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- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie (14) (remove)
A comprehensive analysis of the molecular network of cellular factors establishing and maintaining pluripotency as well as self renewal of pluripotent stem cells is key for further progress in understanding basic stem cell biology. Nanog is necessary for the natural induction of pluripotency in early mammalian development but dispensable for both its maintenance and its artificial induction. To gain further insight into the molecular activity of Nanog, we analyzed the outcomes of Nanog gain-of-function in various cell models employing a recently developed biologically active recombinant cell-permeant protein, Nanog-TAT. We found that Nanog enhances the proliferation of both NIH 3T3 and primary fibroblast cells. Nanog transduction into primary fibroblasts results in suppression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. Investigation of cell cycle factors revealed that transient activation of Nanog correlates with consistent downregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27\(^{KIP1}\) (also known as CDKN1B). By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we confirmed bona fide Nanog-binding sites upstream of the p27\(^{KIP1}\) gene, establishing a direct link between physical occupancy and functional regulation. Our data demonstrates that Nanog enhances proliferation of fibroblasts through transcriptional regulation of cell cycle inhibitor p27 gene.
There is a largely divergent body of literature regarding the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and brain inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we tested MS patients during relapse (n = 11) and in remission (n = 19) in addition to n = 22 healthy controls to study the correlation between the EBV- and brain-specific B cell response in the blood by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was used as a control antigen tested in n = 16 MS patients during relapse and in n = 35 patients in remission. Over the course of the study, n = 16 patients were untreated, while n = 33 patients received immunomodulatory therapy. The data show that there was a moderate correlation between the frequencies of EBV- and brain-reactive B cells in MS patients in remission. In addition we could detect a correlation between the B cell response to EBV and disease activity. There was no evidence of an EBV reactivation. Interestingly, there was also a correlation between the frequencies of CMV- and brain-specific B cells in MS patients experiencing an acute relapse and an elevated B cell response to CMV was associated with higher disease activity. The trend remained when excluding seronegative subjects but was non-significant. These data underline that viral infections might impact the immunopathology of MS, but the exact link between the two entities remains subject of controversy.
B cell aggregates in the central nervous system (CNS) have been associated with rapid disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we demonstrate a key role of carcinoembryogenic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule1 (CEACAM1) in B cell aggregate formation in MS patients and a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. CEACAM1 expression was increased on peripheral blood B cells and CEACAM1\(^+\) B cells were present in brain infiltrates of MS patients. Administration of the anti-CEACAM1 antibody T84.1 was efficient in blocking aggregation of B cells derived from MS patients. Along these lines, application of the monoclonal anti-CEACAM1 antibody mCC1 was able to inhibit CNS B cell aggregate formation and significantly attenuated established MS-like disease in mice in the absence of any adverse effects. CEACAM1 was co-expressed with the regulator molecule T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain −3 (TIM-3) on B cells, a novel molecule that has recently been described to induce anergy in T cells. Interestingly, elevated coexpression on B cells coincided with an autoreactive T helper cell phenotype in MS patients. Overall, these data identify CEACAM1 as a clinically highly interesting target in MS pathogenesis and open new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of the disease.
Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist die häufigste neurologische Erkrankung, die bei jungen Erwachsenen zu dauerhaften körperlichen Einschränkungen führt. Ein Kennzeichen der MS sind zeitlich und örtlich disseminierte entzündliche Läsionen im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS). Die Läsionsart, die am häufigsten auftritt, ist u. a. durch Antikörperablagerungen charakterisiert. Die häufigste Verlaufsform der MS tritt in Schüben auf. Im Laufe der Erkrankung bilden sich die Symptome in der Mehrzahl der Patienten unvollständig zurück und es entwickelt sich ein chronischer Verlauf. Trotz intensiver Forschung ist die Ätiologie der MS bisher unbekannt Bis heute gibt es keine Biomarker, um den Therapieerfolg oder das Therapieversagen der MS-Basistherapeutika (Glatirameracetat und β-Interferon) zu bestimmen. Aktuelle Studien, bei denen B-Zellen depletiert wurden, zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion MS-typischer Läsionen und der Schubrate bei der schubförmigen MS. Man vermutet, dass autoreaktive B-Zellen vielfältige Aufgaben in der Pathogenese der MS übernehmen: sie produzieren Autoantikörper, präsentieren autoreaktiven T-Zellen Autoantigene und sezernieren Mediatoren, die zur Aktivierung anderer Immunzellen führen. Es ist noch unklar, welche B-Zell-Untergruppe bei der MS besondere Relevanz hat. Vor kurzem wurden B1-Zellen beim Menschen beschrieben. Eine Studie zeigte, dass die Anzahl der B1-Zellen in unbehandelten MS-Patienten signifikant erniedrigt war. Des Weiteren wurden im ZNS von chronisch erkrankten MS-Patienten B-Zell-Aggregate nachgewiesen. Diese B-Zell-Aggregate ähneln sekundären lymphatischen Organen und könnten zur Progredienz der Erkrankung beitragen. Eine ex vivo-Studie zeigte, dass die B-Zell-Aggregat-Bildung durch das Adhäsionsmolekül CEACAM1-(carcinoembryogenic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) vermittelt wird. Überdies ist die Koexpression von CEACAM1 und TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain containing-3) für immunerschöpfte und tolerante T-Zellen charakteristisch. Schließlich konnte unsere Arbeitsgruppe zeigen, dass ZNS-reaktive B-Zellen nur im Blut von Patienten mit einem klinisch isolierten Syndrom und MS-Patienten nachweisbar waren.
