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Institute
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin (242) (remove)
Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (18)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (5)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S. (4)
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan (2)
- Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita Japan (2)
- Institut for Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (2)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, USA (2)
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany (1)
- CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - the development agency of the Brazilian Federal Government (1)
- DAAD - Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (1)
Background: The American Thyroid Association (ATA) uses criteria to assess the risk for persistent disease in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after radioiodine therapy (RAI). There are no data available showing that this classification can be adopted unadjusted by Germany. Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate whether the ATA classification can be applied to a German population for short-term prognosis. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of an age cutoff value. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 121 patients who were referred to our tertiary referral center. Patients were classified into risk categories, and the therapy response was determined according to ATA. Results: A total of 73/83 (88%) ATA low-risk patients and 12/19 (63%) intermediate-risk patients showed an excellent response; 2/19 (11%) high-risk patients had a biochemical, and 6 (31%) had a structural incomplete response. Of all 39 patients ≥55 years, 84% had an excellent response. Using a cut off of 50 years, 50/62 (81%) of the older patients showed an excellent response. Conclusion: The ATA risk classification is able to estimate the response to RAI therapy in a German population. A shift from 55 to 50 years as an age cutoff value does not result in any relevant change in the treatment response.
(1) Background: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha (FAP) are promising theranostic targets. However, it is unclear whether CXCR4 and FAP positivity mark distinct microenvironments, especially in solid tumors. (2) Methods: Using Random Forest (RF) analysis, we searched for entity-independent mRNA and microRNA signatures related to CXCR4 and FAP overexpression in our pan-cancer cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database — representing n = 9242 specimens from 29 tumor entities. CXCR4- and FAP-positive samples were assessed via StringDB cluster analysis, EnrichR, Metascape, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Findings were validated via correlation analyses in n = 1541 tumor samples. TIMER2.0 analyzed the association of CXCR4 / FAP expression and infiltration levels of immune-related cells. (3) Results: We identified entity-independent CXCR4 and FAP gene signatures representative for the majority of solid cancers. While CXCR4 positivity marked an immune-related microenvironment, FAP overexpression highlighted an angiogenesis-associated niche. TIMER2.0 analysis confirmed characteristic infiltration levels of CD8+ cells for CXCR4-positive tumors and endothelial cells for FAP-positive tumors. (4) Conclusions: CXCR4- and FAP-directed PET imaging could provide a non-invasive decision aid for entity-agnostic treatment of microenvironment in solid malignancies. Moreover, this machine learning workflow can easily be transferred towards other theranostic targets.
Purpose: A new PET radiotracer \(^{18}\)F-AF78 showing great potential for clinical application has been reported recently. It belongs to a new generation of phenethylguanidine-based norepinephrine transporter (NET)-targeting radiotracers. Although many efforts have been made to develop NET inhibitors as antidepressants, systemic investigations of the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of NET-targeting radiotracers have rarely been performed. Methods: Without changing the phenethylguanidine pharmacophore and 3-fluoropropyl moiety that is crucial for easy labeling, six new analogs of \(^{18}\)F-AF78 with different meta-substituents on the benzene-ring were synthesized and evaluated in a competitive cellular uptake assay and in in vivo animal experiments in rats. Computational modeling of these tracers was established to quantitatively rationalize the interaction between the radiotracers and NET. Results: Using non-radiolabeled reference compounds, a competitive cellular uptake assay showed a decrease in NET-transporting affinity from meta-fluorine to iodine (0.42 and 6.51 µM, respectively), with meta-OH being the least active (22.67 µM). Furthermore, in vivo animal studies with radioisotopes showed that heart-to-blood ratios agreed with the cellular experiments, with AF78(F) exhibiting the highest cardiac uptake. This result correlates positively with the electronegativity rather than the atomic radius of the meta-substituent. Computational modeling studies revealed a crucial influence of halogen substituents on the radiotracer–NET interaction, whereby a T-shaped π–π stacking interaction between the benzene-ring of the tracer and the amino acid residues surrounding the NET binding site made major contributions to the different affinities, in accordance with the pharmacological data. Conclusion: The SARs were characterized by in vitro and in vivo evaluation, and computational modeling quantitatively rationalized the interaction between radiotracers and the NET binding site. These findings pave the way for further evaluation in different species and underline the potential of AF78(F) for clinical application, e.g., cardiac innervation imaging or molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.
