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In der Diagnostik der KHK und für die richtige Therapieentscheidung ist die myokardiale Perfusion von besonderem Interesse. Die verminderte Mikrozirkulation als funktionelle Folge einer Stenose korreliert mit den Beschwerden und der Prognose für einen Patienten mit KHK besser als die Morphologie der Stenose selbst. In der koronaren Angiographie wird die vaskuläre Situation der Herzkranzgefäße beurteilt und in Stenosegrade eingeteilt. Die Stenosen bedingen aber häufig nicht die entsprechende myokardiale Minderdurchblutung, so dass oft zusätzliche Untersuchungen der Ischämiediagnostik wie beispielsweise die Myokardszintigraphie oder die Stressechokardiographie erforderlich sind. Die MR-Perfusionsmessung kann bereits zur KHK-Primärdiagnostik eingesetzt werden. Die Bestimmung der hämodynamischen Relevanz einer Stenose und der Nachweis einer mikrovaskulärern Obstruktion nach Infarkt und die Therapiekontrolle nach Revaskularisierung ist möglich. Hier könnte in Zukunft die quantitative MR Perfusionsmessung den Vergleich von MR Perfusionsmessungen mit anderen Modalitäten erleichtern. Die Magnetresonanztomographie für die Bestimmung der Herzperfusion wird zunehmend in der Klinik angewendet. Die Auswertung erfolgt in der Regel nicht quantitativ, sondern rein visuell. Die quantitative Bestimmung der myokardialen Perfusion mittels MRT ist Gegenstand der aktuellen Forschung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die von Köstler beschriebene Präbolus Technik eingesetzt, die quantitative Aussagen über die myokardiale Perfusion mit einer geringen Variabilität ermöglicht. Diese Untersuchungstechnik wurde bei herzgesunden Probanden getestet. Für die quantitativen Perfusionsuntersuchungen wurde das Myokard in allen Bildern manuell segmentiert (d.h. markiert). Anschließend wurden aus den segmentierten Bildern Konzentrations-Zeit-Kurven im Myokard und im linken Ventrikel bestimmt. Aus diesen Kurven wurden durch Entfaltung mit der arteriellen Inputfunktion zu einer Modellfunktion quantitative Werte für die Perfusion gemessen. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung verschiedener Aspekte der Auswerteverfahren in der Herzperfusionsdiagnostik, um die Auswertung optimieren zu können. Die Untersuchungen für die quantitative Bestimmung der Myokardperfusion erfolgten mittels Präbolus-Technik und einer Multislice SSFP-Sequenz. Zur Bestimmung einer optimierten Segmentation des Myokards bei der quantitativen Bestimmung der Herzperfusion in der MRT ist es möglich, die tatsächlichen Myokardgrenzen zu verwenden, wenn eine Kontaminationskorrektur eingesetzt wird. Dabei wird das Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert und die Variabilität der Perfusionswerte vermindert. Die subendokardiale und subepikardiale Perfusion können bestimmt werden. Die Untersuchung der Perfusion der subendo- und subepikardialen Schicht des menschlichen Herzens zeigte bei den untersuchten gesunden Probanden eine höhere Perfusion der subendokardialen Anteile. Künftig könnten auch in der klinischen Routine subendo- und subepikardiale Schichten getrennt ausgewertet werden, um somit eine Differenzierung eines Perfusionsdefizites zu ermöglichen. Ziel ist es, auch kleine Durchblutungsstörungen oder eine Minderdurchblutung nur der inneren Schichten des Herzmuskels quantitativ nachzuweisen. Hierzu müssen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie mit Ergebnissen von Patienten verglichen werden. Werden die Werte von quantitativen Perfusionsauswertungen mit einer Fermi- oder Exponentialfunktion ausgewertet, zeigt sich ein linearer Zusammenhang der Ergebnisse, die ineinander umgerechnet werden können. Beide Modellfunktionen sind somit für die Auswertung der Herzperfusionsuntersuchung einsetzbar. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass es durch die Entfaltung der Konzentrations-Zeit-Kurven möglich ist, die myokardiale Perfusion bei gesunden Probanden korrekt zu messen, auch wenn nur die Bilder jedes n-ten Herzschlages berücksichtigt werden. Patientenstudien müssen zeigen, ob dies auch für minderperfundierte Areale zutrifft und ob diese eindeutig determiniert werden können. Die Interobservervariabilität liegt in der Größenordung der Streuung der Flusswerte bei gesunden Probanden. Die Beurteilbarkeit unterschiedlicher Regionen des Herzens hinsichtlich der Mikrozirkulation und der daraus abzuleitenden therapeutischen Konsequenzen sind das primäre Ziel. Mit der quantitativen MR-Herz-Perfusionsmessung soll ein validiertes diagnostisches Instrumentarium für die Bestimmung der Herzdurchblutung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Optimierung der Auswertung der Herzperfusion und hilft damit den Stellenwert der MR-Herzperfusionsmessung zu verbessern. Die MRT könnte auf Grund der hohen räumlichen Auflösung und der Möglichkeit der Quantifizierung in Zukunft zum Goldstandard bei Herzperfusionsuntersuchungen werden
