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Background: Depression and anxiety are common and independent outcome predictors in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, it is unclear whether CHF causes depression. Thus, we investigated whether mice develop anxiety- and depression-like behavior after induction of ischemic CHF by myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods and Results: In order to assess depression-like behavior, anhedonia was investigated by repeatedly testing sucrose preference for 8 weeks after coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Mice with large MI and increased left ventricular dimensions on echocardiography (termed CHF mice) showed reduced preference for sucrose, indicating depression-like behavior. 6 weeks after MI, mice were tested for exploratory activity, anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function using the elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), open field (OF), and object recognition (OR) tests. In the EPM and OF, CHF mice exhibited diminished exploratory behavior and motivation despite similar movement capability. In the OR, CHF mice had reduced preference for novelty and impaired short-term memory. On histology, CHF mice had unaltered overall cerebral morphology. However, analysis of gene expression by RNA-sequencing in prefrontal cortical, hippocampal, and left ventricular tissue revealed changes in genes related to inflammation and cofactors of neuronal signal transduction in CHF mice, with Nr4a1 being dysregulated both in prefrontal cortex and myocardium after MI.
Conclusions: After induction of ischemic CHF, mice exhibited anhedonic behavior, decreased exploratory activity and interest in novelty, and cognitive impairment. Thus, ischemic CHF leads to distinct behavioral changes in mice analogous to symptoms observed in humans with CHF and comorbid depression.
Rationale
While brain serotonin (5-HT) function is implicated in gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) impacting the vulnerability-resilience continuum in neuropsychiatric disorders, it remains elusive how the interplay of altered 5-HT synthesis and environmental stressors is linked to failure in emotion regulation.
Objective
Here, we investigated the effect of constitutively impaired 5-HT synthesis on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) using a mouse model of brain 5-HT deficiency resulting from targeted inactivation of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene.
Results
Locomotor activity and anxiety- and depression-like behavior as well as conditioned fear responses were differentially affected by Tph2 genotype, sex, and CMS. Tph2 null mutants (Tph2\(^{−/−}\)) displayed increased general metabolism, marginally reduced anxiety- and depression-like behavior but strikingly increased conditioned fear responses. Behavioral modifications were associated with sex-specific hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system alterations as indicated by plasma corticosterone and fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations. Tph2\(^{−/−}\) males displayed increased impulsivity and high aggressiveness. Tph2\(^{−/−}\) females displayed greater emotional reactivity to aversive conditions as reflected by changes in behaviors at baseline including increased freezing and decreased locomotion in novel environments. However, both Tph2\(^{−/−}\) male and female mice were resilient to CMS-induced hyperlocomotion, while CMS intensified conditioned fear responses in a GxE-dependent manner.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that 5-HT mediates behavioral responses to environmental adversity by facilitating the encoding of stress effects leading to increased vulnerability for negative emotionality.
Background
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain and associated symptoms. We investigated cerebral activation in FMS patients by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
Methods
Two stimulation paradigms were applied: a) painful pressure stimulation at the dorsal forearm; b) verbal fluency test (VFT). We prospectively recruited 25 FMS patients, ten patients with unipolar major depression (MD) without pain, and 35 healthy controls. All patients underwent neurological examination and all subjects were investigated with questionnaires (pain, depression, FMS, empathy).
Results
FMS patients had lower pressure pain thresholds than patients with MD and controls (p < 0.001) and reported higher pain intensity (p < 0.001). Upon unilateral pressure pain stimulation fNIRS recordings revealed increased bilateral cortical activation in FMS patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). FMS patients also displayed a stronger contralateral activity over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in direct comparison to patients with MD (p < 0.05). While all three groups performed equally well in the VFT, a frontal deficit in cortical activation was only found in patients with depression (p < 0.05). Performance and cortical activation correlated negatively in FMS patients (p < 0.05) and positively in patients with MD (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Our data give further evidence for altered central nervous processing in patients with FMS and the distinction between FMS and MD.
Background
In Europe, men have lower rates of attempted suicide compared to women and at the same time a higher rate of completed suicides, indicating major gender differences in lethality of suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to analyse the extent to which these gender differences in lethality can be explained by factors such as choice of more lethal methods or lethality differences within the same suicide method or age. In addition, we explored gender differences in the intentionality of suicide attempts.
