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Background: In order to influence every day clinical practice professional organisations issue management guidelines. Cross-sectional surveys are used to evaluate the implementation of such guidelines. The present survey investigated screening for glucose perturbations in people with coronary artery disease and compared patients with known and newly detected type 2 diabetes with those without diabetes in terms of their life-style and pharmacological risk factor management in relation to contemporary European guidelines.
Methods: A total of 6187 patients (18-80 years) with coronary artery disease and known glycaemic status based on a self reported history of diabetes (previously known diabetes) or the results of an oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c (no diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes) were investigated in EUROASPIRE IV including patients in 24 European countries 2012-2013. The patients were interviewed and investigated in order to enable a comparison between their actual risk factor control with that recommended in current European management guidelines and the outcome in previously conducted surveys. Results: A total of 2846 (46 %) patients had no diabetes, 1158 (19 %) newly diagnosed diabetes and 2183 (35 %) previously known diabetes. The combined use of all four cardioprotective drugs in these groups was 53, 55 and 60 %, respectively. A blood pressure target of <140/90 mmHg was achieved in 68, 61, 54 % and a LDL-cholesterol target of <1.8 mmol/L in 16, 18 and 28 %. Patients with newly diagnosed and previously known diabetes reached an HbA1c <7.0 % (53 mmol/mol) in 95 and 53 % and 11 % of those with previously known diabetes had an HbA1c >9.0 % (>75 mmol/mol). Of the patients with diabetes 69 % reported on low physical activity. The proportion of patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation programmes was low (approximate to 40 %) and only 27 % of those with diabetes had attended diabetes schools. Compared with data from previous surveys the use of cardioprotective drugs had increased and more patients were achieving the risk factor treatment targets.
Conclusions: Despite advances in patient management there is further potential to improve both the detection and management of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.
Healthy Dietary Interventions and Lipoprotein (a) Plasma Levels: Results from the Omni Heart Trial
(2014)
Background: Increased lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Studies of dietary interventions on changes in Lp(a) are sparse. We aimed to compare the effects of three healthy dietary interventions differing in macronutrient content on Lp(a) concentration.
Methods: Secondary analysis of a randomized, 3-period crossover feeding study including 155 (89 blacks; 66 whites) individuals. Participants were given DASHtype healthy diets rich in carbohydrates [Carb], in protein [Prot] or in unsaturated fat [Unsat Fat] for 6 weeks each. Plasma Lp(a) concentration was assessed at baseline and after each diet.
Results: Compared to baseline, all interventional diets increased mean Lp(a) by 2 to 5 mg/dl. Unsat Fat increased Lp(a) less than Prot with a difference of 1.0 mg/dl (95% CI, -0.5, 2.5; p=0.196) in whites and 3.7 mg/dl (95% CI, 2.4, 5.0; p<0.001) in blacks (p-value between races=0.008); Unsat Fat increased Lp(a) less than Carb with a difference of 20.6 mg/dl, 95% CI, -2.1, 0.9; p=0.441) in whites and 21.5 mg/dl (95% CI, -0.2, -2.8; p=0.021) in blacks (p-value between races=0.354). Prot increased Lp(a) more than Carb with a difference of 0.4 mg/dl (95% CI, -1.1, 1.9; p=0.597) in whites and 2.2 mg/dl (95%CI, 0.9, 3.5; p=0.001) in blacks (p-value between races=0.082).
Conclusion: Diets high in unsaturated fat increased Lp(a) levels less than diets rich in carbohydrate or protein with greater changes in blacks than whites. Our results suggest that substitutions with dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy diets may be preferable over protein or carbohydrates with regards to Lp(a).
