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Institute
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz (DZHI) (152) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Clinical Trial Center (CTC) / Zentrale für Klinische Studien Würzburg (ZKSW) (2)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany (1)
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The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the rise of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology innovated the research platform for scientists based on living human pluripotent cells. The revolutionary combination of both Nobel Prize-honored techniques enables direct disease modeling especially for research focused on genetic diseases. To allow the study on mutation-associated pathomechanisms, we established robust human in vitro systems of three inherited cardiomyopathies: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), dilated cardiomyopathy with juvenile cataract (DCMJC) and dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA).
Sendai virus vectors encoding OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC were used to reprogram human healthy control or mutation-bearing dermal fibroblasts from patients to an embryonic state thereby allowing the robust and efficient generation of in total five transgene-free iPSC lines. The nucleofection-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery in healthy control iPSCs enabled precise and efficient genome editing by mutating the respective disease genes to create isogenic mutant control iPSCs. Here, a PKP2 knock-out and a DSG2 knock-out iPSC line were established to serve as a model of ACM. Moreover, a DNAJC19 C-terminal truncated variant (DNAJC19tv) was established to mimic a splice acceptor site mutation in DNAJC19 of two patients with the potential of recapitulating DCMA-associated phenotypes. In total eight self-generated iPSC lines were assessed matching internationally defined quality control criteria. The cells retained their ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro and maintained a stable karyotype. All iPSC lines exhibited a typical stem cell-like morphology as well as expression of characteristic pluripotency markers with high population purities, thus validating the further usage of all iPSC lines in in vitro systems of ACM, DCMA and DCMJC.
Furthermore, cardiac-specific disease mechanisms underlying DCMA were investigated using in vitro generated iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). DCMA is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by life threatening early onset cardiomyopathy associated with a metabolic syndrome. Causal mutations were identified in the DNAJC19 gene encoding an inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) protein with a presumed function in mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiolipin (CL) remodeling. In total, two DCMA patient-derived iPSC lines (DCMAP1, DCMAP2) of siblings with discordant cardiac phenotypes, a third isogenic mutant control iPSC line (DNAJC19tv) as well as two control lines (NC6M and NC47F) were directed towards the cardiovascular lineage upon response to extracellular specification cues. The monolayer cardiac differentiation approach was successfully adapted for all five iPSC lines and optimized towards ventricular subtype identity, higher population purities and enhanced maturity states to fulfill all DCMA-specific requirements prior to phenotypic investigations. To provide a solid basis for the study of DCMA, the combination of lactate-based metabolic enrichment, magnetic-activated cell sorting, mattress-based cultivation and prolonged cultivation time was performed in an approach-dependent manner. The application of the designated strategies was sufficient to ensure adult-like characteristics, which included at least 60-day-old iPSC-CMs. Therefore, the novel human DCMA platform was established to enable the study of the pathogenesis underlying DCMA with respect to structural, morphological and functional changes.
The disease-associated protein, DNAJC19, is constituent of the TIM23 import machinery and can directly interact with PHB2, a component of the membrane bound hetero-oligomeric prohibitin ring complexes that are crucial for phospholipid and protein clustering in the IMM. DNAJC19 mutations were predicted to cause a loss of the DnaJ interaction domain, which was confirmed by loss of full-length DNAJC19 protein in all mutant cell lines. The subcellular investigation of DNAJC19 demonstrated a nuclear restriction in mutant iPSC-CMs. The loss of DNAJC19 co-localization with mitochondrial structures was accompanied by enhanced fragmentation, an overall reduction of mitochondrial mass and smaller cardiomyocytes. Ultrastructural analysis yielded decreased mitochondria sizes and abnormal cristae providing a link to defects in mitochondrial biogenesis and CL remodeling. Preliminary data on CL profiles revealed longer acyl chains and a more unsaturated acyl chain composition highlighting abnormities in the phospholipid maturation in DCMA.
However, the assessment of mitochondrial function in iPSCs and dermal fibroblasts revealed an overall higher oxygen consumption that was even more enhanced in iPSC-CMs when comparing all three mutants to healthy controls. Excess oxygen consumption rates indicated a higher electron transport chain (ETC) activity to meet cellular ATP demands that probably result from proton leakage or the decoupling of the ETC complexes provoked by abnormal CL embedding in the IMM.
Moreover, in particular iPSC-CMs presented increased extracellular acidification rates that indicated a shift towards the utilization of other substrates than fatty acids, such as glucose, pyruvate or glutamine. The examination of metabolic features via double radioactive tracer uptakes (18F-FDG, 125I-BMIPP) displayed significantly decreased fatty acid uptake in all mutants that was accompanied by increased glucose uptake in one patient cell line only, underlining a highly dynamic preference of substrates between mutant iPSC-CMs.
To connect molecular changes directly to physiological processes, insights on calcium kinetics, contractility and arrhythmic potential were assessed and unraveled significantly increased beating frequencies, elevated diastolic calcium concentrations and a shared trend towards reduced cell shortenings in all mutant cell lines basally and upon isoproterenol stimulation. Extended speed of recovery was seen in all mutant iPSC-CMs but most striking in one patient-derived iPSC-CM model, that additionally showed significantly prolonged relaxation times. The investigations of calcium transient shapes pointed towards enhanced arrhythmic features in mutant cells comprised by both the occurrence of DADs/EADs and fibrillation-like events with discordant preferences.
Taken together, new insights into a novel in vitro model system of DCMA were gained to study a genetically determined cardiomyopathy in a patient-specific manner upon incorporation of an isogenic mutant control. Based on our results, we suggest that loss of full-length DNAJC19 impedes PHB2-complex stabilization within the IMM, thus hindering PHB-rings from building IMM-specific phospholipid clusters. These clusters are essential to enable normal CL remodeling during cristae morphogenesis. Disturbed cristae and mitochondrial fragmentation were observed and refer to an essential role of DNAJC19 in mitochondrial morphogenesis and biogenesis. Alterations in mitochondrial morphology are generally linked to reduced ATP yields and aberrant reactive oxygen species production thereby having fundamental downstream effects on the cardiomyocytes` functionality. DCMA-associated cellular dysfunctions were in particular manifested in excess oxygen consumption, altered substrate utilization and abnormal calcium kinetics. The summarized data highlight the usage of human iPSC-derived CMs as a powerful tool to recapitulate DCMA-associated phenotypes that offers an unique potential to identify therapeutic strategies in order to reverse the pathological process and to pave the way towards clinical applications for a personalized therapy of DCMA in the future.
Die Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA) ist maßgeblich an der Regulation der kardialen Na+ -Homöostase beteilligt. Im Myokard werden hauptsächlich zwei Isoformen exprimiert: die α1 (NKA-α1) und die α2-Isoform (NKA-α2). Diese beiden Isoformen unterscheiden sich sowohl in ihrer Lokalisation als auch in ihrer zellulären Funktion. So ist die NKA-α1 recht homogen entlang des Sarkolemms zu finden und ist verantwortlich für die Regulation der globalen intrazellulären Na+ -Konzentration ([Na+ ]i). Die NKA-α2 hingegen konzentriert sich hauptsächlich in den T-Tubuli und beeinflusst über Veränderung der lokalen [Na+ ]i die Ca2+ -Transienten und die Kontraktilität. Im Rahmen einer Herzinsuffizienz wurde eine verminderte Expression und Aktivität der NKA beobachtet. Gleichzeitig werden Inhibitoren der NKA, sogenannte Digitalisglykoside, in fortgeschrittenen Herzinsuffizienz-Stadien eingesetzt. Die Studienlage über den Einsatz dieser Therapeutika ist recht uneinheitlich und reicht von einer verringerten Hospitalisierung bis hin zu einer erhöhten Mortalität. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die Folgen einer NKA-α2 Aktivierung während einer Herzinsuffizienz mit Hilfe eines murinen Überexpressionsmodells zu analysieren. 11-Wochen alte Mäuse mit einer kardialen NKA-α2 Überexpression (NKA-α2) und Wildtyp (WT) Versuchstiere wurden einem 8-wöchigen Myokardinfarkt (MI) unterzogen. NKA-α2 Versuchstiere waren vor einem pathologischem Remodeling und einer kardialen Dysfunktion geschützt. NKA-α2 Kardiomyozyten zeigten eine erhöhte Na+ /Ca2+ -Austauscher (NCX) Aktivität, die zu niedrigeren diastolischen und systolischen Ca2+ -Spiegeln führte und einer Ca2+ -Desensitisierung der Myofibrillen entgegenwirkte. WT Versuchstiere zeigten nach chronischem MI eine sarkoplasmatische Ca2+ -Akkumulation, die in NKA-α2 Kardiomyozyten ausblieb. Gleichzeitig konnte in der NKA-α2 MI Kohorte im Vergleich zu den WT MI Versuchstieren eine erhöhte Expression von β1-adrenergen Rezeptoren (β1AR) beobachtet werden, die eine verbesserte Ansprechbarkeit gegenüber β-adrenergen Stimuli bewirkte. Zudem konnte in unbehandelten Versuchstieren eine Interaktion zwischen NKA-α2 und dem β1AR nachgewiesen werden, welche in der WT Kohorte größer ausfiel als in der NKA-α2 Versuchsgruppe. Gleichzeitig zeigten unbehandelte NKA-α2 Kardiomyozyten eine erhöhte Sensitivität gegenüber β-adrenerger Stimulation auf, welche nicht mit einer erhöhten Arrhythmie-Neigung oder vermehrten Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies einherging. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine NKA-α2 Überexpression vor pathologischem Remodeling und einer kardialen Funktionbeeinträchtigung schützt, indem eine systolische, diastolische und sarkoplasmatische Ca2+ -Akkumulation verhindert wird. Gleichzeitig wird die β1AR Expression stabilisert, wodurch es zu einer verminderten neurohumoralen Aktivierung und einer Durchbrechung des Circulus vitiosus kommen könnte. Insgesamt scheint eine Aktivierung der NKA-α2 durchaus ein vielversprechendes Target in der Herzinsuffizienz Therapie darzustellen.
Therapie darzustellen.
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and, so far, echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, and catheterization are the gold standard techniques used for its detection. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can replace the invasive imaging modalities and provide a "one-stop shop" characterization of the cardiovascular system by measuring myocardial tissue structure, function and perfusion of the heart, as well as anatomy of and flow in the coronary arteries. In contrast to standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, which are often operated at a field strength of 1.5 or 3 Tesla (T), a higher resolution and subsequent cardiac parameter quantification could potentially be achieved at ultra-high field, i.e., 7 T and above.
Unique insights into the pathophysiology of the heart are expected from ultra-high field MRI, which offers enhanced image quality in combination with novel contrast mechanisms, but suffers from spatio-temporal B0 magnetic field variations. Due to the resulting spatial misregistration and intra-voxel dephasing, these B0-field inhomogeneities generate a variety of undesired image artifacts, e.g., artificial image deformation. The resulting macroscopic field gradients lead to signal loss, because the effective transverse relaxation time T2* is shortened. This affects the accuracy of T2* measurements, which are essential for myocardial tissue characterization. When steady state free precession-based pulse sequences are employed for image acquisition, certain off-resonance frequencies cause signal voids. These banding artifacts complicate the proper marking of the myocardium and, subsequently, systematic errors in cardiac function measurements are inevitable. Clinical MR scanners are equipped with basic shim systems to correct for occurring B0-field inhomogeneities and resulting image artifacts, however, these are not sufficient for the advanced measurement techniques employed for ultra-high field MRI of the heart.
Therefore, this work focused on the development of advanced B0 shimming strategies for CMR imaging applications to correct the spatio-temporal B0 field variations present in the human heart at 7 T. A novel cardiac phase-specific shimming (CPSS) technique was set up, which featured a triggered B0 map acquisition, anatomy-matched selection of the shim-region-of-interest (SROI), and calibration-based B0 field modeling. The influence of technical limitations on the overall spherical harmonics (SH) shim was analyzed. Moreover, benefits as well as pitfalls of dynamic shimming were debated in this study. An advanced B0 shimming strategy was set up and applied in vivo, which was the first implementation of a heart-specific shimming approach in human UHF MRI at the time.
The spatial B0-field patterns which were measured in the heart throughout this study contained localized spots of strong inhomogeneities. They fluctuated over the cardiac cycle in both size and strength, and were ideally addressed using anatomy-matched SROIs. Creating a correcting magnetic field with one shim coil, however, generated eddy currents in the surrounding conducting structures and a resulting additional, unintended magnetic field. Taking these shim-to-shim interactions into account via calibration, it was demonstrated for the first time that the non-standard 3rd-order SH terms enhanced B0-field homogeneity in the human heart. However, they were attended by challenges for the shim system hardware employed in the presented work, which was indicated by the currents required to generate the optimal 3rd-order SH terms exceeding the dynamic range of the corresponding shim coils. To facilitate dynamic shimming updated over the cardiac cycle for cine imaging, the benefit of adjusting the oscillating CPSS currents was found to be vital. The first in vivo application of the novel advanced B0 shimming strategy mostly matched the simulations.
The presented technical developments are a basic requirement to quantitative and functional CMR imaging of the human heart at 7 T. They pave the way for numerous clinical studies about cardiac diseases, and continuative research on dedicated cardiac B0 shimming, e.g., adapted passive shimming and multi-coil technologies.
Highlights
• Loss of DNAJC19's DnaJ domain disrupts cardiac mitochondrial structure, leading to abnormal cristae formation in iPSC-CMs.
• Impaired mitochondrial structures lead to an increased mitochondrial respiration, ROS and an elevated membrane potential.
• Mutant iPSC-CMs show sarcomere dysfunction and a trend to more arrhythmias, resembling DCMA-associated cardiomyopathy.
Background
Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder arising from truncating mutations in DNAJC19, which encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Clinical features include an early onset, often life-threatening, cardiomyopathy associated with other metabolic features. Here, we aim to understand the metabolic and pathophysiological mechanisms of mutant DNAJC19 for the development of cardiomyopathy.
Methods
We generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) of two affected siblings with DCMA and a gene-edited truncation variant (tv) of DNAJC19 which all lack the conserved DnaJ interaction domain. The mutant iPSC-CMs and their respective control cells were subjected to various analyses, including assessments of morphology, metabolic function, and physiological consequences such as Ca\(^{2+}\) kinetics, contractility, and arrhythmic potential. Validation of respiration analysis was done in a gene-edited HeLa cell line (DNAJC19tv\(_{HeLa}\)).
Results
Structural analyses revealed mitochondrial fragmentation and abnormal cristae formation associated with an overall reduced mitochondrial protein expression in mutant iPSC-CMs. Morphological alterations were associated with higher oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in all three mutant iPSC-CMs, indicating higher electron transport chain activity to meet cellular ATP demands. Additionally, increased extracellular acidification rates suggested an increase in overall metabolic flux, while radioactive tracer uptake studies revealed decreased fatty acid uptake and utilization of glucose. Mutant iPSC-CMs also showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an elevated mitochondrial membrane potential. Increased mitochondrial respiration with pyruvate and malate as substrates was observed in mutant DNAJC19tv HeLa cells in addition to an upregulation of respiratory chain complexes, while cellular ATP-levels remain the same. Moreover, mitochondrial alterations were associated with increased beating frequencies, elevated diastolic Ca\(^{2+}\) concentrations, reduced sarcomere shortening and an increased beat-to-beat rate variability in mutant cell lines in response to β-adrenergic stimulation.
Conclusions
Loss of the DnaJ domain disturbs cardiac mitochondrial structure with abnormal cristae formation and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that DNAJC19 plays an essential role in mitochondrial morphogenesis and biogenesis. Moreover, increased mitochondrial respiration, altered substrate utilization, increased ROS production and abnormal Ca\(^{2+}\) kinetics provide insights into the pathogenesis of DCMA-related cardiomyopathy.
Barth Syndrome (BTHS) is an inherited X-chromosomal linked disorder, characterized by early development of cardiomyopathy, immune system defects, skeletal muscle myopathy and growth retardation. The disease displays a wide variety of symptoms including heart failure, exercise intolerance and fatigue due to the muscle weakness. The cause of the disease are mutations in the gene encoding for the mitochondrial transacylase Tafazzin (TAZ), which is important for remodeling of the phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). All mutations result in a pronounced decrease of the functional enzyme leading to an increase of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), the precursor of mature CL, and a decrease in mature CL itself. CL is a hallmark phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, highly enriched in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). It is not only important for the formation of the cristae structures, but also for the function of different protein complexes associated with the mitochondrial membrane. Reduced levels of mature CL cause remodeling of the respiratory chain supercomplexes, impaired respiration, defects in the Krebs cycle and a loss of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) protein. The defective Ca2+ handling causes impaired redox homeostasis and energy metabolism resulting in cellular arrhythmias and defective electrical conduction. In an uncompensated situation, blunting mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake provokes increased mitochondrial emission of H2O2 during workload transitions, related to oxidation of NADPH, which is required to regenerate anti-oxidative enzymes. However, in the hearts and cardiac myocytes of mice with a global knock-down of the Taz gene (Taz-KD), no increase in mitochondrial ROS was observed, suggesting that other metabolic pathways may have compensated for reduced Krebs cycle activation.
The healthy heart produces most of its energy by consuming fatty acids. In this study, the fatty acid uptake into mitochondria and their further degradation was investigated, which showed a switch of the metabolism in general in the Taz-KD mouse model. In vivo studies revealed an increase of glucose uptake into the heart and decreased fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Disturbed energy conversion resulted in activation of retrograde signaling pathways, implicating overall changes in the cell metabolism. Upregulated integrated stress response (ISR) was confirmed by increased levels of the downstream target, i.e., the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). A Tafazzin knockout mouse embryonal fibroblast cell model (TazKO) was used to inhibit the ISR using siRNA transfection or pharmaceutical inhibition. This verified the central role of
II
the ISR in regulating the metabolism in BTHS. Moreover, an increased metabolic flux into glutathione biosynthesis was observed, which supports redox homeostasis. In vivo PET-CT scans depicted elevated activity of the xCT system in the BTHS mouse heart, which transports essential amino acids for the biosynthesis of glutathione precursors. Furthermore, the stress induced signaling pathway also affected the glutamate metabolism, which fuels into the Krebs cycle via -ketoglutarate and therefore supports energy converting pathways. In summary, this thesis provides novel insights into the energy metabolism and redox homeostasis in Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy and its regulation by the integrated stress response, which plays a central role in the metabolic alterations. The aim of the thesis was to improve the understanding of these metabolic changes and to identify novel targets, which can provide new possibilities for therapeutic intervention in Barth syndrome.
Cardiovascular disease and the acute consequence of myocardial infarc- tion remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in all western societies. While much progress has been made in mitigating the acute, life-threatening ischemia caused by infarction, heart failure of the damaged my- ocardium remains prevalent. There is mounting evidence for the role of T cells in the healing process after myocardial infarction, but relevant autoantigens, which might trigger and regulate adaptive immune involvement have not been discov- ered in patients.
In this work, we discovered an autoantigenic epitope in the adrenergic receptor beta 1, which is highly expressed in the heart. This autoantigenic epitope causes a pro-inflammatory immune reaction in T cells isolated from pa- tients after myocardial infarction (MI) but not in control patients. This immune reaction was only observed in a subset of MI patients, which carry at least one allele of the HLA-DRB1*13 family. Interestingly, HLA-DRB1*13 was more com- monly expressed in patients in the MI group than in the control group.
Taken together, our data suggests antigen-specific priming of T cells in MI patients, which leads to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. The primed T cells react to a cardiac derived autoantigen ex vivo and are likely to exhibit a similar phenotype in vivo. This immune phenotype was only observed in a certain sub- set of patients sharing a common HLA-allele, which was more commonly ex- pressed in MI patients, suggesting a possible role as a risk factor for cardiovas- cular disease.
While our results are observational and do not have enough power to show strong clinical associations, our discoveries provide an essential tool to further our understanding of involvement of the immune system in cardiovascu- lar disease. We describe the first cardiac autoantigen in the clinical context of MI and provide an important basis for further translational and clinical research in cardiac autoimmunity.
Bei 5555 Patienten des Würzburger Zentrums für operative Medizin wurden Sterberisiken und assoziierte Faktoren nach Bypass- oder Aortenklappen-OP beschrieben. Eine Risikovorhersage war frühzeitig, sogar tageweise möglich, und nicht (wie bisher) mit Blick auf den 30. postoperativen Tag. Das stärkste Risiko ist ein fehlender Entlassungs-Sinusrhythmus, gefolgt von einer schweren präoperativen Einschränkung (ASA) und einem erhöhten Kreatinin, gefolgt vom kardiogenen anamnestischen Schock, vom zerebrovaskulären Ereignis, der Notwendigkeit von Frischplasma, von einer respiratorischen Insuffizienz, aber auch der Notwendigkeit mechanischer Kreislaufunterstützung. Hochprädiktiv war auch ein kürzlich stattgefundener Myokardinfarkt und eine Angina Pectoris in Ruhe. Liegen bis 4 dieser Ereignisse vor, so zeigt sich das Mortalitätsrisiko als statistisch normal (Verlauf der Grundgesamtheit): Es steigt je Woche nach OP um etwa 1% auf rund 5% nach 4 Wochen an. Bestehen 5 oder 6 Risiken, so erhöht sich das Sterberisiko deutlich: Es steigt um +10% je weitere Woche an und erreicht etwa 40% in der 4. postoperativen Woche. Ab 7 oder mehr erfüllte Risiken nimmt das Sterberisiko drastisch zu. Es erhöht sich um +20% je weitere Woche und kumuliert nach 3 Wochen auf rund 70%. Festzuhalten ist: Bis 4 Risiken ergibt sich je weitere Woche +1% Mortalitätsrisiko, ab 5 Risikofaktoren +10%, ab 7 und mehr Risikofaktoren finden sich je Woche nach der OP ein um +20% erhöhtes Sterberisiko. Diese Erkenntnisse wurden verwendet, um einen Risikoscore zu konstruieren. Die Einzelrisiken werden summiert, d.h. man betrachtet das Risiko als erfüllt oder nicht, und zählt. Das tageweise Risiko ist graphisch ablesbar und ist für die klinische Routine verwendbar, für Studien (Risikostratifizierung) oder für das präoperative Aufklärungsgespräch. Neu ist, dass dieser Score im klinischen Verlauf angepaßt werden kann, wenn neue Risikofaktoren auftreten hinzukommen oder Faktoren therapiebedingt wegfallen.
Herzinsuffizienz ist eines der häufigsten Krankheitsbilder, das trotz großer therapeutischer Fortschritte noch immer mit einer eingeschränkten Lebensqualität und schlechten Prognose einhergeht. Eine akute Dekompensation ist in Deutschland der häufigste Grund für einen Krankenhausaufenthalt, wobei sich die Prognose mit jeder Hospitalisierung zusätzlich verschlechtert.
Pathophysiologisch besteht ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen kardialer und renaler Funktion. Bei einer chronischen Herzinsuffizienz liegt häufig zusätzlich eine CKD vor und im Rahmen einer akuten kardialen Dekompensation kommt es häufig auch zu einer akuten Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion.
Das AHF-Register verfolgte als prospektive Kohortenstudie einen umfassenden Forschungsansatz: Ätiologie, klinische Merkmale und medizinische Bedürfnisse sowie Kosten und Prognose sollten bei Patient:innen während und nach Krankenhausaufenthalt aufgrund akuter Herzinsuffizienz untersucht werden.
Über ca. 6 Jahre wurden insgesamt 1000 Patient:innen eingeschlossen, die im Vergleich zu anderen AHF- Studienkollektiven älter waren, mehr Komorbiditäten aufwiesen und häufiger in die Gruppe der HFpEF fielen. Über drei Viertel der Patient:innen hatten eine vorbekannte chronische Herzinsuffizienz, nur bei ca. 22% erfolgte die Erstdiagnose einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz.
Ein WRF während der Indexhospitalisierung trat im untersuchten Kollektiv bei über einem Drittel der Patient:innen auf und damit häufiger als in vergleichbaren Studien (Inzidenz hier ca. 25%).
Dabei zeigten sich nur geringfügige Unterschiede zwischen der Definition eines WRF über einen absoluten Kreatinin-Anstieg (WRF-Crea) oder eine relative eGFR-Abnahme (WRF-GFR).
Als wichtige Risikofaktoren für ein WRF zeigten sich ein höheres Lebensalter, Komorbiditäten wie eine KHK oder CKD sowie die Höhe der Nierenfunktionswerte bei Aufnahme. Sowohl bei WRF-Crea als auch bei WRF-GFR kam es zu einer relevanten Verlängerung der Index-Hospitalisierungsdauer um jeweils drei Tage. Nur für WRF-Crea jedoch ließ sich ein 33% höheres 6-Monats-Rehospitalisierungsrisiko nachweisen, das aber in einer multivariablen Analyse nicht bestätigt werden konnte. Dagegen zeigten sich in multivariablen Modellen vor allem die Nierenfunktionsparameter selbst bei Aufnahme und Entlassung als starke Prädiktoren für eine erhöhte Mortalität und ein erhöhtes Rehospitalisierungsrisiko.
Wichtig erscheint im Hinblick auf die Prognose die Unterscheidung von Echtem WRF und Pseudo-WRF. Das Mortalitätsrisiko war bei Echtem WRF bis zu 4,4-fach, das Rehospitalisierungsrisiko bis zu 2,5-fach erhöht.
Ziel sollte sein, diese beiden pathophysiologisch und prognostisch unterschiedlichen Entitäten anhand von klinischen oder laborchemischen Markern sicher differenzieren zu können. Ein Konzept für die Betreuung von Patient:innen mit Echtem WRF, z. B. im Rahmen einer „Decongestion Stewardship“ (in Analogie zum Antibiotic Stewardship) mit engmaschigen Therapiekontrollen und -anpassungen könnte erarbeitet werden, um die Prognose dieser besonders gefährdeten Gruppe zu verbessern.
Die arrhythmogene Kardiomyopathie (ACM) ist eine Herzmuskelerkrankung, die durch den fett- und bindegewebigen Umbau von Herzmuskelgewebe charakterisiert ist. Klinisch treten häufig ventrikuläre Herzrhythmusstörungen auf, teilweise bis hin zum plötzlichen Herztod. ACM ist eine genetisch bedingte Erkrankung, die durch Mutationen in desmosomalen Proteinen, wie Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) und Desmoglein-2 (DSG2), entsteht. Die molekularen Mechanismen sind nur teilweise verstanden und aktuell gibt es keine spezifischen Therapiemöglichkeiten.
Ziel der Arbeit war es, die therapeutische Wirkung eines DSG2-spezifischen Tandem-Peptids (TP) durch desmosomale Stabilisierung an humanen Kardiomyozyten (KM) in einem ACM-Modell zu untersuchen. KM wurden aus humanen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (hiPS) einer PKP2-Knockout- (PKP2-KO), DSG2-Knockout- (DSG2-KO) und deren isogener Kontrollzelllinie differenziert. Zunächst wurden verschiedene Methoden der beschleunigten Zellreifung getestet. Dann wurden die PKP2- und DSG2-KO-KM anhand von intrazellulären Kalzium-Messungen und Arrhythmie-Analysen phänotypisch charakterisiert. Letztlich wurde die Wirkung des TPs, das an die DSG2 der geschwächten Zellbindungen von PKP2-KO-KM binden sollte, im Vergleich zu entsprechenden Kontrollen untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der Matrigel-Mattress-Kultivierung und einer Hormonbehandlung elektrisch stimulierbare hiPS-KM mit reifen Eigenschaften hergestellt werden konnten. Der Phänotyp der mutationstragenden PKP2-KO-KM und DSG2-KO-KM zeichnete sich durch erhöhte diastolische Kalzium-Konzentrationen und erniedrigte Kalzium-Amplituden sowie durch beschleunigte Kalzium-Kinetik im Sinne der Relaxationszeiten aus. Weiterhin war bei den PKP2-KO-KM die Häufigkeit der Arrhythmien erhöht, die unter beta-adrenerger Stimulation nachließen. Insgesamt konnte keine eindeutige Wirkung des TPs im ACM-Modell gezeigt werden. Das TP hatte nur auf die diastolischen Kalzium-Konzentrationen der PKP2-KO-KM einen therapeutischen Einfluss, allerdings auch auf DSG2-KO-KM, weshalb der Hinweis auf eine fehlende DSG2-Spezifität des TPs entstand.
Schlussfolgernd wurde bestätigt, dass sich reife hiPS-KM mit genetischen Veränderungen als Modell zur Untersuchung der Kalziumhomöostase und von Arrhythmien bei der ACM eignen. Sie können grundsätzlich zum Test von therapeutischen Anwendungen genutzt werden. Die Wirksamkeit und Spezifität des getesteten TPs sollte zukünftig weiter überprüft werden.
Frequenzabhängigkeit der IP3-induzierten Calciumregulation in murinen ventrikulären Kardiomyozyten
(2023)
In Kardiomyozyten ist Calcium (Ca2+) ein wichtiges Signalmolekül und eine präzise Regulation der Ca2+ Konzentration in den Zellkompartimenten erforderlich. Ca2+ wird Angiotensin II-induziert und vom Botenstoff IP3 vermittelt aus IP3 Rezeptoren des Sarkoplasmatischen Retikulum (SR) freigesetzt, was zur mitochondrialen Ca2+ Aufnahme führt. Diese Kommunikationswege zwischen SR und Mitochondrium sind u.a. bei der Herzinsuffizienz durch pathologische Umbauprozesse gestört. Zudem zirkulieren bei Herzinsuffizienz vermehrt Hormone wie AngII, welches u.a. die intrazelluläre IP3 Konzentration steigert und als Hypertrophie Signal wirkt. Dieser Arbeit geht die Vermutung voraus, dass eine gestörte mitochondriale Ca2+ Aufnahme durch Veränderung des nukleären Ca2+ Transienten die hypertrophe Genexpression beeinflussen kann. Es wurde an ventrikulären Kardiomyozyten von adulten Mäusen mit kardiospezifischem MCU Knock out oder MCU Wildtyp untersucht, wie sich Ca2+ Transienten in Zytosol und Nukleus bei AngII-Stimulation und Störung der mitochondrialen Ca2+ Aufnahme durch Blockade des mRyR1 oder des MCU verändern. Zum Vergleich wurde der Effekt des β adrenerg vermittelten, IP3 unabhängigen Ca2+ Anstiegs beobachtet. Zur Untersuchung der Frequenzabhängigkeit der Effekte wurde die elektrische Stimulation wurde variiert. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass sich die Blockade der mitochondrialen Ca2+ Aufnahme unterschiedlich auf den nukleären Ca2+ Transienten auswirkt: Bei AngII-Stimulation kam es in Folge der Blockade des mRyR1, nicht aber des MCU, zur Steigerung des nukleären Ca2+ Transienten. Dieser Effekt war bei 1 Hz Stimulationsfrequenz, nicht aber nach einer Steigerung auf 4 Hz zu beobachten. Bei β adrenerger Stimulation hingegen veränderte die Blockade des MCU oder des mRyR1 die Ca2+ Transienten im Kern nicht signifikant. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht die Bedeutung der IP3 vermittelten Ca2+ Freisetzung für die Kontrolle der Ca2+ Konzentrationen in unterschiedlichen zellulären Kompartimenten.