Methods and Findings
Methods. Design: Epidemiological study using a combination of self-report and official data. Setting: Mental health care services in four European countries: Germany, Hungary, Ireland, and Portugal. Data basis: Completed suicides derived from official statistics for each country (767 acts, 74.4% male) and assessed suicide attempts excluding habitual intentional self-harm (8,175 acts, 43.2% male).
Main Outcome Measures and Data Analysis. We collected data on suicidal acts in eight regions of four European countries participating in the EU-funded "OSPI-Europe"-project (www.ospi-europe.com). We calculated method-specific lethality using the number of completed suicides per method * 100 /(number of completed suicides per method + number of attempted suicides per method). We tested gender differences in the distribution of suicidal acts for significance by using the \(\chi\)\(^{2}\)-test for two-by-two tables. We assessed the effect sizes with phi coefficients (φ). We identified predictors of lethality with a binary logistic regression analysis. Poisson regression analysis examined the contribution of choice of methods and method-specific lethality to gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts.
Findings Main Results
Suicidal acts (fatal and non-fatal) were 3.4 times more lethal in men than in women (lethality 13.91% (regarding 4106 suicidal acts) versus 4.05% (regarding 4836 suicidal acts)), the difference being significant for the methods hanging, jumping, moving objects, sharp objects and poisoning by substances other than drugs. Median age at time of suicidal behaviour (35-44 years) did not differ between males and females. The overall gender difference in lethality of suicidal behaviour was explained by males choosing more lethal suicide methods (odds ratio (OR) = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.65 to 2.50; p < 0.000001) and additionally, but to a lesser degree, by a higher lethality of suicidal acts for males even within the same method (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.32 to 2.02; p = 0.000005). Results of a regression analysis revealed neither age nor country differences were significant predictors for gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts. The proportion of serious suicide attempts among all non-fatal suicidal acts with known intentionality (NFSAi) was significantly higher in men (57.1%; 1,207 of 2,115 NFSAi) than in women (48.6%; 1,508 of 3,100 NFSAi) (\(\chi\)\(^{2}\) = 35.74; p < 0.000001).
Main limitations of the study
Due to restrictive data security regulations to ensure anonymity in Ireland, specific ages could not be provided because of the relatively low absolute numbers of suicide in the Irish intervention and control region. Therefore, analyses of the interaction between gender and age could only be conducted for three of the four countries. Attempted suicides were assessed for patients presenting to emergency departments or treated in hospitals. An unknown rate of attempted suicides remained undetected. This may have caused an overestimation of the lethality of certain methods. Moreover, the detection of attempted suicides and the registration of completed suicides might have differed across the four countries. Some suicides might be hidden and misclassified as undetermined deaths.
Conclusions
Men more often used highly lethal methods in suicidal behaviour, but there was also a higher method-specific lethality which together explained the large gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts. Gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts were fairly consistent across all four European countries examined. Males and females did not differ in age at time of suicidal behaviour. Suicide attempts by males were rated as being more serious independent of the method used, with the exceptions of attempted hanging, suggesting gender differences in intentionality associated with suicidal behaviour. These findings contribute to understanding of the spectrum of reasons for gender differences in the lethality of suicidal behaviour and should inform the development of gender specific strategies for suicide prevention.
Background
Antidepressant medication is commonly used to treat depression. However, many patients do not respond to the first medication prescribed and improvements in symptoms are generally only detectable by clinicians 4–6 weeks after the medication has been initiated. As a result, there is often a long delay between the decision to initiate an antidepressant medication and the identification of an effective treatment regimen.
Previous work has demonstrated that antidepressant medications alter subtle measures of affective cognition in depressed patients, such as the appraisal of facial expression. Furthermore, these cognitive effects of antidepressants are apparent early in the course of treatment and can also predict later clinical response. This trial will assess whether an electronic test of affective cognition and symptoms (the Predicting Response to Depression Treatment Test; PReDicT Test) can be used to guide antidepressant treatment in depressed patients and, therefore, hasten treatment response compared to a control group of patients treated as usual.