Background
Hematogenous tumor spread of malignant meningiomas occurs very rarely but is associated with very poor prognosis.
Case presentation
We report an unusual case of a patient with a malignant meningioma who developed multiple metastases in bones, lungs and liver after initial complete resection of the primary tumor. After partial hepatic resection, specimens were histologically analyzed, and a complete loss of E-cadherin adhesion molecules was found. No oncogenic target mutations were found. The patient received a combination of conventional radiotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). Due to aggressive tumor behavior and rapid spread of metastases, the patient deceased after initiation of treatment.
Conclusions
E-cadherin downregulation is associated with a higher probability of tumor invasion and distant metastasis formation in malignant meningioma. Up to now, the efficacy of systemic therapy, including PRRT, is very limited in malignant meningioma patients.
Introduction
Commissioning, calibration, and quality control procedures for nuclear medicine imaging systems are typically performed using hollow containers filled with radionuclide solutions. This leads to multiple sources of uncertainty, many of which can be overcome by using traceable, sealed, long-lived surrogate sources containing a radionuclide of comparable energies and emission probabilities. This study presents the results of a quantitative SPECT/CT imaging comparison exercise performed within the MRTDosimetry consortium to assess the feasibility of using 133Ba as a surrogate for 131I imaging.
Materials and methods
Two sets of four traceable 133Ba sources were produced at two National Metrology Institutes and encapsulated in 3D-printed cylinders (volume range 1.68–107.4 mL). Corresponding hollow cylinders to be filled with liquid 131I and a mounting baseplate for repeatable positioning within a Jaszczak phantom were also produced. A quantitative SPECT/CT imaging comparison exercise was conducted between seven members of the consortium (eight SPECT/CT systems from two major vendors) based on a standardised protocol. Each site had to perform three measurements with the two sets of 133Ba sources and liquid 131I.
Results
As anticipated, the 131I pseudo-image calibration factors (cps/MBq) were higher than those for 133Ba for all reconstructions and systems. A site-specific cross-calibration reduced the performance differences between both radionuclides with respect to a cross-calibration based on the ratio of emission probabilities from a median of 12–1.5%. The site-specific cross-calibration method also showed agreement between 133Ba and 131I for all cylinder volumes, which highlights the potential use of 133Ba sources to calculate recovery coefficients for partial volume correction.
Conclusion
This comparison exercise demonstrated that traceable solid 133Ba sources can be used as surrogate for liquid 131I imaging. The use of solid surrogate sources could solve the radiation protection problem inherent in the preparation of phantoms with 131I liquid activity solutions as well as reduce the measurement uncertainties in the activity. This is particularly relevant for stability measurements, which have to be carried out at regular intervals.
In der Nuklearmedizin werden radioaktive Substanzen eingesetzt, um zu therapeutischen Zwecken gezielt bösartiges Gewebe zu zerstören oder in diagnostischen Anwendungen Stoffwechselvorgänge bildlich darzustellen. Die ionisierende Strahlung der eingesetzten Radionuklide kann jedoch auch DNA-Schäden in gesunden Zellen verursachen. DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche gehören dabei zu den kritischsten Läsionen, da sie schwer zu reparieren sind und eine fehlerhafte Reparatur zu Mutationen oder zum Zelltod führen kann. Während Radionuklidtherapien ist daher in Risikoorganen darauf zu achten, dass die deponierte Energie pro Masse, die Energiedosis, bestimmte Werte nicht überschreitet. Zu diesen Risikoorganen gehört auch das blutbildende System. Da eine Abschätzung der Energiedosis im Knochenmark häufig über die Bestimmung der Energiedosis im Blut als Surrogat erfolgt, ist deren Kenntnis von besonderem Interesse.
