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Institute
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin (244) (remove)
Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (18)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (5)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S. (4)
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan (2)
- Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita Japan (2)
- Institut for Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (2)
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD, USA (2)
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany (1)
- CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - the development agency of the Brazilian Federal Government (1)
- DAAD - Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (1)
Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) has been reported to be overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and to be associated with poor survival. This study investigated the feasibility of non-invasive CXCR4-directed imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using the radiolabelled chemokine receptor ligand \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor.
15 patients with clinical suspicion on primary or recurrent glioblastoma (13 primary, 2 recurrent tumors) underwent \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT for assessment of CXCR4 expression prior to surgery. O-(2-\(^{18}\)F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (\(^{18}\)F-FET) PET/CT images were available in 11/15 cases and were compared visually and semi-quantitatively (SUV\(_{max}\), SUV\(_{mean}\)). Tumor-to-background ratios (TBR) were calculated for both PET probes. \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT results were also compared to histological CXCR4 expression on neuronavigated surgical samples.
\(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT was visually positive in 13/15 cases with SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) of 3.0±1.5 and 3.9±2.0 respectively. Respective values for \(^{18}\)F-FET were 4.4±2.0 (SUV\(_{mean}\)) and 5.3±2.3 (SUV\(_{max}\)). TBR for SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) were higher for \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor than for \(^{18}\)F-FET (SUV\(_{mean}\) 154.0±90.7 vs. 4.1±1.3; SUV\(_{max}\) 70.3±44.0 and 3.8±1.2, p<0.01), respectively. Histological analysis confirmed CXCR4 expression in tumor areas with high \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor uptake; regions of the same tumor without apparent \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor uptake showed no or low receptor expression.
In this pilot study, \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor retention has been observed in the vast majority of glioblastoma lesions and served as readout for non-invasive determination of CXCR4 expression. Given the paramount importance of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in tumor biology, \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT might prove a useful tool for sensitive, non-invasive in-vivo quantification of CXCR4 as well as selection of patients who might benefit from CXCR4-directed therapy.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET imaging for prostate cancer with \(^{68}\)Ga-labeled compounds has rapidly become adopted as part of routine clinical care in many parts of the world. However, recent years have witnessed the start of a shift from \(^{68}\)Ga- to \(^{18}\)F-labeled PSMA-targeted compounds. The latter imaging agents have several key advantages, which may lay the groundwork for an even more widespread adoption into the clinic. First, facilitated delivery from distant suppliers expands the availability of PET radiopharmaceuticals in smaller hospitals operating a PET center but lacking the patient volume to justify an onsite \(^{68}\)Ge/\(^{68}\)Ga generator. Thus, such an approach meets the increasing demand for PSMA-targeted PET imaging in areas with lower population density and may even lead to cost-savings compared to in-house production. Moreover, \(^{18}\)F-labeled radiotracers have a higher positron yield and lower positron energy, which in turn decreases image noise, improves contrast resolution, and maximizes the likelihood of detecting subtle lesions. In addition, the longer half-life of 110 min allows for improved delayed imaging protocols and flexibility in study design, which may further increase diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, such compounds can be distributed to sites which are not allowed to produce radiotracers on-site due to regulatory issues or to centers without access to a cyclotron. In light of these advantageous characteristics, \(^{18}\)F-labeled PSMA-targeted PET radiotracers may play an important role in both optimizing this transformative imaging modality and making it widely available. We have aimed to provide a concise overview of emerging \(^{18}\)F-labeled PSMA-targeted radiotracers undergoing active clinical development. Given the wide array of available radiotracers, comparative studies are needed to firmly establish the role of the available \(^{18}\)F-labeled compounds in the field of molecular PCa imaging, preferably in different clinical scenarios.
11C-Methionin (11C-MET) ist ein alternatives Radiopharmakon für die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) zur Beurteilung der Krankheitsaktivität bei Patient/-innen mit Multiplem Myelom (MM). Frühe Daten legen eine höhere Sensitivität und Spezifität als bei dem bisherigen Standardtracer 18F-Fluordesoxyglucose (18F-FDG) nahe. Es fehlen bislang jedoch Untersuchungen, welche die neuen, aus PET-Daten abgeleiteten Parameter „metabolic tumor volume“ (MTV) und „total lesion glycolysis / total lesion methionin uptake“ (TLG/TLMU) in diesen Vergleich miteinbeziehen. In früheren Studien konnte bereits eine prognostische Aussagekraft dieser neuen Imaging Parameter für die 18F-FDG-PET/CT gezeigt werden. Das Ziel dieser bizentrischen Studie war es, die sich im Rahmen bisheriger Studienergebnisse andeutende Überlegenheit von 11C-MET für das Staging des MM zu überprüfen und seine Eignung für die Bewertung von metabolischen Imaging Parametern im Vergleich zu 18F-FDG zu untersuchen.
