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Kanurennsport ist in Deutschland eine der erfolgreichsten olympischen
Sommersportarten und hat mit 12 potenziellen Goldmedaillenchancen eine hohe
Bedeutung für den deutschen Spitzensport. In der nationalen als auch
internationalen wissenschaftlichen Forschung ist Kanurennsport jedoch bis dato
unzureichend untersucht. Dabei stellt Kanurennsport als eine der wenigen vorrangig
durch die Oberkörpermuskulatur angetriebenen Sportarten eine Besonderheit dar.
Ein zentraler Forschungsschwerpunkt ist seit einigen Jahrzehnten die Erforschung
der optimalen Verteilung der Trainingsintensität (engl. training intensity distribution;
TID) für die Leistungsentwicklung von Ausdauerathlet:innen. Häufig wird die
Trainingsintensität hierzu in einem Drei-Zonen-Modell kategorisiert, bei dem Zone
(Z) 1 einer Intensität unterhalb der aeroben Schwelle, Z2 der Intensität zwischen
der aeroben und anaeroben Schwelle und Z3 Intensitäten oberhalb der anaeroben
Schwelle entspricht. Forschungsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die TID
nicht nur in Abhängigkeit von Sportart, Belastungsform, Trainingsstatus und
Saisonphase unterscheidet, sondern auch in Abhängigkeit von der eingesetzten
Quantifizierungsmethode (z.B. Herzfrequenz, Geschwindigkeit, Wattleistung, etc.).
Für die Sportart Kanurennsport besteht bezüglich TID-Forschung großer
Nachholbedarf, da bisherige Untersuchungen ausschließlich in Ausdauerportarten
stattfanden, die hauptsächlich den Unterkörper (z.B. Radfahren, Laufen) oder Oberund
Unterkörper (Schwimmen, Rudern) in die Vortriebsgenerierung einbinden.
Bislang fehlen Informationen zu rein aus dem Oberkörper angetriebenen
Sportarten.
Als Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Trainingsintensitätszonen werden in
Trainingspraxis und Forschung Stufentests zur Bestimmung der maximalen
Sauerstoffaufnahme sowie der Leistung an der aeroben und anaeroben
ventilatorisch- und/oder laktatbasierten Schwelle angewandt. Die Stufentest werden
im Kanurennsport aktuell vorrangig mittels Labordiagnostik auf dem Kanu-
Ergometer durchgeführt, da diese weniger stark durch die diversen Umwelteinflüsse
(Wind, Wellen, Temperatur, Strömung, etc.) beeinträchtigt wird. Jedoch gibt es
Hinweise, dass die Belastung auf dem Ergometer biomechanisch und physiologisch
von der auf dem Wasser im Kanurennsport abweicht, sodass deren Mehrwert für
die Diagnostik und die Trainingsplanung in Frage zu stellen ist.
Ziel der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation war es
(1) zu untersuchen, inwiefern eine laborbasierte Leistungsdiagnostik einer
feldbasierten im Kanurennsport entspricht (Studie 1) und daraufhin die
Methoden der Leistungsdiagnostik für die Studien 2 und 3 zu wählen; und
(2) erste wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur TID und deren
Quantifizierungsmethodik in der Sportart Kanurennsport zu gewinnen
(Studie 2 & 3).
Diese sollten dann mit dem Wissensstand aus Sportarten, die obere und untere
Extremitäten (z.B. Biathlon, Rudern) bzw. primär die unteren Extremitäten (z.B.
Radsport, Laufen) für den Vortrieb einsetzen, abgeglichen werden.
Zusammenfassend konnte zunächst in Studie 1 aufgrund von Unterschieden in der
VO2, der Muskeloxygenierung im Musculus biceps brachii sowie im subjektiven
Belastungsempfinden dargestellt werden, dass sich eine Belastung auf dem
Wasser von der auf dem Ergometer unterscheidet und somit eine wasserbasierte
Leistungsdiagnostik im Kanurennsport vorzuziehen ist.