Vaccinia virus plays an important role in human medicine and molecular biology ever since the 18th century after E. Jenner discovered its value as a vaccination virus against smallpox. After the successful eradication of smallpox, vaccinia virus, apart from its use as a vaccine carrier, is today mainly used as a viral vector in molecular biology and increasingly in cancer therapy. The capability to specifically target and destroy cancer cells makes it a perfect agent for oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, the virus can easily be modified by inserting genes encoding therapeutic or diagnostic proteins to be expressed within the tumor. The emphasis in this study was the diagnosis of tumors using different vaccinia virus strains. Viruses with metal-accumulating capabilities for tumor detection via MRI technology were generated and tested for their usefulness in cell culture and in vivo. The virus strains GLV-1h131, GLV-1h132, and GLV-1h133 carry the gene encoding the two subunits of the iron storage protein ferritin under the control of three different promoters. GLV-1h110, GLV-1h111, and GLV-1h112 encode the bacterial iron storage protein bacterioferritin, whereas GLV-1h113 encodes the codon-optimized version of bacterioferritin for more efficient expression in human cells. GLV-1h22 contains the transferrin receptor gene, which plays an important role in iron uptake, and GLV-1h114 and GLV-1h115 contain the murine transferrin receptor gene. For possibly better iron uptake the virus strains GLV-1h154, GLV-1h155, GLV-1h156, and GLV-1h157 were generated, each with a version of a ferritin gene and a transferrin receptor gene. GLV-1h154 carries the genes that encode bacterioferritin and human transferrin receptor, GLV-1h155 the human ferritin H-chain gene and the human transferrin receptor gene. GLV-1h156 and GLV-1h157 infected cells both express the mouse transferrin receptor and bacterioferritin or human ferritin H-chain, respectively. The virus strains GLV-1h186 and GLV-1h187 were generated to contain a mutated form of the ferritin light chain, which was shown to result in iron overload and the wildtype light chain gene, respectively. The gene encoding the Divalent Metal Transporter 1, which is a major protein in the uptake of iron, was inserted in the virus strain GLV-1h102. The virus strain GLV-1h184 contains the magA gene of the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, which produces magnetic nanoparticles for orientation in the earth’s magnetic field. Initially the infection and replication capability of all the virus strains were analyzed and compared to that of the parental virus strain GLV-1h68, revealing that all the viruses were able to infect cells of the human cancer cell lines A549 and GI-101A. All constructs exhibited a course of infection comparable to that of GLV-1h68. Next, to investigate the expression of the foreign proteins in GI-101A and A549 cells with protein analytical methods, SDS-gelelectrophoresis, Western blots and ELISAs were performed. The proteins, which were expressed under the control of the strong promoters, could be detected using these methods. To be able to successfully detect the protein expression of MagA and DMT1, which were expressed under the control of the weak promoter, the more sensitive method RT-PCR was used to at least confirm the transcription of the inserted genes. The determination of the iron content in infected GI-101A and A549 cells showed that infection with all used virus strains led to iron accumulation in comparison to uninfected cells, even infection with the parental virus strain GLV-1h68. The synthetic phytochelatin EC20 was also shown to enhance the accumulation of different heavy metals in bacterial cultures. In vivo experiments with A549 tumor-bearing athymic nude mice revealed that 24 days post infection virus particles were found mainly in the tumor. The virus-mediated expression of recombinant proteins in the tumors was detected successfully by Western blot. Iron accumulation in tumor lysates was investigated by using the ferrozine assay and led to the result that GLV-1h68-infected tumors had the highest iron content. Histological stainings confirmed the finding that iron accumulation was not a direct result of the insertion of genes encoding iron-accumulating proteins in the virus genome. Furthermore virus-injected tumorous mice were analyzed using MRI technology. Two different measurements were performed, the first scan being done with a seven Tesla small animal scanner seven days post infection whereas the second scan was performed using a three Tesla human scanner 21 days after virus injection. Tumors of mice injected with the virus strains GLV-1h113 and GLV-1h184 were shown to exhibit shortened T2 and T2* relaxation times, which indicates enhanced iron accumulation. In conclusion, the experiments in this study suggest that the bacterioferritin-encoding virus strain GLV-1h113 and the magA-encoding virus strain GLV-1h184 are promising candidates to be used for cancer imaging after further analyzation and optimization.