Zweiundzwanzig Patient/-innen mit neu diagnostiziertem unbehandelten MM, davon 15 Patient/-innen des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg und sieben Patient/-innen der Clinica Universidad de Navarra in Pamplona, die eine doppelte PET/CT-Bildgebung unter Verwendung der beiden Tracer 11C-MET und 18F-FDG innerhalb eines Zeitraums von maximal 14 Tagen erhalten hatten, wurden retrospektiv durch den Doktoranden (Oliver Viering) sowie eine nuklearmedizinische Assistenzärztin (Maria I. Morales-Lozano) und im Anschluss durch je eine PET/CT-Expert/-in des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg (Constantin Lapa) und der Clinica Universidad de Navarra (Maria J. Garcia-Velloso) untersucht.
Hierfür wurden die 18F-FDG- und 11C-MET-PET/CT-Aufnahmen einer dreidimensionalen Analyse mit Hilfe des "PET/CT-Viewer Beth Israel for FIJI" unterzogen. Diese open source Software ermöglichte die Berechnung von SUVmean, SUVmax und SUVpeak sowie der neuen Imaging Biomarker MTV und TLG/TLMU. Die genannten PET-Parameter wurden mit klinischen und laborchemischen Parametern (Hämoglobin, Calcium, Kreatinin, CRP, β2-Mikroglobulin, Albumin, M-Gradient/M-Protein, Knochenmarkinfiltration, LDH, freier Leichtketten-quotient, R-ISS, zytogenetisches Risiko) korreliert, welche in früheren Studien als prognostisch relevante Parameter der Myelom-Erkrankung identifiziert worden waren.
Bei elf der 22 Patient/-innen (50 %) wurden mithilfe von 11C-MET mehr fokale Läsionen als mit 18F-FDG nachgewiesen (p < 0,01), daneben konnte bei einer größeren Zahl von Patient/-innen eine diffuse Knochenmarkinfiltration durch die malignen Plasmazellen identifiziert werden (11C-MET: 19, 18F-FDG: 12). Sowohl die SUV-Parameter (SUVmean, SUVmax und SUVpeak) als auch die neuen Imaging Parameter (TMTV und TLG/TLMU) waren bei der 11C-MET- signifikant höher als bei der 18F-FDG-PET/CT (p < 0,05).
In Bezug auf die neuen Imaging Parameter zeigten sich für 11C-MET häufiger signifikante Korrelationen mit den prognostisch relevanten klinischen und laborchemischen Parametern als für 18F-FDG. Bei TMTV konnten für die 11C-MET-PET/CT signifikante Korrelationen für β2-Mikroglobulin (p = 0,006), die M-Komponente (p = 0,003), den Grad der Knochenmarkinfiltration (p = 0,007) und das Serum-Hämoglobin (p = 0,016) gefunden werden, wohingegen sich bei 18F-FDG lediglich eine signifikante Korrelation für β2-Mikroglobulin (p = 0,044) zeigte. In Bezug auf die TLG/TLMU konnten bei 18F-FDG keine signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen TLG und den klinischen und laborchemischen Parametern nachgewiesen werden. Bei 11C-MET zeigten sich hingegen signifikante Korrelationen zwischen dem TLMU und der Kalzium-Konzentration im Serum (p = 0,028), dem β2-Mikroglobulin (p = 0,047), der M-Komponente (p = 0,033) und dem Grad der Knochenmarkinfiltration (p = 0,041).
