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- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (406) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Institut für Biopsychologie, Universität Dresden (1)
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Hormones are essential components in the body and their imbalance leads to pathological consequences. T2DM, insulin resistance and obesity are the most commonly occurring lifestyle diseases in the past decade. Also, an increased cancer incidence has been strongly associated with obese and T2DM patients.
Therefore, our aim was to study the influence of high insulin levels in accumulating DNA damage in in vitro models and patients, through the induction of oxidative stress. The primary goal of this study was to analyze the genotoxicity induced by the combined action of two endogenous hormones (insulin and adrenaline) with in vitro models, through the induction of micronuclei and to see if they cause an additive increase in genomic damage. This is important for multifactorial diseases having high levels of more than one hormone, such as metabolic syndrome and conditions with multiple pathologies (e.g., T2DM along with high stress levels).
Furthermore, the combination of insulin and the pharmacological inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN, was to be tested in in vitro models for their genotoxic effect and oxidative stress inducing potential. As the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN is downregulated in PTEN associated syndromes and when presented along with T2DM and insulin resistance, this may increase the potential to accumulate genomic damage.
The consequences of insulin action were to be further elucidated by following GFP-expressing cells in live cell-imaging to observe the ability of insulin, to induce micronuclei and replicative stress. Finally, the detrimental potential of high insulin levels in obese patients with hyperinsulinemia and pre-diabetes was to be studied by analyzing markers of oxidative stress and genomic damage. In summary, the intention of this work was to understand the effects of high insulin levels in in vitro and in patients to understand its relevance for the development of genomic instability and thus an elevated cancer risk.
Schicksal von Mikrokernen bzw. mikrokernhaltigen Zellen und Bedeutung von Mikrokernen als Biomarker
(2021)
Mikrokerne sind als wichtiger Biomarker in der Gentoxizitätsforschung seit langer Zeit etabliert und ihre Bildung ist mechanistisch gut verstanden, wohingegen das Mikrokernschicksal und die genaue Funktion von Mikrokernen in der Kanzerogenese unzureichend erforscht sind. Um das Schicksal von Mikrokernen und mikrokernhaltigen Zellen über einen längeren Zeitraum zu untersuchen, wurden HeLa-Zellen, die mit einem GFP-markierten Histon H2B transfiziert worden sind, mittels Lebendzellmikroskopie nach Behandlung mit verschiedenen gentoxischen Agenzien für 96 h untersucht. Parameter wie die Mitose- oder Zelltodrate wurden dabei ebenso wie das Schicksal der Mikrokerne dokumentiert. Während Persistenz und Reinkorporation von Mikrokernen häufig beobachtet wurden, waren Degradation und Auswurf von Mikrokernen selten bis gar nicht zu sehen. Auch konnte ein Teil der mikrokernhaltigen Zellen über mehrere Zellteilungen persistieren und proliferieren, wodurch die in Mikrokernen manifestierte chromosomale Instabilität unverändert bleiben kann. Ein eindeutiger Substanzeinfluss auf das Mikrokernschicksal konnte nicht ausgemacht werden. Extrusion sollte weiterhin durch Behandlung mit Hydroxyurea oder Cytochalasin B in Kombination mit gentoxischer Behandlung induziert werden, es wurde jedoch kein Effekt auf die Extrusionsrate beobachtet. Degradation wurde mittels γH2AX-Antikörperfärbung und transduziertem dsRed-markierten Autophagiemarker LC3B in HeLa-H2B-GFP-Zellen untersucht. Trotz erhöhter DNA-Degradation in Mikrokernen wurde nur selten eine Ko-Lokalisierung mit LC3B beobachtet. Dafür gab es in HeLa-H2B-GFP-Zellen, die zusätzlich mit dsRed markierten Kernmembranmarker Lamin B1 transduziert worden sind, Anzeichen für eine eingeschränkte Mikrokernmembranintegrität. Weiterhin wurden Zytokinese-Block Mikrokerntests nach Behandlung mit Thebain mit und ohne metabolische Aktivierung sowie Celecoxib und Celecoxibderivaten durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde nach Thebainbehandlung nur ohne metabolische Aktivierung und bei Anwesenheit von Zytotoxizität mehr Mikrokerne gefunden, während nach Behandlung mit Celecoxib und Celecoxibderivaten kein Anstieg beobachtet wurde. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss durch neurodegenerative Veränderungen auf Mundschleimhautzellen in zwei großen Kohorten untersucht, wobei keine Effekte auf die Häufigkeit von Mikrokernen oder mikrokernhaltigen Zellen zugeordnet werden konnten, während es teilweise bei Parametern, die auf Zytotoxizität hindeuten, zu Veränderungen kam. Es konnte insgesamt gezeigt werden, dass Mikrokerne und mikrokernhaltige Zellen zusätzlich zu ihrer Funktion als Biomarker über wenigstens mehrere Zellteilungen bestehen bleiben können. Auf diese Weise können sie z. B. über Chromothripsis zu einer beschleunigten Kanzerogenese führen, was zu einer schlechten Prognose für Krebspatienten führen kann.
