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Magnetic resonance imaging is derogated by the presence of metal implants and image quality is impaired. Artifacts are categorized according to their sources, the differences in susceptibility between metal and tissue and the modulation of the magnetic radiofrequency (RF) transmit field. Generally, these artifacts are intensified at higher field strength. The purpose of this work is to analyze the efficiency of current methods used for metal artifact reduction at 3T and to investigate improvements. The impact of high-bandwidth RF pulses on susceptibility-induced artifacts is tested. In addition, the benefit of a two-channel transmit system with respect to shading close to total hip replacements and other elongated metal structures in parallel to the magnetic field is analyzed.
Local transmit/receive coils feature a higher peak B1 amplitude than conventional body coils and thus enable high-bandwidth RF pulses. Susceptibility-induced through-plane distortion relates reciprocally to the RF bandwidth, which is evaluated in vitro for a total knee arthroplasty. Clinically relevant sequences (TSE and SEMAC) with conventional and high RF pulse bandwidths and different contrasts are tested on eight patients with different types of knee implants. Distortion is rated by two radiologists. An additional analysis assesses the capability of a local spine transmit coil. Furthermore, B1 effects close to elongated metal structures are described by an analytical model comprising a water cylinder and a metal rod, which is verified numerically and experimentally. The dependence of the optimal polarization of the transmit B1 field, creating minimum shading, on the position of the metal is analyzed. In addition, the optimal polarization is determined for two patients; its benefit compared to circular polarization is assessed.
Phantom experiments confirm the relation of the RF bandwidth and the through-plane distortion, which can be reduced by up to 79% by exploitation of a commercial local transmit/receive knee coil at 3T. On average, artifacts are rated “hardly visible” for patients with joint arthroplasties, when high-bandwidth RF pulses and SEMAC are used, and for patients with titanium fixtures, when high-bandwidth RF pulses are used in combination with TSE. The benefits of the local spine transmit coil are less compared to the knee coil, but enable a bandwidth 3.9 times as high as the body coil. The modulation of B1 due to metal is approximated well by the model presented and the position of the metal has strong influence on this effect. The optimal polarization can mitigate shading substantially.
In conclusion, through-plane distortion and related artifacts can be reduced significantly by the application of high-bandwidth RF pulses by local transmit coils at 3T. Parallel transmission offers an option to substantially reduce shading close to long metal structures aligned with the magnetic field. Effective techniques dedicated for metal implant imaging at 3T are introduced in this work.
Im Jahr 2017, 13 Jahre nachdem das ICMJE die prospektive Protokollregistrierung zur Notwendigkeit für zuverlässige klinische Studien erklärt hat, ist die Häufigkeit und Qualität der Studienregistrierung im Bereich der PONV-Forschung sehr gering. Für nur ein Fünftel der seit dem Jahr 2004 publizierten klinischen Studien, die in den 2020 veröffentlichten PONV Cochrane Review aufgenommen wurden, wurden Studienprotokolle registriert. Von diesen waren fast zwei Drittel retrospektiv registriert. Schlussendlich konnten weniger als 50% der prospektiv registrierten Studien als frei von Bias bei der selektiven Endpunktberichterstattung identifiziert werden. Dies ist ein alarmierendes Defizit. Diese Arbeit zeigt auch, dass registrierte Studien im Allgemeinen häufiger mit einem niedrigen Gesamtbiasrisiko beurteilt wurden. Dies legt die Studienregistrierung als Qualitätskriterium für RCTs in der klinischen PONV-Forschung nahe. Bias durch selektive Endpunktberichterstattung verringert die Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Studienergebnissen. Wissenschaftler*innen und Kliniker*innen sollten sich darüber im Klaren sein, dass nur die Adhärenz bezüglich einer adäquaten Protokollregistrierung und die transparente Berichterstattung über vordefinierte Endpunkte, unabhängig von Richtung und Bedeutung deren Ergebnisse, letztlich die Evidenz der PONV-Forschung in der Zukunft stärken kann.