In dieser Arbeit wurden daher Berechnungen der Energiedosis im Blut nach interner Bestrahlung durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse mit der Anzahl an strahlungsinduzierten DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen in PBMCs korreliert. Zur Quantifizierung der DNA-Schäden wurden die Biomarker \(\gamma\)-H2AX und 53BP1 verwendet, die nach Entstehung eines Doppelstrangbruchs um diesen akkumulieren und sich durch Immunfluoreszenzfärbung als mikroskopische Foci sichtbar machen und quantifizieren lassen. Dadurch ermöglicht der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Assay einen quantitativen Nachweis strahlungsinduzierter Doppelstrangbrüche. Somit konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Kenntnisse über die Dosisabhängigkeit von DNA-Schäden in PBMCs während interner Bestrahlung mit unterschiedlichen Radionukliden sowohl ex vivo als auch in vivo gewonnen werden.
Ex-vivo-Untersuchungen haben den Vorteil, dass sie unter gleichbleibenden, gut definierten Bedingungen durchgeführt werden können und somit eine Analyse der Induktion von Doppelstrangbrüchen bei festgelegten Energiedosen und einer konstanten Bestrahlungsdauer erlauben. In dieser Arbeit wurden Blutproben von gesunden Versuchspersonen durch Zugabe von Radionukliden in bestimmten Aktivitätskonzentrationen eine Stunde lang intern bestrahlt. Für die Bestrahlung wurden die \(\alpha\)-Emitter \(^{223}\)Ra und \(^{224}\)Ra, die \(\beta\)\(^{-}\)-Emitter \(^{177}\)Lu und \(^{90}\)Y, der \(\beta\)\(^{+}\)-Emitter \(^{68}\)Ga und der \(\gamma\)-Emitter \(^{99m}\)Tc verwendet. Der untersuchte Energiedosisbereich lag zwischen 5 mGy und 136 mGy.
Nach der Bestrahlung von Blutproben mit \(\beta\)- beziehungsweise \(\gamma\)-Emittern wurde beobachtet, dass die Anzahl der strahlungsinduzierten \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Foci (RIF) in den PBMCs linear mit der Energiedosis im Blut ansteigt. Zudem zeigte sich, dass die Induktion der RIF unabhängig vom verwendeten Radionuklid und unabhängig von der Versuchsperson ist.
Nach der Bestrahlung von Blutproben mit \(\alpha\)-Emittern waren zusätzlich zu den nach Expositionen mit \(\beta\)- beziehungsweise \(\gamma\)-Emittern beobachteten kleinen, runden Foci auch \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1 enthaltende Spuren \(\alpha\)-Spuren) in den Zellkernen erkennbar, welche die Trajektorien der emittierten \(\alpha\)-Teilchen darstellten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anzahl dieser \(\alpha\)-Spuren linear mit der Energiedosis im Blut zunimmt und damit ein geeigneter Parameter für die Biodosimetrie nach Expositionen mit \(\alpha\)-emittierenden Radionukliden ist.
Auch in vivo wurde die Dosisabhängigkeit der DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche während der internen Bestrahlung durch Radionuklide mit unterschiedlichen Emissionseigenschaften untersucht. Aufgrund der neuen, vielversprechenden Entwicklungen von Radiopharmaka zur Therapie und Diagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms in den letzten Jahren wurden dafür Blutproben von Prostatakarzinom-Patienten während Therapie mit [\(^{177}\)Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T, während PET/CT-Diagnostik mit [\(^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T und während Therapie mit [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_2\) untersucht.
Während Therapie mit [\(^{177}\)Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T zeigte sich, dass die Anzahl der RIF in den ersten Stunden nach Therapiebeginn durch eine lineare Anpassungskurve angenähert werden kann, die mit der Energiedosis im Blut ansteigt, gefolgt von einem Rückgang der RIF zu späteren Zeitpunkten, der durch die DNA-Reparatur erklärt werden kann. Die gesamte Energiedosis im Blut lag im Mittel bei (109 \(\pm\) 28) mGy. Der linear dosisabhängige Anstieg der RIF zu Therapiebeginn gleicht der dosisabhängigen Induktion der RIF ex vivo nach Bestrahlung mit \(\beta\)- und \(\gamma\)-emittierenden Radionukliden und kann gut mit der entsprechenden Ex-vivo-Kalibrierkurve beschrieben werden. Zu späteren Zeitpunkten (48 h und 96 h nach Verabreichung) konnte in dieser Arbeit eine lineare Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl der noch verbleibenden RIF und der Dosisleistung nachgewiesen werden. Eine signifikante Korrelation der Anzahl der RIF 96 h nach Verabreichung mit dem PSA-Wert deutet zudem darauf hin, dass ein Zusammenhang mit klinischen Parametern besteht.