The volatile anesthetic desflurane (DES) effectively reduces cardiac infarct size following experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse heart. We hypothesized that endogenous estrogens play a role as mediators of desflurane-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that desflurane effects local estrogen synthesis by modulating enzyme aromatase expression and activity in the mouse heart. Aromatase metabolizes testosterone to 17b- estradiol (E2) and thereby significantly contributes to local estrogen synthesis. We tested aromatase effects in acute myocardial infarction model in male mice. The animals were randomized and subjected to four groups which were pre-treated with the selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (A group) and DES alone (DES group) or in combination (A+DES group) for 15 minutes prior to surgical intervention whereas the control group received 0.9% NaCl (CON group). All animals were subjected to 45 minutes ischemia following 180 minutes reperfusion. Anastrozole blocked DES induced preconditioning and increased infarct size compared to DES alone (37.94615.5% vs. 17.163.62%) without affecting area at risk and systemic hemodynamic parameters following ischemia/reperfusion. Protein localization studies revealed that aromatase was abundant in the murine cardiovascular system with the highest expression levels in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Desflurane application at pharmacological concentrations efficiently upregulated aromatase expression in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that desflurane efficiently regulates aromatase expression and activity which might lead to increased local estrogen synthesis and thus preserve cellular integrity and reduce cardiac damage in an acute myocardial infarction model.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, verschiedene Parameter der linksventrikulären Wandbewegung aus MR-tagging-Aufnahmen quantitativ zu analysieren. Die Auswertemethode sollte angewendet werden, um den physiologischen Kontraktionsablauf zu charakterisieren und pathophysiologische Veränderungen zu erfassen. Die tagging-Untersuchung wurde in einer basisnahen, mittventrikulären und einer apikalen Schicht des linken Ventrikels durchgeführt. Für die automatische Quantifizierung von Rotation, Kontraktion und Umfangsverkürzung wurde eine geeignete Software erstellt. Die Methode wurde bei 8 gesunden Probanden, 13 Patienten mit Aortenstenose vor und 1 Jahr nach Klappenersatz und 10 Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt vor und nach Revaskularisation angewendet. Die entwickelte Software gestattet die Quantifizierung der linksventrikulären Wandfunktion über die Bestimmung von Rotation, Kontraktion und Umfangsverkürzung. Bei den Probanden zeigte sich eine Wringbewegung mit gegenläufiger Rotation der Herzbasis zur Herzspitze. Vor Klappenersatz zeigten die Patienten mit Aortenstenose eine signifikant verstärkte apikale Rotation und Torsion. 1 Jahr postoperativ hatte sich die Torsion normalisiert. Bei den Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt zeigte sich nach Revaskularisierung eine Zunahme der Umfangsverkürzung im Infarktareal. Die Quantifizierung der linksventrikulären Wandbewegung mit MR-tagging-Aufnahmen ermöglicht die Charakterisierung und Verlaufsbeobachtungen von Veränderungen der linksventrikulären Wandfunktion bei verschiedenen Herzerkrankungen.
The Popeye domain containing (Popdc) gene family of membrane proteins is predominantly expressed in striated and smooth muscle tissues and has been shown to act as novel cAMP-binding proteins. In mice, loss of Popdc1 and Popdc2, respectively, affects sinus node function in the postnatal heart in an age and stress-dependent manner. In this thesis, I examined gene expression pattern and function of the Popdc gene family during zebrafish development with an emphasis on popdc2. Expression of the zebrafish popdc2 was exclusively present in cardiac and skeletal muscle during cardiac development, whereas popdc3 was expressed in striated muscle tissue and in distinct regions of the brain. In order to study the function of these genes, an antisense morpholino-based knockdown approach was used. Knockdown of popdc2 resulted in aberrant development of facial and tail musculature. In the heart, popdc2 morphants displayed irregular ventricular contractions with 2:1 and 3:1 ventricular pauses. Recordings of calcium transients using a transgenic indicator line Tg(cmlc2:gCaMP)s878 and selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) revealed the presence of an atrioventricular (AV) block in popdc2 morphants as well as a complete heart block. Interestingly, preliminary data revealed that popdc3 morphants developed a similar phenotype. In order to find a morphological correlate for the observed AV conduction defect, I studied the structure of the AV canal in popdc2 morphants using confocal analysis of hearts of the transgenic line Tg(cmlc2:eGFP-ras)s883, which outlines individual cardiac myocytes with the help of membrane-localized GFP. However, no evidence for morphological alterations was obtained. To ensure that the observed arrhythmia phenotype in the popdc2 morphant was based on a myocardial defect and not caused by defective valve development, live imaging was performed revealing properly formed valves. Thus, in agreement with the data obtained in knockout mice, popdc2 and popdc3 genes in zebrafish are involved in the regulation of cardiac electrical activity. However, both genes are not required for cardiac pacemaking, but they play essential roles in AV conduction. In order to elucidate the biological importance of cAMP-binding, wild type Popdc1 as well as mutants with a significant reduction in binding affinity for cAMP in vitro were overexpressed in zebrafish embryos. Expression of wild type Popdc1 led to a cardiac insufficiency phenotype characterized by pericardial edema and venous blood retention. Strikingly, the ability of the Popdc1 mutants to induce a cardiac phenotype correlated with the binding affinity for cAMP. These data suggest that cAMP-binding represents an important biological property of the Popdc protein family.