In meiner Studie habe ich den Einfluss von MS-Basistherapeutika und einer MS-Eskalationstherapie auf die B-Zell-Untergruppen untersucht. Dabei habe ich die naive B-Zell-, B-Gedächtniszell-, B1-Zell- und Plasmablasten-Zahl von gesunden Probanden sowie unbehandelten und behandelten MS-Patienten miteinander verglichen. Die B-Zell-Untergruppen wurden durchflusszytometrisch untersucht. Die B1-Zell-Zahl war bei behandelten und unbehandelten MS-Patienten signifikant erniedrigt. In einer weiteren Studie konnte ich zeigen, dass die Anwesenheit von ZNS-reaktiven B-Zellen im Blut von glatirameracetat-behandelten MS-Patienten mit dem Therapieerfolg assoziiert war. Die ZNS-reaktiven B-Zellen wurden durch einen ZNS-Lysat-ELISPOT detektiert. Schließlich habe ich in einer dritten Studie die Expression von CEACAM1 und TIM-3 auf B-Zellen bei natalizumab-behandelten MS-Patienten durchflusszytometrisch untersucht. Im Vergleich zu gesunden Probanden zeigte sich, dass im Blut der MS-Patienten die CEACAM1+- und die CEACAM1\(^+\)TIM-3\(^+\)-B-Zell-Zahl signifikant erhöht war. Im Gegensatz dazu waren CEACAM1\(^+\)TIM-3\(^+\)-T-Helferzellen signifikant erniedrigt in behandelten MS-Patienten.
Meine Arbeit belegt, dass die B1-Zell-Population unabhängig von der MS-Therapie in MS-Patienten erniedrigt ist. Ungeklärt bleibt, ob diese Erniedrigung eine Folge oder eine Ursache der Erkrankung ist. B1-Zellen sind die Quelle von natürlichen Antikörpern in Mensch und Tier. Sie haben protektive Eigenschaften und sind bei der B-Zell-Toleranzinduktion beteiligt. Die protektiven Funktionen der natürlichen Antikörper könnten durch die Erniedrigung der B1-Zell-Zahl ausbleiben. Zusätzlich waren B-Zellen mit einem immunerschöpften Phänotyp im Blut von MS-Patienten erhöht. Trotz Stimulation konnte kein Phänotyp bei T-Helferzellen induziert werden, der für tolerante und immunerschöpfte T-Zellen beschrieben worden ist. In zukünftigen Studien sollte man die B1-Zell-Zahl und die CEACAM1\(^+\)TIM-3\(^+\)-B- und -T-Zell-Zahl bei Patienten mit einem klinisch isolierten Syndrom im Liquor und im Blut untersuchen. Damit könnte man feststellen, ob B1-Zellen aus der Peripherie bei MS-Patienten in das ZNS migrieren. Die Anwesenheit ZNS-reaktiver B-Zellen im Blut von behandelten MS-Patienten zeigte sich in meiner Arbeit als ein Marker, um den Therapieerfolg zu dokumentieren. Eine weiterführende Querschnittstudie (COPSELECT) wird ZNS-reaktive B-Zellen mittels ZNS-Lysat-ELISPOT als zukünftige Therapie-Biomarker ausführlicher untersuchen. MS-Biomarker wären für den einzelnen Betroffenen von großer Bedeutung und hätten ebenfalls gesundheitsökonomisch eine hohe Relevanz.