Ein signifikanter Anstieg der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Foci konnte auch nach Verabreichung von [\(^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T für diagnostische PET/CT-Untersuchungen beobachtet werden, obwohl die Energiedosen im Blut bis zum PET/CT-Scan nur < 3 mGy betrugen. Im Vergleich zur Ex-vivo-Kalibrierkurve war die Steigung der linearen Anpassungskurve in vivo im Bereich < 3 mGy in dieser Studie etwa um ein Zehnfaches höher, was auf eine mögliche Hypersensitivität im Niedrigdosisbereich hindeuten könnte. Der Beitrag der CT zur Energiedosis im Blut konnte durch Ex-vivo-Experimente auf etwa 12 mGy abgeschätzt werden.
Auch während Therapie mit [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl\(_2\) lagen die berechneten Energiedosen im Blut im Niedrigdosisbereich < 17 mGy. Trotzdem konnten in dieser Studie erstmalig \(\alpha\)-Spuren in vivo nach der Verabreichung eines \(\alpha\)-emittierenden Radionuklids quantifiziert werden, deren Anzahl 3 h und 4 h nach Verabreichung des Radiopharmakons signifikant erhöht war. Auch zu späten Zeitpunkten, bis vier Wochen nach Therapiebeginn, waren noch \(\alpha\)-Spuren nachweisbar, was auf eine unvollständige Reparatur der komplexen, durch die \(\alpha\)-Teilchen induzierten DNA-Schäden hinweisen könnte. Leider erlaubte die geringe Anzahl an Patienten und Datenpunkten keine zuverlässigen Korrelationen mit der Energiedosis oder mit klinischen Parametern.
Nachdem in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden konnte, dass DNA-Schäden nach interner Bestrahlung mit \(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)- und \(\gamma\)-emittierenden Radionukliden mit Hilfe des \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1-Assays zuverlässig nachgewiesen und anhand der Schadensgeometrie unterschieden werden können, wäre es in Zukunft interessant, DNA-Schäden auch nach Bestrahlung mit Radionuklidgemischen zu untersuchen. Dies könnte sowohl im Hinblick auf den Nachweis von Inkorporationen bei Strahlenunfällen hilfreich sein als auch zu einem besseren Verständnis der Effekte bei Behandlungen mit Radionuklidgemischen beitragen, welche vielversprechende Möglichkeiten für nuklearmedizinische Therapien bieten.
Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass insbesondere im für die Diagnostik relevanten Bereich sehr niedriger Energiedosen < 10 mGy weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht. Durch die Untersuchung der dosisabhängigen Reparatur der durch interne Bestrahlung induzierten DNA-Schäden könnte beispielsweise analysiert werden, ob die Reparaturfähigkeit im Niedrigdosisbereich eingeschränkt ist. Außerdem wäre es gerade im Bereich niedriger Dosen von Interesse, zu untersuchen, inwiefern Beobachtungen ex vivo das Verhalten in vivo geeignet repräsentieren. Um die erhöhten statistischen Unsicherheiten im Niedrigdosisbereich zu reduzieren, könnten zukünftig Verbesserungen auf dem Gebiet der automatisierten Auswertung der \(\gamma\)-H2AX+53BP1 enthaltenden Foci und Spuren hilfreich sein.
