Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (16)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (16) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (13)
- Doctoral Thesis (3)
Keywords
- ovarian cancer (16) (remove)
Institute
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik (10)
- Institut für Humangenetik (5)
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (2)
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (1)
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (1)
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin (1)
- Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik (1)
EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 223175 (1)
Background: Genes that, when mutated, cause Fanconi anemia or greatly increase breast cancer risk encode for proteins that converge on a homology-directed DNA damage repair process. Mutations in the SLX4 gene, which encodes for a scaffold protein involved in the repair of interstrand cross-links, have recently been identified in unclassified Fanconi anemia patients. A mutation analysis of SLX4 in German or Byelorussian familial cases of breast cancer without detected mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 has been completed, with globally negative results.
Methods: The genomic region of SLX4, comprising all exons and exon-intron boundaries, was sequenced in 94 Spanish familial breast cancer cases that match a criterion indicating the potential presence of a highly-penetrant germline mutation, following exclusion of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
Results: This mutational analysis revealed extensive genetic variation of SLX4, with 21 novel single nucleotide variants; however, none could be linked to a clear alteration of the protein function. Nonetheless, genotyping 10 variants (nine novel, all missense amino acid changes) in a set of controls (138 women and 146 men) did not detect seven of them. Conclusions: Overall, while the results of this study do not identify clearly pathogenic mutations of SLX4 contributing to breast cancer risk, further genetic analysis, combined with functional assays of the identified rare variants, may be warranted to conclusively assess the potential link with the disease.
GDF-15 ist ein atypisches Mitglied der TGF-b-Superfamilie. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen kommt es nur in der Plazenta in größeren Mengen vor, während es in zahlreichen Tumoren überexprimiert gefunden wurde. Die genaue Funktion von GDF-15 im Tumorkontext ist nicht genau geklärt. Aufgrund der häufigen und hohen Expression in Tumoren scheint GDF-15 eine wesentliche Funktion im Tumorprogress auszuüben. Das Ovarialkarzinom (OvCA) nimmt die Stellung als tödlichste gynäkologische Erkrankung ein. Da der Tumor meist erst in fortgeschrittenen Stadien diagnostiziert wird, sind bis heute die Heilungschancen schlecht. Häufig kommt es zum Rezidiv nach zunächst erfolgreicher Chemotherapie und mit 30% ist die 5-Jahres-Überlebenschance gering. Für die chemoresistenten Fälle gibt es bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt keine effektive Therapie. Dies verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit, neue innovative Therapiestrategien zu entwickeln. Günstige immunologische Parameter korrelieren mit der Überlebensdauer von OvCA-Patientinnen, was die Immuntherapie beim OvCA in den Fokus der experimentellen klinischen Therapie rückt. Doch um neue immuntherapeutische Strategien entwickeln zu können, müssen zunächst immunologisch relevante Angriffspunkte identifiziert werden. Das in vielen Tumoren exprimierte GDF-15 ist mit einem der stärksten immunsuppressiven Faktoren verwandt, was die Vermutung nahe legt, dass auch GDF-15 eine immunologisch relevante Funktion im Tumorkontext ausüben könnte. Daher wurden die Expression und die mögliche Funktion von GDF-15 als Immunmodulator im Ovarialkarzinom untersucht. Expressionsanalysen von OvCA-Gewebe und primären OvCA-Zellen zeigten, dass GDF-15 das am stärksten überexprimierte Gen der untersuchten TGF-b-Familienmitglieder im OvCA ist. Auch als sezerniertes Protein wird GDF-15 in vivo und in vitro im OvCA detektiert, was auf eine funktionale Rolle von GDF-15 im OvCA hindeutet. Normalerweise eliminiert das Immunsystem entartete körpereigene Zellen. Manchmal gelingt es Tumorzellen jedoch, sich dieser Immunüberwachung zu entziehen und dem Immunsystem zu „entwischen“. Inwieweit GDF-15 bei der Koordination des „immune escape“ des OvCA eine Rolle spielt, sollte im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag dabei auf der Wirkung von GDF-15 auf NK-Zellen, da diese als frühe Effektoren und wichtige Mediatoren zwischen angeborenem und adaptivem Immunsystem nicht nur eine Schlüsselrolle bei der immunologische Überwachung spielen, sondern sich dadurch auch als ideale Werkzeuge für die Tumorimmuntherapie auszeichnen. Exogenes GDF-15 hemmt in vitro die Lyseaktivität von NK-Zellen gegenüber OvCA-Zellen. Endogene GDF-15-Defizienz der OvCA-Zellen sensitiviert diese für