Die Ergebnisse aus den Studien 2 und 3 zeigten, dass die TID im Saisonverlauf
variiert und im Mittel einen hohen Anteil (80–90%) niedrigintensiven Trainings (Z1)
aufwies, wobei in der Vorbereitungsphase eine pyramidale TID Struktur (Z1>Z2>Z3)
und in der Wettkampfvorbereitung die Tendenz zu einer vermehrt polarisierten
Struktur (Z1>Z3>Z2) gefunden wurde. Somit weisen die Ergebnisse trotz der
physiologischen sowie biomechanischen Unterschiede zu Sportarten, die Oberbzw.
Ober- und Unterkörper bei der Vortriebsgenerierung einsetzen, eine
vergleichbare TID Struktur im Kanurennsport auf. Es ist zu vermuten, dass der
geringe Impact auf das Skelettmuskelsystem und die damit einhergehende
Möglichkeit, sehr hohe Trainingsvolumen mit der vergleichsweise kleinen
Oberkörpermuskulatur zu verwirklichen, diese TID-Struktur bedingen. Zudem
konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode (extern vs.
intern; basierend auf physiologischen Parametern vs. Wettkampftempo) die
Darstellung der TID beeinflusst. Für eine adäquate Vergleichbarkeit und den
gezielten Einsatz muss insofern in der Forschung wie auch in den Sportarten ein
Konsens über die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode erarbeitet werden. Es scheint
zudem empfehlenswert die TID-Quantifizierungsmethode anhand der
Trainingsphase auszuwählen, wobei sich in der allgemeinen und spezifischen
Vorbereitungsperiode vorzugsweise eine TID Quantifizierung nach physiologischen
Kenngrößen empfiehlt. Hierbei erscheint ein Mix aus HF-basierter Analyse für Z1
sowie für längere Belastungen in Z2 und geschwindigkeitsbasierter Analyse für Z3
sowie kürzere Belastungen der Z2 zweckmäßig. In der Wettkampfvorbereitung stellt
sich dann zusätzlich eine Zoneneinteilung basierend auf dem Wettkampftempo als
sinnvoll dar.
Aufgrund der starken intra- und interindividuellen Variation der TID ist der
individuelle Mehrwert der auf dem Gruppenmittelwert basierenden Ergebnisse
jedoch zu hinterfragen und weist auf den Bedarf nach einer individuelleren
Betrachtung der TID und ihrer Effekte hin. Genauso stellt sich ein starker Einfluss
der allgemeinen physischen Aktivität sowie psychischer Belastungen auf die TID
und ihre Effekte dar, der wiederrum die Notwendigkeit eines holistischen
Betrachtungsansatzes für zukünftige Forschung aufzeigt. Außerdem gibt es im
Allgemeinen eine große Wissenslücke in Bezug auf Athletinnen in der TIDForschung,
weshalb die bisherigen Erkenntnisse für die Trainingsgestaltung
weiblicher Athleten mit Vorsicht behandelt werden müssen.
Background and Objectives: Chronic painful midportion Achilles combined with plantaris tendinopathy can be a troublesome condition to treat. The objective was to prospectively follow patients subjected to ultrasound (US)- and color doppler (CD)-guided wide awake, local anesthetic, no-tourniquet (WALANT) surgery in a private setting. Material and Methods: Twenty-six Swedish patients (17 men and 9 women, mean age 50 years (range 29–62)) and eight international male patients (mean age of 38 years (range 25–71)) with combined midportion Achilles and plantaris tendinopathy in 45 tendons altogether were included. All patients had had >6 months of pain and had tried non-surgical treatment with eccentric training, without effect. US + CD-guided surgical scraping of the ventral Achilles tendon and plantaris removal under local anesthesia was performed on all patients. A 4–6-week rehabilitation protocol with an immediate full-weight-bearing tendon loading regime was used. The VISA-A score and a study-specific questionnaire evaluating physical activity level and subjective satisfaction with the treatment were used for evaluation. Results: At the 1-year follow-up, 32/34 patients (43 tendons) were satisfied with the treatment result and had returned to their pre-injury Achilles tendon loading activity. There were two dropouts (two tendons). For the Swedish patients, the mean VISA-A score increased from 34 (0–64) before surgery to 93 (61–100) after surgery (p < 0.001). There were two complications, one wound rupture and one superficial skin infection. Conclusions: For patients suffering from painful midportion Achilles tendinopathy and plantaris tendinopathy, US + CD-guided surgical Achilles tendon scraping and plantaris tendon removal showed a high satisfaction rate and good functional results 1 year after surgery.
