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A measurement of the calorimeter response to isolated charged hadrons in the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. This measurement is performed with 3.2 nb\(^{−1}\) of proton–proton collision data at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 7 TeV from 2010 and 0.1 nb\(^{−1}\) of data at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 8 TeV from 2012. A number of aspects of the calorimeter response to isolated hadrons are explored. After accounting for energy deposited by neutral particles, there is a 5% discrepancy in the modelling, using various sets of GEANT4 hadronic physics models, of the calorimeter response to isolated charged hadrons in the central calorimeter region. The description of the response to anti-protons at low momenta is found to be improved with respect to previous analyses. The electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters are also examined separately, and the detector simulation is found to describe the response in the hadronic calorimeter well. The jet energy scale uncertainty and correlations in scale between jets of different momenta and pseudorapidity are derived based on these studies. The uncertainty is 2–5% for jets with transverse momenta above 2 TeV, where this method provides the jet energy scale uncertainty for ATLAS.
A search for resonant production of high-mass top-quark pairs is performed on 2.05 fb\(^{−1}\) of proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV collected in 2011 with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. This analysis of the lepton+jets final state is specifically designed for the particular topology that arises from the decay of highly boosted top quarks. The observed \(t\overline t\) invariant mass spectrum is found to be compatible with the Standard Model prediction and 95% credibility level upper limits are derived on the \(t\overline t\) production rate through new massive states. An upper limit of 0.7 pb is set on the production cross section times branching fraction of a narrow 1 TeV resonance. A Kaluza-Klein gluon with a mass smaller than 1.5 TeV is excluded.
A search for top quark pair resonances in final states containing at least one electron or muon has been performed with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb\(^{−1}\), which was recorded in 2011 at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. No evidence for a resonance is found and limits are set on the production cross-section times branching ratio to \(t\overline t\) for narrow and wide resonances. For narrow Z′ bosons, the observed 95 % Bayesian credibility level limits range from 9.3 pb to 0.95 pb for masses in the range of m Z′=500 GeV to m\(_{Z′}\)=1300 GeV. The corresponding excluded mass region for a leptophobic topcolour Z′ boson (Kaluza-Klein gluon excitation in the Randall-Sundrum model) is m\(_{Z′}\)<880 GeV (m\(_{gKK}\)<1130 GeV).
A search for flavour changing neutral current (FCNC) processes in top-quark decays by the ATLAS Collaboration is presented. Data collected from pp collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=7TeV during 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb\(^{−1}\), were used. A search was performed for top-quark pair-production events, with one top quark decaying through the t → Zq FCNC (q = u, c) channel, and the other through the Standard Model dominant mode t → W b. Only the decays of the Z boson to charged leptons and leptonic W -boson decays were considered as signal. Consequently, the final-state topology is characterised by the presence of three isolated charged leptons, at least two jets and missing transverse momentum from the undetected neutrino. No evidence for an FCNC signal was found. An upper limit on the t → Zq branching ratio of BR(t → Zq) < 0.73% is set at the 95% confidence level.
The discovery of the Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR) effect in 1988 by Albert Fert [Baib 88] and Peter Grünberg [Bina 89] led to a rapid development of the field of spintronics and progress in the information technology. Semiconductor based spintronics, which appeared later, offered a possibility to combine storage and processing in a single monolithic device. A direct result is reduced heat dissipation. The observation of the spin Seebeck effect by Ushida [Uchi 08] in 2008 launched an increased interest and encouraged research in the field of spin caloritronics. Spintronics is about the coupling of charge and spin transport. Spin caloritronics studies the interaction between heat and spin currents. In contrast to spintronics and its variety of applications, a particular spin-caloritronic device has not yet been demonstrated. However, many of the novel phenomena in spin caloritronics can be detected in most spintronic devices. Moreover, thermoelectric effects might have a significant influence on spintronic device operation. This will be of particular interest for this work. Additional knowledge on the principle of coupling between heat and spin currents uncovers an alternative way to control heat dissipation and promises new device functionalities.
This thesis aims to further extend the knowledge on thermoelectrics in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, in this case the prototypical ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. The study is focused on the thermoelectric / thermomagnetic effects at the interface between a normal metal and the ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As. In such systems, the different interfaces provide a condition for minimal phonon drag contribution to the thermal effects. This suggests that only band contributions (a diffusion transport regime) to these effects will be measured.
Chapter 2 begins with an introduction on the properties of the studied material system, and basics on thermoelectrics and spin caloritronics. The characteristic anisotropies of the (Ga,Mn)As density of states (DOS) and the corresponding magnetic properties are described. The DOS and magnetic anisotropies have an impact on the transport prop- erties of the material and that results in effects like tunneling anisotropic magnetores- istance (TAMR) [Goul 04]. Some of these effects will be used later as a reference to the results from thermoelectric / thermomagnetic measurements. The Fingerprint tech- nique [Papp 07a] is also described. The method gives an opportunity to easily study the anisotropies of materials in different device geometries.