Weitere Ziele zukünftiger Forschungsvorhaben könnten gezielte Untersuchungen zu Korrelationen zwischen der dosisabhängigen Induktion und Reparatur von DNA-Schäden und klinischen Parametern sowie die Analyse von DNA-Schäden während mehrerer Therapiezyklen darstellen. In Zusammenhang mit der Analyse klinischer Parameter wäre es denkbar, dass biodosimetrische Auswertungen zukünftig auch zur personalisierten Therapieplanung oder auch zur Vorhersage des Therapieerfolgs dienen und somit langfristig zu einer Optimierung nuklearmedizinischer Therapien beitragen könnten.
Background
Fast and accurate T1ρ mapping in myocardium is still a major challenge, particularly in small animal models. The complex sequence design owing to electrocardiogram and respiratory gating leads to quantification errors in in vivo experiments, due to variations of the T\(_{1p}\) relaxation pathway. In this study, we present an improved quantification method for T\(_{1p}\) using a newly derived formalism of a T\(_{1p}\)\(^{*}\) relaxation pathway.
Methods
The new signal equation was derived by solving a recursion problem for spin-lock prepared fast gradient echo readouts. Based on Bloch simulations, we compared quantification errors using the common monoexponential model and our corrected model. The method was validated in phantom experiments and tested in vivo for myocardial T\(_{1p}\) mapping in mice. Here, the impact of the breath dependent spin recovery time T\(_{rec}\) on the quantification results was examined in detail.
Results
Simulations indicate that a correction is necessary, since systematically underestimated values are measured under in vivo conditions. In the phantom study, the mean quantification error could be reduced from − 7.4% to − 0.97%. In vivo, a correlation of uncorrected T\(_{1p}\) with the respiratory cycle was observed. Using the newly derived correction method, this correlation was significantly reduced from r = 0.708 (p < 0.001) to r = 0.204 and the standard deviation of left ventricular T\(_{1p}\) values in different animals was reduced by at least 39%.
Conclusion
The suggested quantification formalism enables fast and precise myocardial T\(_{1p}\) quantification for small animals during free breathing and can improve the comparability of study results. Our new technique offers a reasonable tool for assessing myocardial diseases, since pathologies that cause a change in heart or breathing rates do not lead to systematic misinterpretations. Besides, the derived signal equation can be used for sequence optimization or for subsequent correction of prior study results.
Background. Mediating glucose absorption in the small intestine and renal clearance, sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) have emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in diabetic patients. A substantial fraction of patients, however, only achieve inadequate glycemic control. Thus, we aimed to assess the potential of the SGLT-targeting PET radiotracer alpha-methyl-4-deoxy-4-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucopyranoside ([\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG) as a noninvasive intestinal and renal biomarker of SGLT-mediated glucose transport. Methods. We investigated healthy rats using a dedicated small animal PET system. Dynamic imaging was conducted after administration of the reference radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([\(^{18}\)F]FDG), or the SGLT-targeting agent, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG either directly into the digestive tract (for assessing intestinal absorption) or via the tail vein (for evaluating kidney excretion). To confirm the specificity of [18F]Me4FDG and responsiveness to treatment, a subset of animals was also pretreated with the SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. In this regard, an intraintestinal route of administration was used to assess tracer absorption in the digestive tract, while for renal assessment, phlorizin was injected intravenously (IV). Results. Serving as reference, intestinal administration of [\(^{18}\)F]FDG led to slow absorption with retention of % of administered radioactivity at 15 min. [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG, however, was rapidly absorbed into the blood and cleared from the intestine within 15 min, leading to markedly lower tracer retention of % (). Intraintestinal phlorizin led to marked increase of [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG uptake (15 min, %; vs. untreated controls), supporting the notion that this PET agent can measure adequate SGLT inhibition in the digestive tract. In the kidneys, radiotracer was also sensitive to SGLT inhibition. After IV injection, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG reabsorption in the renal cortex was significantly suppressed by phlorizin when compared to untreated animals (%ID/g at 60 min, vs. untreated controls, ; ). Conclusion. As a noninvasive read-out of the concurrent SGLT expression in both the digestive tract and the renal cortex, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG PET may serve as a surrogate marker for treatment response to SGLT inhibition. As such, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG may enable improvement in glycemic control in diabetes by PET-based monitoring strategies.