Methods/design
The study is a randomised, two-arm, multi-centre, open-label, clinical investigation of a medical device, the PReDicT Test. It will be conducted in five European countries (UK, France, Spain, Germany and the Netherlands) in depressed patients who are commencing antidepressant medication. Patients will be randomised to treatment guided by the PReDicT Test (PReDicT arm) or to Treatment as Usual (TaU arm). Patients in the TaU arm will be treated as per current standard guidelines in their particular country. Patients in the PReDicT arm will complete the PReDicT Test after 1 (and if necessary, 2) weeks of treatment. If the test indicates non-response to the treatment, physicians will be advised to immediately alter the patient’s antidepressant therapy by dose escalation or switching to another compound. The primary outcome of the study is the proportion of patients showing a clinical response (defined as 50% or greater decrease in baseline scores of depressionmeasured using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms – Self-Rated questionnaire) at week 8. Health economic and acceptability data will also be collected and analysed.
Discussion
This trial will test the clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of using the novel PReDicT Test to guide antidepressant treatment selection in depressed patients.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02790970. Registered on 30 March 2016.
Background: \(^{123}\)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) provides independent prognostic value for risk stratification among heart failure patients, but the use of concomitant medication should not impact its quantitative information. We aimed to evaluate the four most-prescribed antidepressants currently used as a first‑line treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and their potential on altering mIBG imaging results.
Methods: The inhibition effect of four different types of antidepressants (desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion) for MDD treatment on \(^{131}\)I-mIBG uptake was assessed by in-vitro cell uptake assays using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of tracer uptake was determined from dose-response curves. To evaluate the effects of IV pretreatment with desipramine (1.5 mg/kg) and escitalopram (2.5, 15 mg/kg) on mIBG cardiac uptake, in-vivo planar 123I-mIBG scans in healthy New Zealand White Rabbits were conducted. Results: The IC50 values of desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion on \(^{131}\)I-mIBG cellular uptake were 11.9 nM, 7.5 μM, 4.92 μM, and 12.9 μM, respectively. At the maximum serum concentration (Cmax, as derived by previous clinical trials), the inhibition rates of 131I-mIBG uptake were 90.6 % for desipramine, 25.5 % for venlafaxine, 11.7 % for bupropion and 0.72 % for escitalopram. A low inhibition rate for escitalopram in the cell uptake study triggered investigation of an in-vivo rabbit model: with dosage considerably higher than clinical practice, the non-inhibitory effect of escitalopram was confirmed. Furthermore, pretreatment with desipramine led to a marked reduction of cardiac 123I-mIBG uptake.
Conclusions: In the present in-vitro binding assay and in-vivo rabbit study, the selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram had no major impact on neuronal cardiac mIBG uptake within therapeutic dose ranges, while other types of first-line antidepressants for MDD treatment led to a significant decrease. These preliminary results warrant further confirmatory clinical trials regarding the reliability of cardiac mIBG imaging, in particular, if the patient’s neuropsychiatric status would not tolerate withdrawal of a potentially norepinephrine interfering antidepressant.
Einfluss der aurikulären Vagusnervstimulation auf affektive Parameter bei depressiven Patienten
(2018)
Hintergrund und Ziele:
Das Krankheitsbild der Depression gehört zu den häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen. Als Therapieoptionen stehen in erster Linie Antidepressiva der verschiedensten Klassen und unterschiedliche Formen der Psychotherapie zur Verfügung (Möller, Laux et al. 2015).
Trotz allem gibt es jedoch immer wieder Patienten, die trotz intensiver Therapiebemühungen keine Besserung zeigen. Neben der Elektrokonvulsions-therapie (EKT) als Gold-Standard bietet hier die Vagusnervstimulation (VNS) in vielen Ländern bereits ein zugelassenes Verfahren zur Behandlung sogenannter therapie-refraktärer Depressionen. Das Problem besteht allerdings im Verlauf des N. vagus, da dieser im Halsbereich nur schwer in einem operativen Verfahren zugänglich ist und er hier mit anderen lebenswichtigen Strukturen gemeinsam verläuft (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). Dies macht eine Therapie nicht ganz ungefährlich. Allerdings gibt der N. vagus einen Hautast ab, der Teile des äußeren Gehörganges (insbesondere den Tragus), sensibel versorgt. Im Jahr 2000 schlug Ventureyra erstmals die Möglichkeit vor, diesen Ramus auricularis n. vagi als alternativen Zugangsweg zum Hals zu nutzen (Ventureyra 2000). Wenig später gelang es Fallgatter und Kollegen erstmals, durch elektrische Stimulation in diesem Innervationsgebiet somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale des N. vagus (VSEP) an der Schädelkalotte abzuleiten (Fallgatter, Neuhauser et al. 2003). Hierbei konnte in Einzelfällen gezeigt werden, dass nur an dieser Stelle diese Potentiale evoziert werden können, nicht jedoch an anderen Stellen des Ohres, die größtenteils vom N. trigeminus innerviert werden (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). Dieser Vorbefund sollte in dieser Studie in einer Subgruppenanalyse an 10 Probanden überprüft werden. Darüber hinaus stellte sich die Frage, ob durch transkutane Stimulation des Hautastes eine ähnliche gute klinische Verbesserung bei Depressionen wie bei konventioneller VNS, möglich ist. Ziel dieser Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob über diesen alternativen Zugangsweg der VNS am Ohr positive Effekte auf affektive Parameter ähnlich denen der konventionellen VNS bei depressiven Patienten zu erzielen sind. Die Hypothese dabei lautete, dass nach der VNS ein stimmungsaufhellender Effekt zu sehen ist, während man bei der ausschließlichen Stimulation des N. trigeminus an den übrigen Stellen des Ohres keinen antidepressiven Effekt sieht.