Hintergrund
Kommunale Bewegungsförderung kann zur Vermeidung lebensstilbedingter Erkrankungen beitragen, ist aber keine kommunale Pflichtaufgabe, weshalb es in der Regel keine klaren Zuständigkeiten dafür gibt. Um zu verstehen, wie kommunale Bewegungsförderung in Deutschland vorangebracht werden kann, ist es wichtig, potenzielle Multiplikator*innen in städtischen und ländlichen Kommunen zu identifizieren und deren Rollen zu charakterisieren.
Methodische Vorgehensweise
Es wurden 18 potenzielle Multiplikator*innen der kommunalen Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung auf verschiedenen Ebenen (Bundesland, Landkreis/Stadt, Gemeinde/Stadtteil) in leitfadengestützten semistrukturierten Interviews zu ihrer eigenen Rolle sowie zu ihrer Wahrnehmung der Rollen anderer Akteur*innen befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte gemäß der inhaltlich-strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz.
Ergebnisse
(Landes‑)Gesundheitsämter und Gesundheitskonferenzen nehmen eine beratende, vernetzende und fachlich unterstützende Rolle ein. Auf der Umsetzungsebene vor Ort müssen sich im Einzelfall Kümmer*innen finden, die in Stadt und Land unterschiedlich sein können. Die befragten Quartiermanager*innen sehen ihre primäre Rolle in der Arbeit mit den Bürger*innen, die Verwaltungsmitarbeiter*innen in der administrativen Abwicklung von Projekten.
Schlussfolgerung
Fachliche Impulse zur kommunalen Bewegungsförderung können über Landesgesundheitsämter an Akteur*innen in Landkreisen und Städten weitergegeben werden. Für die Multiplikation und Umsetzung in einzelnen Gemeinden und Stadtteilen müssen Verantwortliche vor Ort gefunden werden bzw. Strukturen aufgebaut werden.
Background: According to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa.
Results: The audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.4).
Conclusions: The audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany.
The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion of training at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) intensity by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases of the season. In addition, we discuss potential implications of our findings for research in this field, as well as for training by these athletes. Altogether, we included 175 TIDs, of which 120 quantified exercise intensity on the basis of heart rate and measured time-in-zone or employed variations of the session goal approach, with demarcation of zones of exercise intensity based on physiological parameters. Notably, 49% of the TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or the biathlon. Eighty-nine TIDs were pyramidal (Z1 > Z2 > Z3), 65 polarized (Z1 > Z3 > Z2) and 8 “threshold” (Z2 > Z1 = Z3). However, these relative numbers varied between sports and the particular phases of the season. In 91% (n = 160) of the TIDs >60% of the endurance exercise was of low intensity. Regardless of the approach to quantification or phase of the season, cyclists and swimmers were found to perform a lower proportion of exercise in Z1 (<72%) and higher proportion in Z2 (>16%) than athletes involved in the triathlon, speed skating, rowing, running, cross-country skiing or biathlon (>80% in Z1 and <12% in Z2 in all these cases). For most of the athletes their proportion of heavy-to-severe exercise was higher during the period of competition than during the preparatory phase, although with considerable variability between sports. In conclusion, the existing literature in this area does not allow general conclusions to be drawn. The methods utilized for quantification vary widely and, moreover, contextual information concerning the mode of exercise, environmental conditions, and biomechanical aspects of the exercise is often lacking. Therefore, we recommend a more comprehensive approach in connection with future investigations on the TIDs of athletes involved in different endurance sports.
