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Characterisation of Mena Promoter Activity and Protein Expression in Wild-type and Gene-trapped Mice
(2011)
Proteins of the Ena/VASP protein family are important regulators of actin and participate in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. To date, the physiological importance of Ena/VASP proteins for integrity of the cardiovascular system has remained unclear. To study cardiovascular functions of Mena and VASP, we used an established VASP knockout mouse in combination with a novel gene-trap-based model to ablate Mena function. In the mutated Mena mouse, the endogenous Mena gene is disrupted by the insertion of a β-galactosidase construct and β-galactosidase expression is under the control of the endogenous Mena promoter. X-gal staining of mouse organs revealed Mena promoter activity in smooth muscle layers of vessels, intestines and bronchioles, but also in cells of the brain, in cardiomyocytes and in the respiratory epithelium of bronchioles. In wild-type mice, Western blotting revealed differing protein expression patterns of VASP and Mena. Mena expression was observed in almost every tissue, predominantly in heart, lung, stomach, large intestine, testis, brain and eye. Additionally, the neuronalspecific Mena isoform was expressed in brain, eye, and slightly in heart and stomach. VASP protein, in contrast, was predominantly detected in spleen and thrombocytes. In gene-trapped mice, Mena expression was largely reduced in heart, lung and stomach but only slightly decreased in brain and testis. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed colocalisation of Mena and F-actin at intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes and strong colocalisation of Mena and α- smooth-muscle-actin in vessels and bronchioles. Functional analysis of Mena/VASP-mutated and wild-type mice using electrocardiography suggested that the depletion of either Mena or VASP does not interfere with normal heart function. However, in double-deficient mice, the resting heart rate was significantly increased, probably reflecting a mechanism to compensate defects in ventricle contraction and to maintain a normal cardiac output. In agreement, cardiac catheter investigations suggested dilated cardiomyopathy in doubledeficient mice. Thus, although Western blot analysis showed differing protein expression patterns of Mena and VASP, these findings suggest that Mena and VASP mutually compensate for each other. Concerning Mena, we propose an important role of the protein in vessel walls, cardiomyocytes and bronchioles.
Background: Hemostasis is a critical and active function of the blood mediated by platelets. Therefore, the prevention of pathological platelet aggregation is of great importance as well as of pharmaceutical and medical interest. Endogenous platelet inhibition is predominantly based on cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) elevation and subsequent cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase (PKA, PKG) activation. In turn, platelet phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and protein phosphatases counterbalance their activity. This main inhibitory pathway in human platelets is crucial for countervailing unwanted platelet activation. Consequently, the regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling are of particular interest to pharmacology and therapeutics of atherothrombosis. Modeling of pharmacodynamics allows understanding this intricate signaling and supports the precise description of these pivotal targets for pharmacological modulation. Results: We modeled dynamically concentration-dependent responses of pathway effectors (inhibitors, activators, drug combinations) to cyclic nucleotide signaling as well as to downstream signaling events and verified resulting model predictions by experimental data. Experiments with various cAMP affecting compounds including antiplatelet drugs and their combinations revealed a high fidelity, fine-tuned cAMP signaling in platelets without crosstalk to the cGMP pathway. The model and the data provide evidence for two independent feedback loops: PKA, which is activated by elevated cAMP levels in the platelet, subsequently inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) but as well activates PDE3. By multi-experiment fitting, we established a comprehensive dynamic model with one predictive, optimized and validated set of parameters. Different pharmacological conditions (inhibition, activation, drug combinations, permanent and transient perturbations) are successfully tested and simulated, including statistical validation and sensitivity analysis. Downstream cyclic nucleotide signaling events target different phosphorylation sites for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA, PKG) in the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). VASP phosphorylation as well as cAMP levels resulting from different drug strengths and combined stimulants were quantitatively modeled. These predictions were again experimentally validated. High sensitivity of the signaling pathway at low concentrations is involved in a fine-tuned balance as well as stable activation of this inhibitory cyclic nucleotide pathway. Conclusions: On the basis of experimental data, literature mining and database screening we established a dynamic in silico model of cyclic nucleotide signaling and probed its signaling sensitivity. Thoroughly validated, it successfully predicts drug combination effects on platelet function, including synergism, antagonism and regulatory loops.