Für viele Patienten wäre es eine Erleichterung, wenn man künftig die Möglichkeit einer einfachen Therapieform zur unterstützenden Behandlung von therapierefraktären Depressionen hätte.
Methoden:
Hierzu wurden 50 Patienten aus der Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg, die unter unipolarer oder bipolarer Depressionen leiden rekrutiert. Jeder Patient wurde jeweils 20 Minuten sowohl im Innervationsgebiet des Vagus als auch an einer Stelle, welche rein vom Trigeminus innerviert wird, stimuliert. Die Reihenfolge der Stimulation erfolgte randomisiert, so dass der Patient nicht wusste, welche Stimulation er als erstes erhält. Jeweils vor und nach jeder Stimulation wurde der Proband mittels visueller Analogskala bezüglich affektiver Parameter befragt. 30 Patienten wurden kontinuierlich über 20 Minuten stimuliert, während 20 Patienten pulsatil dergestalt stimuliert wurden, dass immer nach 5 Minuten eine Stimulationspause von 30 Sekunden folgte, damit wieder ein neuer Reiz gesetzt werden konnte.
Bei 10 Patienten wurden zusätzlich noch evozierte Potentiale sowohl bei transkutaner Vagusnervstimulation, als auch bei Kontrollstimulation im Innervationsgebiet des N. trigeminus, abgeleitet.
Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen:
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, während sich unter kontinuierlichen Stimulationsbedingungen keine signifikanten Ergebnisse zeigten, fühlten sich die Probanden unter pulsatilen Stimulationsbedingungen nach der Versuchsstimulation signifikant fröhlicher (t(38)= 5,24; p< 0,001), optimistischer (t(38)= 3,28; p= 0,002) und schätzten ihr allgemeines Empfinden danach besser ein (t(38)= 3,50; p= 0,001). Daher ist in künftigen Studien die pulsatile Stimulationsart der kontinuierlichen vorzuziehen. Keinen Einfluss hingegen schienen die Stimulationen auf die Vigilanz zu nehmen.
Bei der Auswertung der evozierten Potentiale zeigte sich, dass die Amplitude P1-N1 in Ableitung FzF3 bei Kontrollstimulation signifikant kleiner als bei Versuchsstimulation war (t(9)= 3,13; p= 0,012). Darüber hinaus war die Amplitude im Schnitt immer unter Kontrollstimulation kleiner, als bei Versuchsstimulation. Für die Amplitude P1-N1 in Ableitung C3F3 war hierfür ebenfalls ein Trend zu sehen (t(9)= 1,85; p= 0,097).
Auffallend war auch, dass die Latenzen P1, N1 und P2 sehr oft im Schnitt bei Kontrollstimulation verlängert waren. Die Latenz an Punkt P1 in Ableitung C3F3 war hier sogar bei Kontrollstimulation signifikant länger, als bei Versuchsstimulation (t(9)= -2,37; p= 0,042).