Trotz zahlreicher Limitationen dieser Arbeit, wie etwa der geringen Patientenzahl und des retrospektiven Charakters der Auswertung bekräftigt auch diese Studie in Übereinstimmung mit den bisherigen Studienergebnissen, dass 11C-MET im Vergleich zu 18F-FDG ein sensitiverer Marker für die Beurteilung der Myelom-Tumorlast sein könnte. Eine Untersuchung der prognostischen Aussagekraft von 11C-MET in Bezug auf progressionsfreies- und Gesamtüberleben im Zuge der primären Bildgebung der Erkrankung war aufgrund der kurzen Nachbeobachtungszeit und der Heterogenität der Behandlung, welche die Patient/-innen im Anschluss an die Staging-Untersuchungen erhalten hatten, nicht möglich und muss im Rahmen zukünftiger, insbesondere prospektiver Studien weiter untersucht werden.
\(^{11}\)C-methionine (\(^{11}\)C-MET) is a new positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for the assessment of disease activity in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, with preliminary data suggesting higher sensitivity and specificity than \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG). However, the value of tumor burden biomarkers has yet to be investigated. Our goals were to corroborate the superiority of \(^{11}\)C-MET for MM staging and to compare its suitability for the assessment of metabolic tumor burden biomarkers in comparison to \(^{18}\)F-FDG. Twenty-two patients with newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve symptomatic MM who had undergone \(^{11}\)C-MET and \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET/CT were evaluated. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were determined and compared with total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) for both tracers: total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and total lesion \(^{11}\)C-MET uptake (TLMU). PET-derived values were compared to Revised International Staging System (R-ISS), cytogenetic, and serologic MM markers such as M component, beta 2 microglobulin (B2M), serum free light chains (FLC), albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In 11 patients (50%), \(^{11}\)C-MET detected more focal lesions (FL) than FDG (p < 0.01). SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, TMTV, and TLMU were also significantly higher in \(^{11}\)C-MET than in \(^{18}\)F-FDG (p < 0.05, respectively). \(^{11}\)C-MET PET biomarkers had a better correlation with tumor burden (bone marrow plasma cell infiltration, M component; p < 0.05 versus p = n.s. respectively). This pilot study suggests that \(^{11}\)C-MET PET/CT is a more sensitive marker for the assessment of myeloma tumor burden than \(^{18}\)F-FDG. Its implications for prognosis evaluation need further investigation.
Background
\(^{177}\)Lu is used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapies for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Based on the recent literature, SST2 antagonists are superior to agonists in tumor uptake. The compound OPS201 is the novel somatostatin antagonist showing the highest SST2 affinity. The aim of this study was to measure the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 in five anesthetized Danish Landrace pigs as an appropriate substitute for humans to quantitatively assess the absorbed doses for future clinical applications.
Results
\(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 was obtained with a specific activity ranging from 10 to 17 MBq/μg. Prior to administration, the radiochemical purity was measured as s > 99.7 % in all cases. After injection, fast clearance of the compound from the blood stream was observed. Less than 5 % of the injected activity was presented in blood 10 min after injection. A series of SPECT/CT and whole-body scans conducted until 10 days after intravenous injection showed uptake mostly in the liver, spine, and kidneys. There was no visible uptake in the spleen. Blood samples were taken to determine the time-activity curve in the blood. Time-activity curves and time-integrated activity coefficients were calculated for the organs showing visible uptake. Based on these data, the absorbed organ dose coefficients for a 70-kg patient were calculated with OLINDA/EXM. For humans after an injection of 5 GBq \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201, the highest predicted absorbed doses are obtained for the kidneys (13.7 Gy), the osteogenic cells (3.9 Gy), the urinary bladder wall (1.8 Gy), and the liver (1.0 Gy). No metabolites of 177Lu-OPS201 were found by radio HPLC analysis. None of the absorbed doses calculated will exceed organ toxicity levels.
Conclusions
The \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 was well tolerated and caused no abnormal physiological or behavioral signs. In vivo distributions and absorbed doses of pigs are comparable to those observed in other publications. According to the biodistribution data in pigs, presented in this work, the expected radiation exposure in humans will be within the acceptable range.