Synapse-associated protein 1 (Syap1/BSTA) is the mammalian homologue of Sap47 (synapse-associated protein of 47 kDa) in Drosophila. Sap47 null mutant larvae show reduced short-term synaptic plasticity and a defect in associative behavioral plasticity. In cultured adipocytes, Syap1 functions as part of a complex that phosphorylates protein kinase B alpha/Akt1 (Akt1) at Ser\(^{473}\) and promotes differentiation. The role of Syap1 in the vertebrate nervous system is unknown. Here, we generated a Syap1 knock-out mouse and show that lack of Syap1 is compatible with viability and fertility. Adult knock-out mice show no overt defects in brain morphology. In wild-type brain, Syap1 is found widely distributed in synaptic neuropil, notably in regions rich in glutamatergic synapses, but also in perinuclear structures associated with the Golgi apparatus of specific groups of neuronal cell bodies. In cultured motoneurons, Syap1 is located in axons and growth cones and is enriched in a perinuclear region partially overlapping with Golgi markers. We studied in detail the influence of Syap1 knockdown and knockout on structure and development of these cells. Importantly, Syap1 knockout does not affect motoneuron survival or axon growth. Unexpectedly, neither knockdown nor knockout of Syap1 in cultured motoneurons is associated with reduced Ser\(^{473}\) or Thr\(^{308}\) phosphorylation of Akt. Our findings demonstrate a widespread expression of Syap1 in the mouse central nervous system with regionally specific distribution patterns as illustrated in particular for olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
Functional and structural characterization of axonal opioid receptors as targets for analgesia
(2016)
Background
Opioids are the gold standard for the treatment of acute pain despite serious side effects in the central and enteric nervous system. µ-opioid receptors (MOPs) are expressed and functional at the terminals of sensory axons, when activated by exogenous or endogenous ligands. However, the presence and function of MOP along nociceptive axons remains controversial particularly in naïve animals. Here, we characterized axonal MOPs by immunofluorescence, ultrastructural, and functional analyses. Furthermore, we evaluated hypertonic saline as a possible enhancer of opioid receptor function.
Results
Comparative immunolabeling showed that, among several tested antibodies, which all provided specific MOP detection in the rat central nervous system (CNS), only one monoclonal MOP-antibody yielded specificity and reproducibility for MOP detection in the rat peripheral nervous system including the sciatic nerve. Double immunolabeling documented that MOP immunoreactivity was confined to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) positive fibers and fiber bundles. Almost identical labeling and double labeling patterns were found using mcherry-immunolabeling on sciatic nerves of mice producing a MOP-mcherry fusion protein (MOP-mcherry knock-in mice). Preembedding immunogold electron microscopy on MOP-mcherry knock-in sciatic nerves indicated presence of MOP in cytoplasm and at membranes of unmyelinated axons. Application of [D-Ala\(^2\), N-MePhe\(^4\), Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) or fentanyl dose-dependently inhibited depolarization-induced CGRP release from rat sciatic nerve axons ex vivo, which was blocked by naloxone. When the lipophilic opioid fentanyl was applied perisciatically in naïve Wistar rats, mechanical nociceptive thresholds increased. Subthreshold doses of fentanyl or the hydrophilic opioid DAMGO were only effective if injected together with hypertonic saline. In vitro, using β-arrestin-2/MOP double-transfected human embryonic kidney cells, DAMGO as well as fentanyl lead to a recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to the membrane followed by a β-arrestin-2 reappearance in the cytosol and MOP internalization. Pretreatment with hypertonic saline prevented MOP internalization.
Conclusion
MOPs are present and functional in the axonal membrane from naïve animals. Hypertonic saline acutely decreases ligand-induced internalization of MOP and thereby might improve MOP function. Further studies should explore potential clinical applications of opioids together with enhancers for regional analgesia.
Background
The key for successful delivery in minimally-invasive hip replacement lies in the exact knowledge about the surgical anatomy. The minimally-invasive direct anterior approach to the hip joint makes it necessary to clearly identify the tensor fasciae latae muscle in order to enter the Hueter interval without damaging the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. However, due to the inherently restricted overview in minimally-invasive surgery, this can be difficult even for experienced surgeons.
Methods and Surgical Technique
In this technical note, we demonstrate for the first time how to use the tensor fasciae latae perforator as anatomical landmark to reliably identify the tensor fasciae latae muscle in orthopaedic surgery. Such perforators are used for flaps in plastic surgery as they are constant and can be found at the lateral third of the tensor fasciae latae muscle in a direct line from the anterior superior iliac spine.
Conclusion
As demonstrated in this article, a simple knowledge transfer between surgical disciplines can minimize the complication rate associated with minimally-invasive hip replacement.