Praktische Schlussfolgerungen:
In Ansätzen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Versuchsstimulation am Tragus ein anderes Potential auf Hirnstammebene generiert als die Kontrollstimulation am Ohrläppchen. Während sich bei kontinuierlicher Stimulationsart keine signifikanten Ergebnisse zeigten, fühlten sich die Probanden nach pulsatiler Vagusnervstimulation signifikant fröhlicher, optimistischer und schätzten ihr allgemeines Empfinden besser ein. Nur auf die Vigilanz scheint die pulsatile VNS keinen Einfluss zu nehmen. Gerade die pulsatile VNS zeigt vielversprechende Ergebnisse und sollte in künftigen Studien näher untersucht und der kontinuierlichen Stimulationsart vorgezogen werden. Natürlich sind noch intensivere Studien notwendig, trotzdem besteht aufgrund der Ergebnisse die Hoffnung, die transkutane VNS in Zukunft zur unterstützenden Therapie bei der Depressionsbehandlung einsetzen zu können.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a very common stress-related mental disorder that carries a huge burden for affected patients and the society. It is associated with a high mortality that derives from suicidality and the development of serious medical conditions such as heart diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Although a range of effective antidepressants are available, more than 50% of the patients do not respond to the first treatment they are prescribed and around 30% fail to respond even after several treatment attempts. The heterogeneous condition of MDD, the lack of biomarkers matching patients with the right treatments and the situation that almost all available drugs are only targeting the serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine signaling, without regulating other potentially dysregulated systems may explain the insufficient treatment status. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of these other systems, there is numerous and robust evidence that it is implicated in MDD and other stress-related conditions, but up to date there is no specific drug targeting HPA axis components that is approved and no test that is routinely used in the clinical setting identifying patients for such a specific treatment. Is there still hope after these many years for a breakthrough of agents targeting the HPA axis? This review will cover tests detecting altered HPA axis function and the specific treatment options such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 (CRH1) receptor antagonists, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) receptor antagonists.
Risk Stratification for Bipolar Disorder Using Polygenic Risk Scores Among Young High-Risk Adults
(2020)
Objective:
Identifying high-risk groups with an increased genetic liability for bipolar disorder (BD) will provide insights into the etiology of BD and contribute to early detection of BD. We used the BD polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from BD genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to explore how such genetic risk manifests in young, high-risk adults. We postulated that BD-PRS would be associated with risk factors for BD.
Methods:
A final sample of 185 young, high-risk German adults (aged 18–35 years) were grouped into three risk groups and compared to a healthy control group (n = 1,100). The risk groups comprised 117 cases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 45 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 23 help-seeking adults with early recognition symptoms [ER: positive family history for BD, (sub)threshold affective symptomatology and/or mood swings, sleeping disorder]. BD-PRS was computed for each participant. Logistic regression models (controlling for sex, age, and the first five ancestry principal components) were used to assess associations of BD-PRS and the high-risk phenotypes.
Results:
We observed an association between BD-PRS and combined risk group status (OR = 1.48, p < 0.001), ADHD diagnosis (OR = 1.32, p = 0.009), MDD diagnosis (OR = 1.96, p < 0.001), and ER group status (OR = 1.7, p = 0.025; not significant after correction for multiple testing) compared to healthy controls.
Conclusions:
In the present study, increased genetic risk for BD was a significant predictor for MDD and ADHD status, but not for ER. These findings support an underlying shared risk for both MDD and BD as well as ADHD and BD. Improving our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of these phenotypes may aid in early identification and risk stratification.
While there is abounding literature on virus-induced pathology in general and coronavirus in particular, recent evidence accumulates showing distinct and deleterious brain affection. As the respiratory tract connects to the brain without protection of the blood–brain barrier, SARS-CoV-2 might in the early invasive phase attack the cardiorespiratory centres located in the medulla/pons areas, giving rise to disturbances of respiration and cardiac problems. Furthermore, brainstem regions are at risk to lose their functional integrity. Therefore, long-term neurological as well as psychiatric symptomatology and eventual respective disorders cannot be excluded as evidenced from influenza-A triggered post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and HIV-1 triggered AIDS–dementia complex. From the available evidences for coronavirus-induced brain pathology, this review concludes a number of unmet needs for further research strategies like human postmortem brain analyses. SARS-CoV-2 mirroring experimental animal brain studies, characterization of time-dependent and region-dependent spreading behaviours of coronaviruses, enlightening of pathological mechanisms after coronavirus infection using long-term animal models and clinical observations of patients having had COVID-19 infection are calling to develop both protective strategies and drug discoveries to avoid early and late coronavirus-induced functional brain disturbances, symptoms and eventually disorders. To fight SARS-CoV-2, it is an urgent need to enforce clinical, molecular biological, neurochemical and genetic research including brain-related studies on a worldwide harmonized basis.