NK-Zell-Lyse und endogene GDF-15-Überexpression mindert die NK-Lyseaktivität. Die Hemmung der NK-Lyseaktivität kann durch verschiedene synergistisch wirkende Mechanismen erfolgen: durch Rezeptormodulation, durch direkte Modulation des Lysemechanismus und durch Apoptoseregulation. Wie TGF-b1 reguliert GDF-15 die Expression des aktivierenden NK-Rezeptors NKG2D von der Zelloberfläche herunter und induziert zusätzlich die Expression des inhibierenden Rezeptors CD305 und die des mit NKG2A- und NKG2C-assoziierten Rezeptors CD94. Daneben greift GDF-15 direkt in den Lysemechanismus der NK-Zellen ein, indem es die Granzym B-Expression beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus sensitiviert GDF-15 Immunzellen für die Apoptose durch die Induktion von Fas/CD95. Signaltransduktionsanalysen zeigen, dass GDF-15 in Immunzellen die SMAD-Proteine zeitverzögert zu TGF-b aktiviert, was auf eine indirekte Wirkung schließen lässt. Zusätzlich kann GDF-15 auch die die p38/MAPK in Immunzellen aktivieren. Die Genregulation von GDF-15 und TGF-b1 in NK-Zellen ist sehr verschieden. Beide Zytokine regulieren überwiegend Gene aus gleichen Funktionalitätsclustern, allerdings sind die einzelnen von TGF-b1 und GDF-15 regulierten Gene verschieden. Nur drei Gene (CD55, Caspase-8 und Apolipoprotein 6) sind durch GDF-15 und TGF-b1 gleich reguliert. Zusammengefasst zeigt sich eine funktionale Analogie von GDF-15 und TGF-b1 in NK-Zellen. TGF-b1 scheint eine stärkere Wirkung zu induzieren, dafür zeigt GDF-15 hier ein breiteres Funktionalitätsspektrum. Durch die Charakterisierung der funktionalen Rolle von GDF-15 als Immunmodulator in Tumoren ist hier ein neuer potentieller Angriffspunkt identifiziert worden, welcher Grundlage für neue Tumortherapiestrategien, nicht nur für das OvCA, sondern auch für andere GDF-15-exprimierende Tumore sein kann.
Abstract
Background
HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I molecule which exerts strong immunosuppressive effects on various immune cells. Several membrane-bound and soluble isoforms are known. Physiologically, HLA-G is predominantly expressed in the placenta, where it contributes to protecting the semi-allogeneic embryo from rejection by the maternal immune system. However, HLA-G is also often upregulated during tumourigenesis, such as in ovarian cancer. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how soluble HLA-G may contribute to local immunosuppression in ovarian carcinomas, and to characterize HLA-G expression in different ovarian carcinoma subtypes and metastases.
Results
As reported by others, physiological HLA-G expression is restricted to few tissues, such as placenta and testes. Here, HLA-G was also detected in the medulla of the adrenal gland. In contrast, HLA-G expression was frequently detected in tumours of all assessed subtypes of ovarian carcinomas (serous, mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell). Highest expression levels were detected in high-grade serous carcinomas. In primary tumours, expression of HLA-G correlated with expression of classical MHC class I molecules HLA-A, -B and -C. Surprisingly, high levels of HLA-G were also detected on dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. As no expression of HLA-G was inducible in monocytes or dendritic cells from healthy donors in response to IL-10 or IL-4, we speculated that tumour-derived soluble HLA-G might be transferred to dendritic cells via the lymphatic system. Accordingly, high levels of tumour-derived soluble HLA-G were detected in ovarian cancer ascites samples. In vitro, dendritic cells expanded in the presence of IL-4, IL-10 and GM-CSF (DC-10) were particularly prone to binding high amounts of soluble HLA-G via ILT receptors. Furthermore, HLA-G loaded DC-10 cells inhibited the proliferation of CD8 effector cells and induced regulatory T cells, even when the DC-10 cells had been fixed with paraformaldehyde.
Conclusion
The immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G is overexpressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, which account for the majority of ovarian cancers. In particular tumours with a high mutational burden and intact expression of classical, immunogenic MHC class Ia molecules may use HLA-G to escape from immunosurveillance. Additionally, tumour-derived soluble HLA-G may inhibit adaptive immune responses by binding to dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. Dendritic cells usually play a decisive role in the initiation of adaptive anti-tumour immune responses by presenting tumour antigens to cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, dendritic cells loaded with soluble HLA-G inhibit the proliferation of effector T cells and promote the induction of regulatory T cells. Thus, soluble HLA-G that is transferred to dendritic cells via lymphatic vessels may enable ovarian carcinomas to remotely suppress anti-tumour immune responses in local lymph nodes. This novel immune-escape mechanism may also exist in other solid tumours that express HLA-G.