Chapter 3 continues with the experimental observation of the diffusion thermopower of (Ga,Mn)As / Si-doped GaAs tunnel junction. A device geometry for measuring the diffusion thermopower is proposed. It consists of a Si - doped GaAs heating channel with a Low Temperature (LT) GaAs / (Ga,Mn)As contact (junction) in the middle of the channel. A single Ti / Au contact is fabricated on the top of the junction. For transport characterization, the device is immersed in liquid He. A heating current technique is used to create a temperature difference by local heating of the electron system on the Si:GaAs side. An AC current at low frequency is sent through the channel and it heats the electron population in it, while the junction remains at liquid He temperature (experimentally con- firmed). A temperature difference arises between the heating channel and the (Ga,Mn)As contact. As a result, a thermal (Seebeck) voltage develops across the junction, which we call tunnelling anisotropic magneto thermopower (TAMT), similar to TAMR. TAMT is detected by means of a standard lock-in technique at double the heating current frequency (at 2f ). The Seebeck voltage is found to be linear with the temperature difference. That dependence suggests a diffusion transport regime. Lattice (phonon drag) contribution to the thermovoltage, which is usually highly nonlinear with temperature, is not observed.
The value of the Seebeck coefficient of the junction at 4.2 K is estimated to be 0.5 µV/K.
It is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the previously reported one [Pu 06]. Subsequently, the thermal voltage is studied in external magnetic fields. It is found that the thermopower is anisotropic with the magnetization direction. The anisotropy is explained with the anisotropies of the (Ga,Mn)As contact. Further, switching events are detected in the thermopower when the magnetic field is swept from negative to positive fields. The switchings remind of a spin valve signal and is similar to the results from previous experiments on spin injection using a (Ga,Mn)As contacts in a non-local detection scheme. That shows the importance of the thermoelectric effects and their possible contribution to the spin injection measurements. A polar plot of the collected switching fields for different magnetization angles reveals a biaxial anisotropy and resembles earlier TAMR measurements of (Ga,Mn)As tunnel junction. A simple cartoon model is introduced to describe and estimate the expected thermopower of the studied junction. The model yields a Fermi level inside of the (Ga,Mn)As valence band. Moreover, the model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
The Nernst effect of a (Ga,Mn)As / GaAs tunnel junction is studied in Chapter 4. A modified device geometry is introduced for this purpose. Instead of a single contact on the top of the square junction, four small contacts are fabricated to detect the Nernst signal. A temperature difference is maintained by means of a heating current technique described in Chapter 3. A magnetic field is applied parallel to the device plane. A voltage drop across two opposite contacts is detected at 2f. It appears that a simple cosine function with a parameter the angle between the magnetization and the [100] crystal direction in the (Ga,Mn)As layer manages to describe this signal which is attributed to the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) of the ferromagnetic contact. Its symmetry is different than the Seebeck effect of the junction. For the temperature range of the thermopower measurements the ANE coefficient has a linear dependence on the temperature difference (∆T). For higher ∆T, a nonlinear dependence is observed for the coefficient. The ANE coefficient is found to be several orders of magnitude smaller than any Nernst coefficient in the literature. Both the temperature difference and the size of the ANE coefficient require further studies and analysis. Switching events are present in the measured Nernst signal when the magnetic field is swept from positive to negative values. These switchings are related to the switching fields in the ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As. Usually, there are two states which are present in TAMR or AMR measurements - low and high resistance. Instead of that, the Nernst signal appears to have three states - high, middle and low thermomagnetic voltage. That behaviour is governed not only by the magnetization, but also by the characteristic of the Nernst geometry.
Chapter 5 summarizes the main observations of this thesis and contains ideas for future work and experiments.
One rarely finds practical guidelines for the implementation of complex optical setups. Here, we aim to provide technical details on the decision making of building and revising a custom sensor-based adaptive optics (AO) direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscope (dSTORM) to provide practical assistance in setting up or troubleshooting similar devices.
The foundation of this report is an instrument constructed as part of a master's thesis in 2021, which was built for deep tissue imaging. The setup is presented in the following way: (1) An optical and mechanical overview of the system at the beginning of this internship is given. (2) The optical components are described in detail in the order at which the light passes through, highlighting their working principle and implementation in the system. The optical component include (2A) a focus on even sample illumination, (2B) restoring telecentricity when working with commercial microscope bodies, (2C) the AO elements, namely the deformable mirror (DM) and the wavefront sensor, and their integration, and (2D) the separation of wavefront and image capture using fluorescent beads and a dichroic mirror. After addressing the limitations of the existing setup, modification options are derived. The modifications include the implementation of adjustment only light paths to improve system stability and revise the degrees of freedom of the components and changes in lens choices to meet the specifications of the AO components. Last, the capabilities of the modified setup are presented and discussed: (1) First, we enable epifluorescence imaging of bead samples through 180 µm unstained murine hippocampal tissue with wavefront error correction of ~ 90 %. Point spread function, wavefront shape and Zernike decomposition of bead samples are presented. (2) Second, we move from epifluorescent to dSTORM imaging of tubulin stained primary mouse hippocampal cells, which are imaged through up to 180 µm of unstained murine hippocampal tissue. We show that full width at half maximum (FWHM) of prominent features can be reduced in size by nearly a magnitude from uncorrected epiflourescence images to dSTORM images corrected by the adaptive optics. We present dSTORM localization count and FWHM of prominent features as as a function of imaging depth.
