The serine/threonine kinase PknB is of particular relevance to the life cycle of S. aureus as it is involved in the regulation of purine biosynthesis, autolysis, and other central metabolic processes of the bacterium. We have determined the crystal structure of the kinase domain of PknB in complex with a non-hydrolyzable analog of the substrate ATP at 3.0 angstrom resolution. Although the purified PknB kinase is active in solution, it crystallized in an inactive, autoinhibited state. Comparison with other bacterial kinases provides insights into the determinants of catalysis, interactions of PknB with ligands, and the pathway of activation.
The intrahelical salt bridge between \(E/D^{3.49}\) and \(R^{3.50}\) within the E/DRY motif on helix 3 (H3) and the interhelical hydrogen bonding between the E/DRY and residues on H6 are thought to be critical in stabilizing the class A G protein-coupled receptors in their inactive state. Removal of these interactions is expected to generate constitutively active receptors. This study examines how neutralization of \(E^{3.49/6.30}\) in the thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor alters ligand binding, basal, and agonist-induced activity and investigates the molecular mechanisms of G protein activation. We demonstrate here that a panel of full and partial agonists showed an increase in affinity and potency for E129V and E240V mutants. Yet, even augmenting the sensitivity to detect constitutive activity (CA) with overexpression of the receptor or the G protein revealed resistance to an increase in basal activity, while retaining fully the ability to cause agonist-induced signaling. However, direct G protein activation measured through bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) indicates that these mutants more efficiently communicate and/or activate their cognate G proteins. These results suggest the existence of additional constrains governing the shift of TP receptor to its active state, together with an increase propensity of these mutants to agonist-induced signaling, corroborating their definition as superactive mutants. The particular nature of the TP receptor as somehow "resistant" to CA should be examined in the context of its pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular system. Evolutionary forces may have favored regulation mechanisms leading to low basal activity and selected against more highly active phenotypes.
RNA polymerase II dependent transcription and nucleotide excision repair are mediated by a multifaceted interplay of subunits within the general transcription factor II H (TFIIH). A better understanding of the molecular structure of TFIIH is the key to unravel the mechanism of action of this versatile protein complex within these vital cellular processes. The importance of this complex becomes further evident in the context of severe diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome and trichothiodystrophy, that arise from single point mutations in TFIIH subunits. Here we describe the structure of the p34 subunit of the TFIIH complex from the eukaryotic thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum. The structure revealed that p34 contains a von Willebrand Factor A (vWA) like domain, a fold which is generally known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Within TFIIH p34 strongly interacts with p44, a positive regulator of the helicase XPD. Putative protein-protein interfaces are analyzed and possible binding sites for the p34-p44 interaction suggested.
The title compound, \(C_{19}H_{17}PS_2\), results from the direct deprotonation of diphenylmethylphosphine sulfide and subsequent reaction with diphenyl disulfide. The C-P and C-S bond lengths of 1.8242 (18) and 1.8009 (18) Å, respectively, of the central P-C-S linkage are comparable to those found in the sulfonyl analogue, but are considerably longer than those reported for the dimetallated sulfonyl compound. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings of the diphenylmethyl moiety is 69.46 (7)°. No distinct intermolecular interactions are present in the crystal structure.
In the molecular structure of the dinuclear title compound \([η^5-(C_5(CH_3)_5)(CO)Fe{(μ-BCl)(μ-CO)}PtCl(P(C_6H_{11})_3)]·C_6H_6\), the two metal atoms, iron(II) and platinum(II), are bridged by one carbonyl (μ-CO) and one chloridoborylene ligand (μ-BCl). The \(Pt^{II}\) atom is additionally bound to a chloride ligand situated trans to the bridging borylene, and a tricyclohexylphosphane ligand \((PCy_3)\) trans to the carbonyl ligand, forming a distorted square-planar structural motif at the \(Pt^{II}\) atom. The \(Fe_{II}\) atom is bound to a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand \([η^5-C_5(CH_3)_5]\) and one carbonyl ligand (CO), forming a piano-stool structure. Additionally, one benzene solvent molecule is incorporated into the crystal structure, positioned staggered relative to the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand at the \(Fe^{II}\) atom, with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.630 (2) Å.