Nectin‐2 is an adhesion molecule that has been reported to play a role in tumor growth, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we investigated Nectin‐2 in ovarian cancer patients and in cell culture. Tumor as well as peritoneal biopsies of 60 ovarian cancer patients and 22 controls were dual stained for Nectin‐2 and CD31 using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of Nectin‐2 was quantified by real‐time PCR and differences analyzed in relation to various tumor characteristics. In the serum of patients, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was quantified by ELISA. Effect of VEGF on Nectin‐2 expression as well as permeability was investigated in HUVEC. In tumor biopsies, Nectin‐2 protein was mainly localized in tumor cells, whereas in peritoneal biopsies, clear colocalization was found in the vasculature. T3 patients had a significantly higher percentage of positive lymph nodes and this correlated with survival. Nectin‐2 was significantly upregulated in tumor biopsies in patients with lymph node metastasis and with residual tumor >1 cm after surgery. Nectin‐2 expression was significantly suppressed in the peritoneal endothelium of patients associated with significantly increased VEGF serum levels. In cell culture, VEGF stimulation led to a significant downregulation of Nectin‐2 which was reversed by VEGF‐inhibition. In addition, Nectin‐2 knockdown in endothelial cells was associated with significantly increased endothelial permeability. Nectin‐2 expression in ovarian cancer may support tumor cell adhesion, leading to growth and lymph node metastasis. In addition, VEGF‐induced Nectin‐2 suppression in peritoneal endothelium may support an increase in vascular permeability leading to ascites production.
Background
Ovarian cancer is mostly associated with pathologically regulated permeability of peritoneal vessels, leading to ascites. Here, we investigated the molecular regulation of endothelial permeability by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and both tight and adherens junction proteins (VE-cadherin and claudin 5) with regards to the tumor biology of different ovarian cancer types.
Methods
Serum and ascites samples before and after surgery, as well as peritoneal biopsies of 68 ovarian cancer patients and 20 healthy controls were collected. In serum and ascites VEGF protein was measured by ELISA. In peritoneal biopsies co-localization of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was investigated using immunohistochemical dual staining. In addition, the gene expression of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was quantified by Real-time PCR. Differences in VEGF levels, VE-cadherin and claudin 5 gene expression were analyzed in relation to various tumor characteristics (tumor stage, grading, histological subtypes, resection status after surgery) and then compared to controls. Furthermore, human primary ovarian cancer cells were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and changes in VE-cadherin and claudin 5 were investigated after VEGF inhibition.
Results
VEGF was significantly increased in tumor patients in comparison to controls and accumulates in ascites. The highest VEGF levels were found in patients diagnosed with advanced tumor stages, with tumors of poor differentiation, or in the group of solid / cystic-solid tumors. Patients with residual tumor after operation showed significantly higher levels of VEGF both before and after surgery as compared to tumor-free resected patients. Results of an immunohistochemical double-staining experiment indicated co-localization of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 in the peritoneal vasculature. Compared to controls, expression of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was significantly suppressed in peritoneal vessels of tumor patients, but there were no significant differences regarding VE-cadherin and claudin 5 expression in relation to different tumor characteristics. A significant positive correlation was found between VE-cadherin and claudin 5 expression. VEGF inhibition in vitro was associated with significant increase in VE-cadherin and claudin 5.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that increased peritoneal permeability in ovarian cancer is due to down-regulation of adhesion proteins via tumor derived VEGF. Advanced ovarian cancer with aggressive tumor biology may be associated with early dysregulation of vascular permeability leading to ascites. These patients may benefit from therapeutic VEGF inhibition.
Introduction: Several common alleles have been shown to be associated with breast and/or ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Recent genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified eight additional breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs1011970 (9p21, CDKN2A/B), rs10995190 (ZNF365), rs704010 (ZMIZ1), rs2380205 (10p15), rs614367 (11q13), rs1292011 (12q24), rs10771399 (12p11 near PTHLH) and rs865686 (9q31.2).
Methods: To evaluate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we genotyped these SNPs in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 mutation carriers and analysed the associations with breast cancer risk within a retrospective likelihood framework.
Results: Only SNP rs10771399 near PTHLH was associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.94, P-trend = 3 x 10\(^{-4}\)). The association was restricted to mutations proven or predicted to lead to absence of protein expression (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 3.1 x 10\(^{-5}\), P-difference = 0.03). Four SNPs were associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs10995190, P-trend = 0.015; rs1011970, P-trend = 0.048; rs865686, 2df P = 0.007; rs1292011 2df P = 0.03. rs10771399 (PTHLH) was predominantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 4 x 10\(^{-5}\)) and there was marginal evidence of association with ER- negative breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.049).
Conclusions: The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.