Background
A new thromboembolic animal model showed beneficial effects of t-PA with an infarct volume reduction of 36.8% in swiss mice. Because knock-out animal experiments for stroke frequently used C57BL76 mice we evaluated t-PA effects in this mouse strain and measured infarct volume and vascular recanalisation in-vivo by using high-field 9.4 T MRI and a 1H surface cryo coil.
Methods
Clot formation was triggered by microinjection of murine thrombin into the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Animals (n = 28) were treated with 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or no tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) 40 min after MCA occlusion. For MR-imaging a Bruker 9.4 T animal system with a 1H surface cryo probe was used and a T2-weighted RARE sequence, a diffusion weighted multishot EPI sequence and a 3D flow-compensated gradient echo TOF angiography were performed.
Results
The infarct volume in animals treated with t-PA was significantly reduced (0.67 ± 1.38 mm3 for 10 mg/kg and 10.9 ± 8.79 mm3 for 5 mg/kg vs. 19.76 ± 2.72 mm3 ; p < 0.001) compared to untreated mice. An additional group was reperfused with t-PA inside the MRI. Already ten minutes after beginning of t-PA treatment, reperfusion flow was re-established in the right MCA. However, signal intensity was lower than in the contralateral MCA. This reduction in cerebral blood flow was attenuated during the first 60 minutes after reperfusion. 24 h after MCA occlusion and reperfusion, no difference in signal intensity of the contralateral and ipsilateral MCAs was observed.
Conclusions
We confirm a t-Pa effect using this stroke model in the C57BL76 mouse strain and demonstrate a chronological sequence MRI imaging after t-PA using a 1H surface cryo coil in a 9.4 T MRI. This setting will allow testing of new thrombolytic strategies for stroke treatment in-vivo in C57BL76 knock-out mice.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides a highly flexible platform for non invasive analysis and imaging biological samples, since the manipulation of nuclear spin allows the tailoring of experiments to maximize the informativeness of the data. MRI is capable of visualizing a holistic picture of the lipid storage in living plant/seed. This review has sought to explain how the technology can be used to acquire functional and physiological data from plant samples, and how to exploit it to characterize lipid deposition in vivo. At the same time, we have referred to the current limitations of NMR technology as applied to plants, and in particular of the difficulty of transferring methodologies optimized for animal/medical subjects to plant ones. A forward look into likely developments in the field is included, anticipating its key future role in the study of living plant.
Objectives. This study is aimed at investigating the impact of frame numbers in preclinical electrocardiogram- (ECG-) gated \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (\(^{18}\)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) on systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) parameters in rats. Methods. \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging using a dedicated small animal PET system with list mode data acquisition and continuous ECG recording was performed in diabetic and control rats. The list-mode data was sorted and reconstructed with different numbers of frames (4, 8, 12, and 16) per cardiac cycle into tomographic images. Using an automatic ventricular edge detection software, left ventricular (LV) functional parameters, including ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic (EDV), and end-systolic volume (ESV), were calculated. Diastolic variables (time to peak filling (TPF), first third mean filling rate (1/3 FR), and peak filling rate (PFR)) were also assessed. Results. Significant differences in multiple parameters were observed among the reconstructions with different frames per cardiac cycle. EDV significantly increased by numbers of frames (353.8 & PLUSMN; 57.7 mu l*, 380.8 & PLUSMN; 57.2 mu l*, 398.0 & PLUSMN; 63.1 mu l*, and 444.8 & PLUSMN; 75.3 mu l at 4, 8, 12, and 16 frames, respectively; *P < 0.0001 vs. 16 frames), while systolic (EF) and diastolic (TPF, 1/3 FR and PFR) parameters were not significantly different between 12 and 16 frames. In addition, significant differences between diabetic and control animals in 1/3 FR and PFR in 16 frames per cardiac cycle were observed (P < 0.005), but not for 4, 8, and 12 frames. Conclusions. Using ECG-gated PET in rats, measurements of cardiac function are significantly affected by the frames per cardiac cycle. Therefore, if you are going to compare those functional parameters, a consistent number of frames should be used.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases in paediatric populations. The high comorbidity of ADHD and OCD with each other, especially of ADHD in paediatric OCD, is well described. OCD and ADHD often follow a chronic course with persistent rates of at least 40–50 %. Family studies showed high heritability in ADHD and OCD, and some genetic findings showed similar variants for both disorders of the same pathogenetic mechanisms, whereas other genetic findings may differentiate between ADHD and OCD. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that partly similar executive functions are affected in both disorders. The deficits in the corresponding brain networks may be responsible for the perseverative, compulsive symptoms in OCD but also for the disinhibited and impulsive symptoms characterizing ADHD. This article reviews the current literature of neuroimaging, neurochemical circuitry, neuropsychological and genetic findings considering similarities as well as differences between OCD and ADHD.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden magnetische Kolloide auf der Basis von Eisenoxid-Nanopartikeln hergestellt, die eine erhöhte Verweildauer im Blutstrom aufweisen sollten. Die Hüllmoleküle bestehen aus zwei Teilen: Direkt an den Phosphor gebunden eine hydrophobe Alkylkette aus vier bis zehn CH2-Einheiten, und daran anschließend eine Methoxy-terminierte Polyethylenglykol (PEG)-Kette. Die PEG-Kette sollte sowohl die Hydrophilie der fertigen Partikel als auch den nötigen Schutz gegen Phagozytose gewährleisten. Diese speziellen Phosphonsäuren wurden dann dazu verwendet, Magnetit-Nanopartikel stabil einzuhüllen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese neuer heptadentater Liganden und deren Gd(III)- und Y(III)-Komplexen. Diese auf dem AAZTA-Grundgerüst basierenden Liganden sollten in 6-Position des Perhydro-1,4-diazepinrings über eine zusätzliche funktionelle Gruppe verfügen, wodurch eine kovalente Anbindung der entsprechenden Gd(III)-Komplexe an Makromoleküle, Polymere oder Peptide möglich wäre. Abschließend wurden die Protonen-Relaxivitäten der darge¬stellten Gd(III)-Komplexe bestimmt, und die Komplexe bezüglich ihrer Eignung als Kontrastmittel bei der MRI untersucht.
Acute ischemic cardiac injury predisposes one to cognitive impairment, dementia, and depression. Pathophysiologically, recent positron emission tomography data suggest astroglial activation after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). We analyzed peripheral surrogate markers of glial (and neuronal) damage serially within 12 months after the first ST-elevation MI (STEMI). Serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were quantified using ultra-sensitive molecular immunoassays. Sufficient biomaterial was available from 45 STEMI patients (aged 28 to 78 years, median 56 years, 11% female). The median (quartiles) of GFAP was 63.8 (47.0, 89.9) pg/mL and of NfL 10.6 (7.2, 14.8) pg/mL at study entry 0–4 days after STEMI. GFAP after STEMI increased in the first 3 months, with a median change of +7.8 (0.4, 19.4) pg/mL (p = 0.007). It remained elevated without further relevant increases after 6 months (+11.7 (0.6, 23.5) pg/mL; p = 0.015), and 12 months (+10.3 (1.5, 22.7) pg/mL; p = 0.010) compared to the baseline. Larger relative infarction size was associated with a higher increase in GFAP (ρ = 0.41; p = 0.009). In contrast, NfL remained unaltered in the course of one year. Our findings support the idea of central nervous system involvement after MI, with GFAP as a potential peripheral biomarker of chronic glial damage as one pathophysiologic pathway.
Background:
Fatty Degeneration (FD) of the rotator cuff muscles influences functional and anatomical outcome after rotator cuff repair. The MRI based estimation of fatty degeneration is the gold standard. There is some evidence that Ultrasound elastography (EUS) can detect local differences of tissue stiffness in muscles and tendons. Shear-wave elastography (SWE) was evaluated to determine the extent to which shear wave velocity was associated with measures of fatty degeneration. MRI-spectroscopic fat measurement was used as a reference to quantify the amount of fat in the muscle belly.
Methods:
Forty-two patients underwent SWE of the supraspinatus muscles at its thickest diameter. After ultrasound evaluation an MRI-spectroscopic fat measurement of the supraspinatus muscle was performed using the SPLASH-technique. A gel filled capsule was used to locate the measured area in the MRI. The values of shear wave velocity (SWV) measured with SWE and spectroscopic fat measurement were correlated statistically using Pearson’s correlation test.
Results:
Correlation of the fat amount measured with MRI-spectroscopy and the SWV measured with SWE was ρ =0.82. Spectroscopic measured fat ratio of the supraspinatus muscle ranged from 0% to 77.41% and SWV from 1.59 m/s to 5.32 m/s. In 4 patients no sufficient SWE could be performed, these individuals showed a larger diameter of the overlying soft tissue. SWV measured with SWE showed a good correlation with MRI spectroscopic fat amount of the supraspinatus muscle.
Conclusion:
These preliminary data suggest that SWE may be a sufficient tool in detecting and estimating the amount of fatty degeneration in the supraspinatus muscle in real time. Large overlying soft tissue may be a limitation in performing sufficient EUS.