Ficaria calthifolia (diploide Form, Typ1) wurde kürzlich nord-westlich des geschlossenen südosteuropäischen Verbreitungsgebiet auch in Deutschland gefunden, nämlich in Würzburg (2006) und an Elbedeichen in Brandenburg (2014) und Sachsen (2015). Ficaria calthifolia ist durch das Fehlen von verlängerten mehrgliedrigen Stängeln und die Abwesenheit von Brutknollen in den Blattachseln gekennzeichnet. Die 1–2 (3) Stängel von Ficaria calthifolia verbleiben überwiegend im Boden (hypogäisch), können aber im Laufe der Anthese aus dem Boden hervorwachsen. Die gestielten Laubblätter setzen sich aus Grundblättern und einer Rosette von bis zu 8 Stängelblättern pro Stängel zusammen. Letztere entspringen aus dem terminalen Stängelknoten (Stängelblatt-rosette). In Würzburg kommen zwei Populationen von Ficaria calthifolia vor, diploide Typ1-Pflanzen und triploide Typ2-Pflanzen. Letztere sind robuster, besitzen größere Blüten (bis 4 cm) und entwickeln nur vereinzelte reife Nüsschen. Pflanzen mit höherem Ploidiegrad (wahrscheinlich pentaploid, Typ3) wurden auch gefunden. Etwa 60% der 3 bis 8 Blütenstiele von Typ1-Pflanzen besitzt kein Stängelblatt, der Rest einen Knoten mit 1 bis 2 (3) Hochblättern. Die Zahl der Kronblätter beträgt 8 (vereinzelt 9), die durchschnittliche Zahl reifer, eiförmiger Nüsschen pro Fruchtstand beträgt 7 (Würzburg) / 14 (Elbe) (maximal 26). Aus vom Rhizom abgebrochenen und im Mai gepflanzten Speicherknollen keimten im Spätherbst desselben Jahrs neue Pflanzen. Der Jahreszyklus des Wurzelsystems wird beschrieben. Durch spontane Ablösungen einzelner Speicherknollen findet eine vegetative Vermehrung statt. Neben Nüsschen wären abgebrochene Speicherknollen für die Fernansiedlung der Sippe an Elbe (u.a. Verschleppung durch Hochwasser) und Main (Verschleppung durch Schiffe und andere Vektoren) ausreichend.
We demonstrated previously that phosphocholine and phosphocholine-modified macromolecules efficiently inhibit ATP-dependent release of interleukin-1β from human and murine monocytes by a mechanism involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Interleukin-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine of innate immunity that plays pivotal roles in host defence. Control of interleukin-1β release is vital as excessively high systemic levels cause life threatening inflammatory diseases. In spite of its structural similarity to acetylcholine, there are no other reports on interactions of phosphocholine with nAChR. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphocholine inhibits ion-channel function of ATP receptor P2X7 in monocytic cells via nAChR containing α9 and α10 subunits. In stark contrast to choline, phosphocholine does not evoke ion current responses in Xenopus laevis oocytes, which heterologously express functional homomeric nAChR composed of α9 subunits or heteromeric receptors containing α9 and α10 subunits. Preincubation of these oocytes with phosphocholine, however, attenuated choline-induced ion current changes, suggesting that phosphocholine may act as a silent agonist. We conclude that phophocholine activates immuno-modulatory nAChR expressed by monocytes but does not stimulate canonical ionotropic receptor functions.
In patients with low-risk breast cancer, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) during breast-conserving surgery is a novel and convenient treatment option for delivering a single high dose of irradiation directly to the tumour bed. However, edema and fibrosis can develop after surgery and radiotherapy, which can subsequently impair quality of life. TGF-β is a strong inducer of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA). TGF-β expression and HA metabolism can be modulated by irradiation experimentally, and are involved in edema and fibrosis. We therefore hypothesized that IORT may regulate these factors.Wound fluid (WF) draining from breast lumpectomy sites was collected and levels of TGF-β1 and HA were determined by ELISA. Proliferation and marker expression was analyzed in primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) treated with recombinant TGF-β or WF. Our results show that IORT does not change TGF-β1 or HA levels in wound fluid draining from breast lumpectomy sites, and does not lead to accumulation of sHA oligosaccharides. Nevertheless, concentrations of TGF-β1 were high in WF from patients regardless of IORT, at concentrations well above those associated with fibrosis and the suppression of LEC identity. Consistently, we found that TGF-β in WF is active and inhibits LEC proliferation. Furthermore, all three TGF-β isoforms inhibited LEC proliferation and suppressed LEC marker expression at pathophysiologically relevant concentrations.
Given that TGF-β contributes to edema and plays a role in the regulation of LEC identity, we suggest that inhibition of TGF-β directly after surgery might prevent the development of side effects such as edema and fibrosis.