The ATLAS detector at the LHC is used to search for high-mass states, such as heavy charged gauge bosons (W′), decaying to a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino. Results are presented based on the analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb\(^{−1}\). No excess beyond Standard Model expectations is observed. A W′ with Sequential Standard Model couplings is excluded at the 95 % credibility level for masses up to 2.55 TeV. Excited chiral bosons (W∗) with equivalent coupling strength are excluded for masses up to 2.42 TeV.
Radiationless energy transfer is at the core of diverse phenomena, such as light harvesting in photosynthesis\(^1\), energy-transfer-based microspectroscopies\(^2\), nanoscale quantum entanglement\(^3\) and photonic-mode hybridization\(^4\). Typically, the transfer is efficient only for separations that are much shorter than the diffraction limit. This hampers its application in optical communication and quantum information processing, which require spatially selective addressing. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient radiationless coherent energy transfer over a distance of twice the excitation wavelength by combining localized and delocalized\(^5\) plasmonic modes. Analogous to the Tavis-Cummings model, two whispering-gallery-mode antennas\(^6\) placed in the foci of an elliptical plasmonic cavity\(^7\) fabricated from single-crystal gold plates act as a pair of oscillators coupled to a common cavity mode. Time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (TR 2P-PEEM) reveals an ultrafast long-range periodic energy transfer in accordance with the simulations. Our observations open perspectives for the optimization and tailoring of mesoscopic energy transfer and long-range quantum emitter coupling.
This work brings forward successful implementations of ultrafast chirality-sensitive spectroscopic techniques by probing circular dichroism (CD) or optical rotation dispersion (ORD). Furthermore, also first steps towards chiral quantum control, i.e., the selective variation of the chiral properties of molecules with the help of coherent light, are presented.
In the case of CD probing, a setup capable of mirroring an arbitrary polarization state of an ultrashort laser pulse was developed. Hence, by passing a left-circularly polarized laser pulse through this setup a right-circularly polarized laser pulse is generated. These two pulse enantiomers can be utilized as probe pulses in a pump--probe CD experiment. Besides CD spectroscopy, it can be utilized for anisotropy or ellipsometry spectroscopy also. Within this thesis, the approach is used to elucidate the photochemistry of hemoglobin, the oxygen transporting protein in mammalian blood. The oxygen loss can be triggered with laser pulses as well, and the results of the time-resolved CD experiment suggest a cascade-like relaxation, probably through different spin states, of the metallo-porphyrins in hemoglobin.
The ORD probing was realized via the combination of common-path optical heterodyne interferometric polarimetry and accumulative femtosecond spectroscopy. Within this setup, on the one hand the applicability of this approach for ultrafast studies was demonstrated explicitly. On the other hand, the discrimination between an achiral and a racemic solution without prior spatial separation was realized. This was achieved by inducing an enantiomeric excess via polarized femtosecond laser pulses and following its evolution with the developed polarimeter. Hence, chiral selectivity was already achieved with this method which can be turned into chiral control if the polarized laser pulses are optimized to steer an enhancement of the enantiomeric excess.
Furthermore, within this thesis, theoretical prerequisites for anisotropy-free pump--probe experiments with arbitrary polarized laser pulses were derived. Due to the small magnitude of optical chirality-sensitve signals, these results are important for any pump--probe chiral spectroscopy, like the CD probing presented in this thesis. Moreover, since for chiral quantum control the variation of the molecular structure is necessary, the knowledge about rearrangement reactions triggered by photons is necessary. Hence, within this thesis the ultrafast Wolff rearrangement of an α-diazocarbonyl was investigated via ultrafast photofragment ion spectroscopy in the gas phase. Though the compound is not chiral, the knowledge about the exact reaction mechanism is beneficial for future studies of chiral compounds.
A search for the decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson into a \({b\overline{b}}\) pair when produced in association with a \(W\) or \(Z\) boson is performed with the ATLAS detector. The analysed data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb\(^{−1}\), were collected in proton-proton collisions in Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Final states containing zero, one and two charged leptons (electrons or muons) are considered, targeting the decays \(Z\) → \({νν}\), \(W\) → \({ℓν}\) and \(Z\) → \({ℓℓ}\). For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, an excess of events over the expected background from other Standard Model processes is found with an observed significance of 3.5 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 3.0 standard deviations. This excess provides evidence for the Higgs boson decay into b-quarks and for its production in association with a vector boson. The combination of this result with that of the Run 1 analysis yields a ratio of the measured signal events to the Standard Model expectation equal to 0.90 ± 0.18(stat.)\(^{+0.21}_{−0.19}\)(syst.). Assuming the Standard Model production cross-section, the results are consistent with the value of the Yukawa coupling to \(b\)-quarks in the Standard Model.