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Surgical management of lateral neck abscesses in children: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases
(2023)
Cervical abscesses are relatively common infections in pediatric patients. There is an ongoing debate about the necessity and time point of surgical drainage. The identification of a focus of infection might play an important role in facilitating a therapeutic decision. In a retrospective study, 100 pediatric patients aged 1–18 years who underwent incision and drainage of a lateral cervical abscess at our institution were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether a focus of infection could be identified or not. Data collection included patient characteristics, microbiological results, antibiotic regimen, and clinical course. A focus of infection was found in 29% (29/100) of the patients, most frequently in the tonsils. A causative microorganism was found in 75% (75/100) of all patients, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the most common pathogens. All patients received an empiric antibiotic therapy in addition to surgery. Antibiotic medication was changed in 31% in both groups (9/29 with a focus of infection and 22/71 without a focus of infection) during therapy. Children without an identified focus of infection generally were younger and had more comorbidities reducing immune response while also showing differences in the pathogens involved. There were no complications associated to surgery or antibiotic therapy in any of the patients involved.
Conclusion: Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding the microorganisms involved. But the focus of infection seems not to have an impact on patient’s outcome.
What is Known:
• Neck abscesses are a relatively common disease in the pediatric population and may cause serious complications.
• Therapy in general consists of intravenous antibiotics with or without surgery.
What is New:
• The focus identification has no impact on patient’s outcome.
• Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding their medical history, age, and the microorganisms involved.
Risperidone is commonly used to treat different psychiatric disorders worldwide. Knowledge on dose–concentration relationships of risperidone treatment in children and adolescents with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders is, however, scarce and no age-specific therapeutic ranges have been established yet. Multicenter data of a therapeutic drug monitoring service were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between risperidone dose and serum concentration of the active moiety (risperidone (RIS) plus its main metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS)) in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders. Patient characteristics, doses, serum concentrations and therapeutic outcomes were assessed by standardized measures. The study also aimed to evaluate whether the therapeutic reference range for adults (20–60 ng/ml) is applicable for minors. In the 64 patients (aged 11–18 years) included, a positive correlation between daily dose and the active moiety (RIS\(_{am}\)) concentration was found (r\(_s\) = 0.49, p = 0.001) with variation in dose explaining 24% (r\(_s\)\(^2\) = 0.240) of the variability in serum concentrations. While the RIS\(_{am}\) concentration showed no difference, RIS as well 9-OH-RIS concentrations and the parent to metabolite ratio varied significantly in patients with co-medication of a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Patients with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) had on average higher RIS\(_{am}\) concentrations than patients without (p = 0.05). Considering EPS, the upper threshold of the therapeutic range of RIS\(_{am}\) was determined to be 33 ng/ml. A rough estimation method also indicated a possibly decreased lower limit of the preliminary therapeutic range in minors compared to adults. These preliminary data may contribute to the definition of a therapeutic window in children and adolescents with schizophrenic disorders treated with risperidone. TDM is recommended in this vulnerable population to prevent concentration-related adverse drug reactions.
Background
Influenza virus infections in immunologically naïve children (primary infection) may be more severe than in children with re-infections who are already immunologically primed. We compared frequency and severity of influenza virus primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment.
Methods
Influenza-unvaccinated children 1–5 years of age presenting at pediatric practices with febrile acute respiratory infection < 48 h after symptom onset were enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter surveillance study (2013–2015). Influenza types/subtypes were PCR-confirmed from oropharyngeal swabs. Influenza type/subtype-specific IgG antibodies serving as surrogate markers for immunological priming were determined using ELISA/hemagglutination inhibition assays. The acute influenza disease was defined as primary infection/re-infection by the absence/presence of influenza type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and, in a second approach, by the absence/presence of subtype-specific IgG. Socio-demographic and clinical data were also recorded.
Results
Of 217 influenza infections, 178 were due to influenza A (87 [49%] primary infections, 91 [51%] re-infections) and 39 were due to influenza B (38 [97%] primary infections, one [3%] re-infection). Children with “influenza A primary infections” showed fever with respiratory symptoms for a shorter period than children with “influenza A re-infections” (median 3 vs. 4 days; age-adjusted p = 0.03); other disease characteristics were similar. If primary infections and re-infections were defined based on influenza A subtypes, 122 (87%) primary infections (78 “A(H3N2) primary infections”, 44 “A(H1N1)pdm09 primary infections”) and 18 (13%) re-infections could be classified (14 “A(H3N2) re-infections” and 4 “A(H1N1)pdm09 re-infections”). Per subtype, primary infections and re-infections were of similar disease severity. Children with re-infections defined on the subtype level usually had non-protective IgG titers against the subtype of their acute infection (16 of 18; 89%). Some patients infected by one of the influenza A subtypes showed protective IgG titers (≥ 1:40) against the other influenza A subtype (32/140; 23%).