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an essentially incurable hematologic malignancy. However, new treatment modalities and novel drugs have been introduced and thus additional tools for therapy monitoring are increasingly needed. Therefore, we evaluated the radiotracers \(^{11}\)C-Methionine (paraprotein-biosynthesis) and \(^{18}\)F-FDG (glucose-utilization) for monitoring response to anti-myeloma-therapy and outcome prediction. Influence of proteasome-inhibition on radiotracer-uptake of different MM cell-lines and patient-derived CD138\(^{+}\) plasma cells was analyzed and related to tumor-biology. Mice xenotransplanted with MM. 1S tumors underwent MET- and FDG-\(\mu\)PET. Tumor-to-background ratios before and after 24 h, 8 and 15 days treatment with bortezomib were correlated to survival. Treatment reduced both MET and FDG uptake; changes in tracer-retention correlated with a switch from high to low CD138-expression. In xenotransplanted mice, MET-uptake significantly decreased by 30-79% as early as 24 h after bortezomib injection. No significant differences were detected thus early with FDG. This finding was confirmed in patient-derived MM cells. Importantly, early reduction of MET-but not FDG-uptake correlated with improved survival and reduced tumor burden in mice. Our results suggest that MET is superior to FDG in very early assessment of response to anti-myeloma-therapy. Early changes in MET-uptake have predictive potential regarding response and survival. MET-PET holds promise to individualize therapies in MM in future.
\(^{11}\)C-methionine-PET in multiple myeloma: a combined study from two different institutions
(2017)
\(^{11}\)C-methionine (MET) has recently emerged as an accurate marker of tumor burden and disease activity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This dual-center study aimed at further corroboration of the superiority of MET as positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for staging and re-staging MM, as compared to \(^{18}\)F-2`-deoxy-2`-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG).
78 patients with a history of solitary plasmacytoma (n=4), smoldering MM (SMM, n=5), and symptomatic MM (n=69) underwent both MET- and FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) at the University Centers of Würzburg, Germany and Navarra, Spain. Scans were compared on a patient and on a lesion basis. Inter-reader agreement was also evaluated. In 2 patients, tumor biopsies for verification of discordant imaging results were available.
MET-PET detected focal lesions (FL) in 59/78 subjects (75.6%), whereas FDG-PET/CT showed lesions in only 47 patients (60.3%; p<0.01), accordingly disease activity would have been missed in 12 patients. Directed biopsies of discordant results confirmed MET-PET/CT results in both cases.
MET depicted more FL in 44 patients (56.4%; p<0.01), whereas in two patients (2/78), FDG proved superior. In the remainder (41.0%, 32/78), both tracers yielded comparable results. Inter-reader agreement for MET was higher than for FDG (κ = 0.82 vs κ = 0.72).
This study demonstrates higher sensitivity of MET in comparison to standard FDG to detect intra- and extramedullary MM including histologic evidence of FDG-negative, viable disease exclusively detectable by MET-PET/CT. MET holds the potential to replace FDG as functional imaging standard for staging and re-staging of MM.
Das Multiple Myelom ist eine hämatologische Erkrankung, die durch die Proliferation von Plasmazellen und die Produktion von Antikörpern oder deren Leichtketten gekennzeichnet ist. Eine frühe Diagnosestellung durch Detektion sowohl intra- als auch extramedullärer Manifestationen ist für die Einleitung einer effektiven Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Ebenso bedeutsam ist ein wirksames Therapiemonitoring. Wichtige diagnostische Modalitäten sind bei beiden Fragestellungen tomografische, bildgebende Verfahren. Hierbei wurde die Effektivität der 18F-FDG-PET/CT im Rahmen der Diagnose, des Stagings und der Prognoseabschätzung bereits nachgewiesen. Dennoch ist ihr klinischer Nutzen durch die geringe Sensitivität bei Detektion von diffusem Knochenmarksbefall und Vorliegen sowohl falsch positiver als auch falsch negativer Befunde limitiert.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat untersucht, ob der aminosäurebasierte Tracer 11C-MET über spezifische Eigenschaften verfügt, die eine höhere Sensitivität und Spezifität in der Detektion von Myelomzellen ermöglichen und ob der Radioligand dem etablierten Glukoseanalogon 18F-FDG überlegen ist. Hierfür wurden drei etablierte humane Myelomzelllinien, sowohl nativ als auch nach 48-stündiger Therapie mit dem Proteasominhibitor Carfilzomib, mit 18F-FDG und 11C-MET inkubiert und mithilfe eines Gammastrahlungszählers beurteilt. Zudem wurde untersucht, ob die Traceraufnahme mit spezifischen Charakteristika der Tumorbiologie korreliert. So wurde die Oberflächenexpression von CD138 und CXCR4, die intrazelluläre Expression der Leichtketten κ/λ und die Proliferation der Zelllinien mittels Durchflusszytometrie vor und nach Behandlung mit Carfilzomib eruiert.