Long-term fate of etoposide-induced micronuclei and micronucleated cells in Hela-H2B-GFP cells
(2020)
Micronuclei are small nuclear cellular structures containing whole chromosomes or chromosomal fragments. While there is a lot of information available about the origin and formation of micronuclei, less is known about the fate of micronuclei and micronucleated cells. Possible fates include extrusion, degradation, reincorporation and persistence. Live cell imaging was performed to quantitatively analyse the fates of micronuclei and micronucleated cells occurring in vitro. Imaging was conducted for up to 96 h in HeLa-H2B-GFP cells treated with 0.5, 1 and 2 µg/ml etoposide. While a minority of micronuclei was reincorporated into the main nucleus during mitosis, the majority of micronuclei persisted without any alterations. Degradation and extrusion were observed rarely or never. The presence of micronuclei affected the proliferation of the daughter cells and also had an influence on cell death rates. Mitotic errors were found to be clearly increased in micronucleus-containing cells. The results show that micronuclei and micronucleated cells can, although delayed in cell cycle, sustain for multiple divisions.
Cyclisches Adenosinmonophosphat ist ein ubiquitärer zweiter Botenstoff zahlreicher Signalwege im menschlichen Körper. Auf eine Vielzahl verschiedenster extrazellulärer Signale folgt jedoch eine Erhöhung desselben intrazellulären Botenstoffs - cAMP. Nichtsdestotrotz schafft es die Zelle, Signalspezifität aufrecht zu erhalten. Ein anerkanntes, wenn auch bisher unverstandenes Modell, um dieses zu ermöglichen, ist das Prinzip der Kompartimentierung. Die Zelle besitzt demnach Areale verschieden hoher cAMP-Konzentrationen, welche lokal begrenzt einzelne Signalkaskaden beeinflussen und somit eine differenzierte Signalübertragung ermöglichen. Eine mögliche Ursache für die Ausbildung solcher Bereiche geringerer cAMP- Konzentrationen (hier als Domänen bezeichnet), ist die hydrolytische Aktivität von Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs), welche als einzige Enzyme die Fähigkeiten besitzen, cAMP zu degradieren.
In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der cAMP-Hydrolyse verschiedener PDEs auf die Größe dieser Domänen evaluiert und mit denen der PDE4A1 verglichen, welche bereits durch unsere Arbeitsgruppe aufgrund ihrer Größe als Nanodomänen definiert wurden. Der Fokus wird dabei auf den Einfluss von kinetischen Eigenschaften der Phosphodiesterasen gelegt. So werden eine PDE mit hoher Umsatzgeschwindigkeit (PDE2A3) und eine PDE mit hoher Substrataffinität (PDE8A1) verglichen. Mithilfe sogenannter Linker, Abstandshaltern definierter Länge, werden zusätzlich die Nanodomänen ausgemessen, um einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Größe und kinetischer Eigenschaft anzugeben. Die Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass die maximale Umsatzgeschwindigkeit der Phosphodiesterasen direkt mit der Größe der Nanodomänen korreliert.
Durch den unmittelbaren Vergleich der gesamten PDE mit ihrer katalytischen Domäne wird zusätzlich der Einfluss von regulatorischen Domänen evaluiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese cAMP-Gradienten modulieren können. Bei der PDE2A3 geschieht die Modulation u.a. durch Stimulation mit cGMP, welche höchstwahrscheinlich dosisabhängig ist und somit graduell verläuft. Hiermit präsentieren sich die Domänen als dynamische Bereiche, d.h. sie können in ihrer Ausprägung reguliert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese bestätigt, dass Phosphodiesterasen eine wichtige Rolle in der Kompartimentierung von cAMP spielen, die Gruppe jedoch inhomogener ist, als bislang angenommen. Die Gradienten-Bildung lässt sich nicht bei jeder Phosphodiesterase darstellen (PDE8A1). Einige Phosphodiesterasen (PDE2A3) jedoch bilden Kompartimente, die durch externe Stimuli in ihrer Größe reguliert werden können.
Die Arbeit legt den Grundstein zur breiteren Charakterisierung des spezifischen Einflusses weiterer PDEs auf cAMP-Kompartimentierung, welches nicht nur das Verständnis der Kompartimentierungs-Strategien voranbringt, sondern auch essentiell für das Verständnis der Pathophysiologie zahlreicher Krankheitsbilder, aber auch für das Verständnis bereits angewandter aber auch potentiell neuer Medikamente ist.
Aims Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the major cause of chronic heart failure. The activity of blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIIIa) plays an important role in rodents as a healing factor after MI, whereas its role in healing and remodelling processes in humans remains unclear. We prospectively evaluated the relevance of FXIIIa after acute MI as a potential early prognostic marker for adequate healing.
Methods and results This monocentric prospective cohort study investigated cardiac remodelling in patients with ST-elevation MI and followed them up for 1 year. Serum FXIIIa was serially assessed during the first 9 days after MI and after 2, 6, and 12 months. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 4 days after MI (Scan 1), after 7 to 9 days (Scan 2), and after 12 months (Scan 3). The FXIII valine-to-leucine (V34L) single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5985 was genotyped. One hundred forty-six patients were investigated (mean age 58 ± 11 years, 13% women). Median FXIIIa was 118 % (quartiles, 102–132%) and dropped to a trough on the second day after MI: 109%(98–109%; P < 0.001). FXIIIa recovered slowly over time, reaching the baseline level after 2 to 6 months and surpassed baseline levels only after 12 months: 124 % (110–142%). The development of FXIIIa after MI was independent of the genotype. FXIIIa on Day 2 was strongly and inversely associated with the relative size of MI in Scan 1 (Spearman’s ρ = –0.31; P = 0.01) and Scan 3 (ρ = –0.39; P < 0.01) and positively associated with left ventricular ejection fraction: ρ = 0.32 (P < 0.01) and ρ = 0.24 (P = 0.04), respectively.
Conclusions FXIII activity after MI is highly dynamic, exhibiting a significant decline in the early healing period, with reconstitution 6 months later. Depressed FXIIIa early after MI predicted a greater size of MI and lower left ventricular ejection fraction after 1 year. The clinical relevance of these findings awaits to be tested in a randomized trial.
Aims
Chronic heart failure (CHF) can be caused by autoantibodies stimulating the heart via binding to first and/or second extracellular loops of cardiac β1-adrenoceptors. Allosteric receptor activation depends on conformational features of the autoantibody binding site. Elucidating these features will pave the way for the development of specific diagnostics and therapeutics. Our aim was (i) to fine-map the conformational epitope within the second extracellular loop of the human β\(_1\)-adrenoceptor (β1ECII) that is targeted by stimulating β\(_1\)-receptor (auto)antibodies and (ii) to generate competitive cyclopeptide inhibitors of allosteric receptor activation, which faithfully conserve the conformational auto-epitope.
Methods and results
Non-conserved amino acids within the β\(_1\)EC\(_{II}\) loop (compared with the amino acids constituting the ECII loop of the β\(_2\)-adrenoceptor) were one by one replaced with alanine; potential intra-loop disulfide bridges were probed by cysteine–serine exchanges. Effects on antibody binding and allosteric receptor activation were assessed (i) by (auto)antibody neutralization using cyclopeptides mimicking β1ECII ± the above replacements, and (ii) by (auto)antibody stimulation of human β\(_1\)-adrenoceptors bearing corresponding point mutations. With the use of stimulating β\(_1\)-receptor (auto)antibodies raised in mice, rats, or rabbits and isolated from exemplary dilated cardiomyopathy patients, our series of experiments unmasked two features of the β\(_1\)EC\(_{II}\) loop essential for (auto)antibody binding and allosteric receptor activation: (i) the NDPK\(^{211–214}\) motif and (ii) the intra-loop disulfide bond C\(^{209}\)↔C\(^{215}\). Of note, aberrant intra-loop disulfide bond C\(^{209}\)↔C\(^{216}\) almost fully disrupted the functional auto-epitope in cyclopeptides.
Conclusions
The conformational auto-epitope targeted by cardio-pathogenic β\(_1\)-receptor autoantibodies is faithfully conserved in cyclopeptide homologues of the β\(_1\)EC\(_{II}\) loop bearing the NDPK\(^{211–214}\) motif and the C\(^{209}\)↔C\(^{215}\) bridge while lacking cysteine C216. Such molecules provide promising tools for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in β\(_1\)-autoantibodypositive CHF.
Neurodegenerative diseases show an increase in prevalence and incidence, with the most prominent example being Alzheimer's disease. DNA damage has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive. We enrolled 425 participants with and without neurodegenerative diseases and analyzed DNA damage in the form of micronuclei in buccal mucosa samples. In addition, other parameters such as binucleated cells, karyolytic cells, and karyorrhectic cells were quantified. No relevant differences in DNA damage and cytotoxicity markers were observed in patients compared to healthy participants. Furthermore, other parameters such as lifestyle factors and diseases were also investigated. Overall, this study could not identify a direct link between changes in buccal cells and neurogenerative diseases, but highlights the influence of lifestyle factors and diseases on the human buccal cytome.