TRPC4α and TRPC4β Similarly Affect Neonatal Cardiomyocyte Survival during Chronic GPCR Stimulation
(2016)
The Transient Receptor Potential Channel Subunit 4 (TRPC4) has been considered as a crucial Ca\(^{2+}\) component in cardiomyocytes promoting structural and functional remodeling in the course of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. TRPC4 assembles as homo or hetero-tetramer in the plasma membrane, allowing a non-selective Na\(^{+}\) and Ca\(^{2+}\) influx. Gαq protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation is known to increase TRPC4 channel activity and a TRPC4-mediated Ca\(^{2+}\) influx which has been regarded as ideal Ca\(^{2+}\) source for calcineurin and subsequent nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) activation. Functional properties of TRPC4 are also based on the expression of the TRPC4 splice variants TRPC4α and TRPC4β. Aim of the present study was to analyze cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) signals, signaling, hypertrophy and vitality of cardiomyocytes in dependence on the expression level of either TRPC4α or TRPC4β. The analysis of Ca\(^{2+}\) transients in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) showed that TRPC4α and TRPC4β affected Ca\(^{2+}\) cycling in beating cardiomyocytes with both splice variants inducing an elevation of the Ca\(^{2+}\) transient amplitude at baseline and TRPC4β increasing the Ca\(^{2+}\) peak during angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. NRCs infected with TRPC4β (Ad-C4β) also responded with a sustained Ca\(^{2+}\) influx when treated with Ang II under non-pacing conditions. Consistent with the Ca\(^{2+}\) data, NRCs infected with TRPC4α (Ad-C4α) showed an elevated calcineurin/NFAT activity and a baseline hypertrophic phenotype but did not further develop hypertrophy during chronic Ang II/phenylephrine stimulation. Down-regulation of endogenous TRPC4α reversed these effects, resulting in less hypertrophy of NRCs at baseline but a markedly increased hypertrophic enlargement after chronic agonist stimulation. Ad-C4β NRCs did not exhibit baseline calcineurin/NFAT activity or hypertrophy but responded with an increased calcineurin/NFAT activity after GPCR stimulation. However, this effect was not translated into an increased propensity towards hypertrophy but rather less hypertrophy during GPCR stimulation. Further analyses revealed that, although hypertrophy was preserved in Ad-C4α NRCs and even attenuated in Ad-C4β NRCs, cardiomyocytes had an increased apoptosis rate and thus were less viable after chronic GPCR stimulation. These findings suggest that TRPC4α and TRPC4β differentially affect Ca\(^{2+}\) signals, calcineurin/NFAT signaling and hypertrophy but similarly impair cardiomyocyte viability during GPCR stimulation.
Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen stellen im Alter führende Todesursachen in der westlichen Welt dar. Der Proteinkinase B, auch AKT genannt, kommt am Herzen eine zentrale Rolle bezüglich der Organogenese zu. Ihre Funktion wird in Verbindung mit der Insulinwirkung, dem Einfluss auf den Kohlenhydrat-stoffwechsel sowie die Steuerung von Entwicklung und Differenzierung von Geweben durch Modulation des Zellüberlebens, des Zellwachstum und der Zellteilung diskutiert. Auch das postnatale Herzwachstum in physiologischer sowie pathologischer Ausprägung wird durch den PKB/AKT-Signalweg reguliert. Diez et al.zeigten bei seneszenten Kardiofibroblasten der Ratte in vitro eine reduzierte Expression der PKB/AKT-1. Auch bei Myokard-Biopsaten von jungen und alten Patienten (ohne Myokardpathologie) konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expressionstärke der AKT-1/PKB mit dem Alter abnahm. Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte die Frage klären ob AKT/PKB zu einer veränderten Expression von extrazellulären Matrix-Proteinen, die sie abbauenden Matrixmetalloproteinasen bzw. deren Inhibitoren führt und damit zu einer Umstrukturierung der Extrazellulären Matrix im Sinne einer Fibrose des Myokards beitragen könnte. Nach adenoviraler Transfektion von Kardiofibroblasten mit einer konstitutiv aktiven bzw. inaktiven PKB/AKT-Mutanten, erfolgte die Analyse der differentiellen Genexpression fibroserelevanter Gene mittels RT-PCR und Agarosegelelektrophorese in drei verschiedenen Zellzuständen. Die Auswertung der gewonnen Daten zeigte, dass von den untersuchten Genen lediglich die Matrix-Metalloproteinasen (MMPs).-2/-9/-13 einer deutlichen Regulation unterworfen sind. Die Darstellung auf Proteinebene gelang für die MMP-9 und MMP-2 letztendlich mittels Zymographie. Bezugnehmend auf die Fragestellung zeigte sich bei der durchgeführten Genexpressionsanalyse fibroserelevanter Gene eine Regulation der MMP-2/-9 und -13 durch die PKB/AKT auf m-RNS-Ebene, mit deutlichem Anstieg der für die MMP-9 und MMP-13 kodierenden m-RNS bei Inaktivierung der PKB/AKT. Auf Proteinebene besteht lediglich bei der MMP-9 eine entsprechende Änderung der Proteinmenge. Die MMP-2-Enzymmenge zeigte sich auf basalem Expressionsniveau als nicht reguliert. Die MMP-13 konnte zymographisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bezugnehmend auf die durch Diez et al. gefundene Herabregulation der PKB-Akt in seneszenten Kardiofibroblasten der Ratte könnte die in der Arbeit gezeigte Steigerung der Genexpression der MMP-2/-9 und 13 die Voraussetzung eines zur Fibrose führenden Remodelings der kardialen extrazellulären Matrix im Sinne einer Degradation der EZM darstellen. Nach Schram und Sweeney et al. kann sich ein Remodeling der extrazellulären Matrix des Herzens schwerpunktmäßig sowohl als Veränderungen in der Synthese von matrixbildenden Proteinen als auch in Veränderungen der Expression und Aktivität von MMPs und TIMPs darstellen. Neben der wichtigen Wirkung eines antiapoptotischen Zellschutzes könnte die Serin-Threonin-Kinase PKB/AKT mit an der Entstehung einer myokardialen Fibrose beteiligt sein. Weitere Untersuchungen sind aber nötig, diese Frage eindeutig zu klären.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, neue Messverfahren zu entwickeln, die eine umfassende Charakterisierung des Herzmuskels ermöglichen. Sowohl die Morphologie als auch die Funktion und der Gefäßstatus wurden am intakten und am krankhaft veränderten isolierten Herzmuskel der Ratte mit NMR-Mikroskopietechniken untersucht.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the heart and the Tc-99m-sestamibi biodistribution after statin pretreatment in a rat model of abdominal sepsis.
METHODS:
Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=6 per group): 1) sepsis with simvastatin treatment, 2) sepsis with vehicle, 3) sham control with simvastatin and 4) sham control with vehicle. 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture rats received 1.0MBq of Tc-99m-sestamibi i.v. 30min after, animals were euthanized for ex-vivo tissue counting and myocardium histological analysis.
RESULTS:
Myocardial histologic alterations were not detected 24 hours post-sepsis. There was significantly increased cardiac Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in the sepsis group with simvastatin treatment (1.9\(\pm\)0.3%ID/g, p<0.001) in comparison to the sepsis group+vehicle (1.0\(\pm\)0.2% ID/g), control sham group+ simvastatin (1.2\(\pm\)0.3% ID/g) and control sham group (1.3\(\pm\)0.2% ID/g). Significant Tc-99m-sestamibi activity in liver, kidney and lungs was also detected in the sepsis group treated with simvastatinin comparison to the other groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Statin treatment altered the biodistribution of Tc-99m-sestamibi with increased cardiac and solid organ activity in rats with abdominal sepsis, while no impact on controls. Increased myocardial tracer activity may be a result of a possible protection effect due to increased tissue perfusion mediated by statins.