Die unbehandelten Zellen zeigten, verglichen zu 18F-FDG, bereits nach kürzester Inkubationsdauer eine 3-3,5-fach höhere 11C-MET Retention. Weiterhin zeigte sich die 11C-MET-Aufnahme nach Behandlung aller Zellreihen insgesamt marginal höher als die 18F-FDG-Aufnahme, während die Reduktion der 11C-MET-Anreicherung im prä- zu posttherapeutischen Vergleich für alle drei Zelllinien signifikant war.
Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese Beobachtungen liefert die Myelombiologie: eine erhöhte Aufnahme der radioaktiv markierten Aminosäure durch MM-Zellen könnte durch eine Zunahme der Zellproliferation und insbesondere durch eine Steigerung der Proteinsynthese im Rahmen der überschießenden Produktion von M-Protein bedingt sein. In Zusammenschau könnte 11C-MET mit höherer Sensitivität Myelommanifestationen detektieren, wodurch ggf. Läsionen mit geringem Metabolismus dargestellt und eine bessere Beurteilung des Krankheitspogresses erfolgen könnte. Zudem bietet für den klinischen Einsatz die – verglichen zu 18F-FDG – größere Differenz der 11C-MET-Retention zwischen prä- und posttherapeutischer Messung die Möglichkeit einer besseren Beurteilbarkeit des Therapieansprechens. 11C-MET birgt ggf. das Potential auch minimale aktive Restherde zu detektieren und damit Patienten einem individualisierten Therapiekonzept zuzuführen.
Ein Zusammenhang zwischen den untersuchten Biomarkern und der 11C-MET Retention bzw. deren Abnahme nach Behandlung konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Somit sollten für 11C-MET andere Biomarker herangezogen werden, um diese mit der Bildgebung zu korrelieren und zu bewerten.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a key factor for tumor growth and metastasis in several types of human cancer including multiple myeloma (MM). Proof-of-concept of CXCR4-directed radionuclide therapy in MM has recently been reported. This study assessed the diagnostic performance of the CXCR4-directed radiotracer [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor in MM and a potential role for stratifying patients to CXCR4-directed therapies.
Thirty-five patients with MM underwent [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET/CT for evaluation of eligibility for endoradiotherapy. In 19/35 cases, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET/CT for correlation was available. Scans were compared on a patient and on a lesion basis. Tracer uptake was correlated with standard clinical parameters of disease activity.
[\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected CXCR4-positive disease in 23/35 subjects (66%). CXCR4-positivity at PET was independent from myeloma subtypes, cytogenetics or any serological parameters and turned out as a negative prognostic factor. In the 19 patients in whom a comparison to [\(^{18}\)F]FDG was available, [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET detected more lesions in 4/19 (21%) subjects, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG proved superior in 7/19 (37%). In the remaining 8/19 (42%) patients, both tracers detected an equal number of lesions. [\(^{18}\)F]FDG-PET positivity correlated with [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET positivity (p=0.018).
[\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-PET provides further evidence that CXCR4 expression frequently occurs in advanced multiple myeloma, representing a negative prognostic factor and a potential target for myeloma specific treatment. However, selecting patients for CXCR4 directed therapies and prognostic stratification seem to be more relevant clinical applications for this novel imaging modality, rather than diagnostic imaging of myeloma.
We have recently demonstrated CXCR4 overexpression in vestibular schwannomas (VS). This study investigated the feasibility of CXCR4-directed positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of VS using the radiolabeled chemokine ligand [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor.
Methods: 4 patients with 6 primarily diagnosed or pre-treated/observed VS were enrolled. All subjects underwent [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT prior to surgical resection. Images were analyzed visually and semi-quantitatively for CXCR4 expression including calculation of tumor-to-background ratios (TBR). Immunohistochemistry served as standard of reference in three patients.
Results: [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT was visually positive in all cases. SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) were 3.0 ± 0.3 and 3.8 ± 0.4 and TBR\(_{mean}\) and TBR\(_{max}\) were 4.0 ± 1.4 and 5.0 ± 1.7, respectively. Histological analysis confirmed CXCR4 expression in tumors.
Conclusion: Non-invasive imaging of CXCR4 expression using [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT of VS is feasible and could prove useful for in vivo assessment of CXCR4 expression.