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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging method that involves no ionizing radiation and can be used non-invasively. Another important - if not the most important - reason for the widespread and increasing use of MRI in clinical practice is its interesting and highly flexible image contrast, especially of biological tissue. The main disadvantages of MRI, compared to other widespread imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), are long measurement times and the directly resulting high costs. In the first part of this work, a new technique for accelerated MRI parameter mapping using a radial IR TrueFISP sequence is presented. IR TrueFISP is a very fast method for the simultaneous quantification of proton density, the longitudinal relaxation time T1, and the transverse relaxation time T2. Chapter 2 presents speed improvements to the original IR TrueFISP method. Using a radial view-sharing technique, it was possible to obtain a full set of relaxometry data in under 6 s per slice. Furthermore, chapter 3 presents the investigation and correction of two major sources of error of the IR TrueFISP method, namely magnetization transfer and imperfect slice profiles. In the second part of this work, a new MRI thermometry method is presented that can be used in MRI-safety investigations of medical implants, e.g. cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). One of the major safety risks associated with MRI examinations of pacemaker and ICD patients is RF induced heating of the pacing electrodes. The design of MRI-safe (or MRI-conditional) pacing electrodes requires elaborate testing. In a first step, many different electrode shapes, electrode positions and sequence parameters are tested in a gel phantom with its geometry and conductivity matched to a human body. The resulting temperature increase is typically observed using temperature probes that are placed at various positions in the gel phantom. An alternative to this local thermometry approach is to use MRI for the temperature measurement. Chapter 5 describes a new approach for MRI thermometry that allows MRI thermometry during RF heating caused by the MRI sequence itself. Specifically, a proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift MRI thermometry method was combined with an MR heating sequence. The method was validated in a gel phantom, with a copper wire serving as a simple model for a medical implant.
This thesis focuses on various aspects and techniques of 19F magnetic resonance (MR). The first chapters provide an overview of the basic physical properties, 19F MR and MR sequences related to this work. Chapter 5 focuses on the application of 19F MR to visualize biological processes in vivo using two different animal models. The dissimilar models underlined the wide applicability of 19F MR in preclinical research. A subsection of Chapter 6 shows the application of compressed sensing (CS) to 19F turbo-spin-echo chemical shift imaging (TSE-CSI), which leads to reduced measurement time. CS, however, can only be successfully applied when a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is available. When the SNR is low, so-called spike artifacts occur with the CS algorithm used in the present work. However, it was shown in an additional subsection that these artifacts can be reduced using a CS-based post processing algorithm. Thus, CS might help overcome limitations with time consuming 19F CSI experiments. Chapter 7 deals with a novel technique to quantify the B+1 profile of an MR coil. It was shown that, using a specific application scheme of off resonant pulses, Bloch-Siegert (BS)-based B+1 mapping can be enabled using a Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill (CPMG)-based TSE sequence. A fast acquisition of the data necessary for B+1 mapping was thus enabled. In the future, the application of BS-CPMG-TSE B+1 mapping to improve quantification using 19F MR could therefore be possible.