Here, we performed a non-systematic analysis of the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with the application of artificial intelligence to sports research, coaching and optimization of athletic performance. The strength of AI with regards to applied sports research, coaching and athletic performance involve the automation of time-consuming tasks, processing and analysis of large amounts of data, and recognition of complex patterns and relationships. However, it is also essential to be aware of the weaknesses associated with the integration of AI into this field. For instance, it is imperative that the data employed to train the AI system be both diverse and complete, in addition to as unbiased as possible with respect to factors such as the gender, level of performance, and experience of an athlete. Other challenges include e.g., limited adaptability to novel situations and the cost and other resources required. Opportunities include the possibility to monitor athletes both long-term and in real-time, the potential discovery of novel indicators of performance, and prediction of risk for future injury. Leveraging these opportunities can transform athletic development and the practice of sports science in general. Threats include over-dependence on technology, less involvement of human expertise, risks with respect to data privacy, breaching of the integrity and manipulation of data, and resistance to adopting such new technology. Understanding and addressing these SWOT factors is essential for maximizing the benefits of AI while mitigating its risks, thereby paving the way for its successful integration into sport science research, coaching, and optimization of athletic performance.
Background
Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a ‘lower’ and a ‘higher’ threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking.
Objective
This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept.
Methods
A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized.
Results
Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of − 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): − 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: − 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was − 4 bpm (LoA: − 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: − 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh.
Conclusion
HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a ‘lower’ threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions.
Posture and mobility are important aspects for spinal health. In the context of low back pain, strategies to alter postural anomalies (e.g., hyper/hypolordosis, hyper/hypokyphosis) and mobility deficits (e.g., bending restrictions) have been of interest to researchers and clinicians. Machine-based isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise (ILEX) has been used successfully for rehabilitation of patients suffering from low back pain. The aim of this study was to analyse the immediate effects of ILEX on spinal posture and mobility. In this interventional cohort study, the posture and mobility measures of 33 healthy individuals (m = 17, f = 16; mean age 30.0 years) were taken using the surface-based Spinal Mouse system (IDIAG M360©, Fehraltdorf, Switzerland). Individuals performed one exercise set to full exhaustion with an ILEX-device (Powerspine, Wuerzburg, Germany) in a standardized setup, including uniform range of motion and time under tension. Scans were made immediately before and after the exercise. There was an immediate significant decrease in standing lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. No change could be observed in standing pelvic tilt. Mobility measures showed a significant decrease in the lumbar spine and an increase in the sacrum. The results show that ILEX alters spine posture and mobility in the short-term, which may benefit certain patient groups.
Objectives
To assess the impact of HIIT performed at school, i.e. both in connection with physical education (intra-PE) and extracurricular sports activities (extra-PE), on the physical fitness and health of children and adolescents.
Methods
PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically utilizing the following criteria for inclusion: (1) healthy children and adolescents (5–18 years old) of normal weight; (2) HIIT performed intra- and/or extra-PE for at least 5 days at an intensity ≥ 80% of maximal heart rate (HR\(_{max}\)) or peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) or as Functional HIIT; (3) comparison with a control (HIIT versus alternative interventions); and (4) pre- and post-analysis of parameters related to physical fitness and health. The outcomes with HIIT and the control interventions were compared utilizing Hedges’ g effect size (ES) and associated 95% confidence intervals.
Results
Eleven studies involving 707 participants who performed intra-PE and 388 participants extra-PE HIIT were included. In comparison with the control interventions, intra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 5.89 ± 5.67 (range 1.88–9.90); ES number of push-ups: 6.22 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.66 ± 2.02 (range 1.24–4.09)), as well as ES fasting glucose levels (− 2.68 (range n.a.)) more effectively, with large effect sizes. Extra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 1.81 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.60 (range n.a.)) to an even greater extent, again with large effect sizes. Neither form of HIIT was more beneficial for parameters related to cardiorespiratory fitness than the control interventions.
Conclusion
Compared to other forms of exercise (e.g. low-to-moderate-intensity running or walking), both intra- and extra-PE HIIT result in greater improvements in neuromuscular and anaerobic performance, as well as in fasting levels of glucose in school children.
Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed.