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Purpose of Review
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetic disease characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in apparently healthy young adults. Mutations in genes encoding for cellular junctions can be found in about half of the patients. However, disease onset and severity, risk of arrhythmias, and outcome are highly variable and drug-targeted treatment is currently unavailable.
Recent Findings
This review focuses on advances in clinical risk stratification, genetic etiology, and pathophysiological concepts. The desmosome is the central part of the disease, but other intercalated disc and associated structural proteins not only broaden the genetic spectrum but also provide novel molecular and cellular insights into the pathogenesis of ACM. Signaling pathways and the role of inflammation will be discussed and targets for novel therapeutic approaches outlined.
Summary
Genetic discoveries and experimental-driven preclinical research contributed significantly to the understanding of ACM towards mutation- and pathway-specific personalized medicine.
The long-term effects of enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) in Fabry disease are unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether ERT in patients with advanced Fabry disease affects progression towards 'hard' clinical end-points in comparison with the natural course of the disease.
METHODS:
A total of 40 patients with genetically proven Fabry disease (mean age 40 ± 9 years; n = 9 women) were treated prospectively with ERT for 6 years. In addition, 40 subjects from the Fabry Registry, matched for age, sex, chronic kidney disease stage and previous transient ischaemic attack (TIA), served as a comparison group. The main outcome was a composite of stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. Secondary outcomes included changes in myocardial left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and replacement fibrosis, change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), new TIA and change in neuropathic pain.
RESULTS:
During a median follow-up of 6.0 years (bottom and top quartiles: 5.1, 7.2), 15 events occurred in 13 patients (n = 7 deaths, n = 4 cases of ESRD and n = 4 strokes). Sudden death occurred (n = 6) only in patients with documented ventricular tachycardia and myocardial replacement fibrosis. The annual progression of myocardial LV fibrosis in the entire cohort was 0.6 ± 0.7%. As a result, posterior end-diastolic wall thinning was observed (baseline, 13.2 ± 2.0 mm; follow-up, 11.4 ± 2.1 mm; P < 0.01). GFR decreased by 2.3 ± 4.6 mL min(-1) per year. Three patients experienced a TIA. The major clinical symptom was neuropathic pain (n = 37), and this symptom improved in 25 patients. The event rate was not different between the ERT group and the untreated (natural history) group of the Fabry Registry.
CONCLUSION:
Despite ERT, clinically meaningful events including sudden cardiac death continue to develop in patients with advanced Fabry disease.
Background: Sudden cardiac death is common and accounts largely for the excess mortality of patients on maintenance dialysis. It is unknown whether aldosterone and cortisol increase the incidence of sudden cardiac death in dialysis patients.
Methods and results: We analysed data from 1255 diabetic haemodialysis patients participating in the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study (4D Study). Categories of aldosterone and cortisol were determined at baseline and patients were followed for a median of 4 years. By Cox regression analyses, hazard ratios (HRs) were determined for the effect of aldosterone, cortisol, and their combination on sudden death and other adjudicated cardiovascular outcomes. The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 8 years (54% male). Median aldosterone was <15 pg/mL (detection limit) and cortisol 16.8 µg/dL. Patients with aldosterone levels >200 pg/mL had a significantly higher risk of sudden death (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.06–2.69) compared with those with an aldosterone <15 pg/mL. The combined presence of high aldosterone (>200 pg/mL) and high cortisol (>21.1 µg/dL) levels increased the risk of sudden death in striking contrast to patients with low aldosterone (<15 pg/mL) and low cortisol (<13.2 µg/dL) levels (HR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.32–6.21). Furthermore, all-cause mortality was significantly increased in the patients with high levels of both hormones (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.01–2.62).
Conclusions: The joint presence of high aldosterone and high cortisol levels is strongly associated with sudden cardiac death as well as all-cause mortality in haemodialysed type 2 diabetic patients. Whether a blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor decreases the risk of sudden death in these patients must be examined in future trials.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden dynamische Mechanismen der Entstehung von Kammerflimmern dargestellt. Es wurde erläutert, dass ein APD-Alternans für die Induktion von Spiralwellenbrüchen als elektrophysiologisches Korrelat von Kammerflimmern wichtig ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Restitution der Aktionspotentialdauer und der Leitungsgeschwindigkeit wichtige Determinanten zur Ausbildung eines diskordanten APD-Alternans sind. Dieser diskordante APD-Alternans ist ein Alternans des Myokards bei dem verschiedene Myokardregionen außer Phase schlagen. Es wurde erläutert, dass die Generierung eines diskordanten APD-Alternans zu einer spatiotemporalen Heterogenität und damit zur Entstehung eines lokalen Leitungsblockes führt, der wiederum den initialen Schritt eines Spiralwellenbruchs darstellt. In der Arbeit konnte dargestellt werden, dass insbesondere durch die Applikation von bestimmten Stimulations-Sets ein diskordanter APD-Alternans provoziert werden konnte. Dies entstand typischerweise durch eine kurz-lang-kurz-lang-Sequenz. Es bildete sich in der Versuchsreihe unter dieser Stimulationsgabe ein diskordanter APD-Alternans zwischen dem rechten und linken Ventrikel des Hundemyokards aus, der dann in einem lokalem Leitungsblock und Kammerflimmern resultierte.
Es hat sich gezeigt, daß bei der Entstehung von Herzrhythmusstörungen das autonome Nervensystem eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. In dieser Arbeit wurden LZ-EKG-Aufzeichnungen von Patienten nach Myokardinfarkt und Lysetherapie auf Besonderheiten in der Dynamik der QT-Intervallabfolge untersucht. Ziel war es diesbezüglich Auffälligkeiten im Kollektiv der Patienten aufzudecken, die im Beobachtungszeitraum an einem plötzlichen Herztod verstarben. Es zeigte sich, daß eine herzfrequenzunabhängige Dynamik der QT-Intervalle existiert. Desweiteren ergaben sich Hinweise dafür, daß Patienten mit hohem Risiko an einem plötzlichen Herztod zu versterben, typische Auffälligkeiten in der Dynamik der QT-Intervalle aufweisen.