Metabolism and signaling of cytokinins was first established in plants, followed by cytokinin discoveries in all kingdoms of life. However, understanding of their role in mammalian cells is still scarce. Kinetin is a cytokinin that mitigates the effects of oxidative stress in mammalian cells. The effective concentrations of exogenously applied kinetin in invoking various cellular responses are not well standardized. Likewise, the metabolism of kinetin and its cellular targets within the mammalian cells are still not well studied. Applying vitality tests as well as comet assays under normal and hyper-oxidative states, our analysis suggests that kinetin concentrations of 500 nM and above cause cytotoxicity as well as genotoxicity in various cell types. However, concentrations below 100 nM do not cause any toxicity, rather in this range kinetin counteracts oxidative burst and cytotoxicity. We focus here on these effects. To get insights into the cellular targets of kinetin mediating these pro-survival functions and protective effects we applied structural and computational approaches on two previously testified targets for these effects. Our analysis deciphers vital residues in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and adenosine receptor (A2A-R) that facilitate the binding of kinetin to these two important human cellular proteins. We finally discuss how the therapeutic potential of kinetin against oxidative stress helps in various pathophysiological conditions.
Aims
Volume overload (VO) and pressure overload (PO) induce differential cardiac remodelling responses including distinct signalling pathways. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), key signalling components in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, modulate cardiac remodelling during pressure overload (PO). This study aimed to assess their role in VO‐induced cardiac remodelling as this was unknown.
Methods and results
Aortocaval fistula (Shunt) surgery was performed in mice to induce cardiac VO. Two weeks of Shunt caused a significant reduction of cardiac ERK1/2 activation in wild type (WT) mice as indicated by decreased phosphorylation of the TEY (Thr‐Glu‐Tyr) motif (−28% as compared with Sham controls, P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of other MAPKs was unaffected. For further assessment, transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific ERK2 overexpression (ERK2tg) were studied. At baseline, cardiac ERK1/2 phosphorylation in ERK2tg mice remained unchanged compared with WT littermates, and no overt cardiac phenotype was observed; however, cardiac expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide was increased on messenger RNA (3.6‐fold, P < 0.05) and protein level (3.1‐fold, P < 0.05). Following Shunt, left ventricular dilation and hypertrophy were similar in ERK2tg mice and WT littermates. Left ventricular function was maintained, and changes in gene expression indicated reactivation of the foetal gene program in both genotypes. No differences in cardiac fibrosis and kinase activation was found amongst all experimental groups, whereas apoptosis was similarly increased through Shunt in ERK2tg and WT mice.
Conclusions
VO‐induced eccentric hypertrophy is associated with reduced cardiac ERK1/2 activation in vivo. Cardiomyocyte‐specific overexpression of ERK2, however, does not alter cardiac remodelling during VO. Future studies need to define the pathophysiological relevance of decreased ERK1/2 signalling during VO.
Die extrazellulär Signal-regulierten Kinasen 1 und 2 (ERK1/2) spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Vermittlung kardialer Hypertrophie und dem Zellüberleben. Hypertrophe Stimuli aktivieren ERK1/2, triggern deren Dimerisierung und in der Folge die ERK188-Autophosphorylierung. Diese neu entdeckte Autophosphorylierung ist eine Voraussetzung für den nukleären Import von ERK1/2 und führt zum Entstehen pathologischer kardialer Hypertrophie. Da das Dimer Interface von ERK eine mögliche Zielstruktur darstellt, um selektiv die nukleären Signalwege von ERK zu unterbrechen, wurde untersucht, ob man mit Hemmung der ERK-Dimerisierung eine therapeutische Möglichkeit hat, um pathologische kardiale Hypertrophie zu verhindern. Dazu wurden verschiedene ERK2 Mutanten und Peptide generiert, um die ERK-Dimerisierung zu verhindern. Die Effekte dieser Konstrukte auf die ERK-Dimerisierung und den Kernimport wurden in verschiedenen Zelltypen mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, Co-Immunopräzipitationen und Duolink proximity ligation assays getestet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Peptide effektiv die ERK-ERK Interaktion nach Stimulation mit Phenylephrin und/oder Carbachol verhindern. Zusätzlich reduzierten die Peptide ERKT188-Phosphorylierung und in der Folge den ERK-Import in den Nukleus und Kardiomyozytenhypertrophie. Normale ERK-Aktivierung wurde jedoch durch die Peptide nicht verhindert. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass das ERK-Dimer Interface eine wertvolle Zielstruktur ist, mit dem man nukleäre ERK1/2 Signalwege selektiv unterbrechen und damit effektiv Kardiomyozytenwachstum reduzieren kann, ohne gleichzeitig das Zellüberleben zu gefährden.