Conclusions
Pre-school children with acute influenza A primary infections and re-infections presented with similar frequency in pediatric practices. Contrary to expectation, severity of acute “influenza A primary infections” and “influenza A re-infections” were similar. Most “influenza A re-infections” defined on the type level turned out to be primary infections when defined based on the subtype. On the subtype level, re-infections were rare and of similar disease severity as primary infections of the same subtype. Subtype level re-infections were usually associated with low IgG levels for the specific subtype of the acute infection, suggesting only short-time humoral immunity induced by previous infection by this subtype. Overall, the results indicated recurring influenza virus infections in this age group and no or only limited heterosubtypic antibody-mediated cross-protection.
Background
Previous influenza surveillance at paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Germany indicated increased incidence of PICU admissions for the pandemic influenza subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. We investigated incidence and clinical characteristics of influenza in children admitted to PICUs during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, using active screening.
Methods
We conducted a prospective surveillance study in 24 PICUs in Bavaria (Germany) from October 2010 to September 2013. Influenza cases among children between 1 month and 16 years of age admitted to these PICUs with acute respiratory infection were confirmed by PCR analysis of respiratory secretions.
Results
A total of 24/7/20 influenza-associated PICU admissions were recorded in the post-pandemic seasons 1/2/3; incidence estimates per 100,000 children were 1.72/0.76/1.80, respectively. Of all 51 patients, 80 % had influenza A, including 65 % with A(H1N1)pdm09. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was almost absent in season 2 (incidence 0.11), but dominated PICU admissions in seasons 1 (incidence 1.35) and 3 (incidence 1.17). Clinical data was available for 47 influenza patients; median age was 4.8 years (IQR 1.6–11.0). The most frequent diagnoses were influenza-associated pneumonia (62 %), bronchitis/bronchiolitis (32 %), secondary bacterial pneumonia (26 %), and ARDS (21 %). Thirty-six patients (77 %) had underlying medical conditions. Median duration of PICU stay was 3 days (IQR 1–11). Forty-seven per cent of patients received mechanical ventilation, and one patient (2 %) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; 19 % were treated with oseltamivir. Five children (11 %) had pulmonary sequelae. Five children (11 %) died; all had underlying chronic conditions and were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09. In season 3, patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 were younger than in season 1 (p = 0.020), were diagnosed more often with bronchitis/bronchiolitis (p = 0.004), and were admitted to a PICU later after the onset of influenza symptoms (p = 0.041).
Conclusions
Active screening showed a continued high incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-associated PICU admissions in the post-pandemic seasons 1 and 3, and indicated possible underestimation of incidence in previous German studies. The age shift of severe A(H1N1)pdm09 towards younger children may be explained by increasing immunity in the older paediatric population. The high proportion of patients with underlying chronic conditions indicates the importance of consistent implementation of the current influenza vaccination recommendations for risk groups in Germany.
Zu den erstaunlichsten Eigenschaften des auditorischen Systems zählt die Fähigkeit Sprachsignale auch in lauter Umgebung wahrnehmen, verarbeiten und verstehen zu können. Diese Fähigkeit bildet zusammen mit der Sprachproduktion die Grundlage der menschlichen audio-verbalen Kommunikation. Schließlich spielen sich Gespräche im Alltag selten in absoluter Ruhe ab. Hörgesunde Menschen sind sogar in der Lage in Anwesenheit intensiver Störgeräusche wie Verkehrslärm oder Stimmengewirr eine Unterhaltung zu führen Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte klären, inwieweit der Würzburger Kindersprachtest für die Anwendung im Störgeräusch geeignet ist. Ein weiteres Ziel war das Sprachverstehen im Störlärm von Kindern im Alter von fünf bis neun Jahren mit Hilfe des Würzburger Kindersprachtests zu untersuchen. Insgesamt nahmen 24 Kinder im Alter von 5 bis 9 Jahren an der Studie teil. Davon waren 11 Mädchen und 13 Jungen. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 6,8 Jahre. Als Testmaterial diente der Test IV des Würzburger Kindersprachtests (WueKi), bestehend aus 3 Listen zu je 20 zweisilbigen Wörtern und als Störgeräusch das Würzburger Rauschen, das durch zeitversetzte 32fache Überlagerung des gesamten Sprachmaterials generiert wurde. Der Test ließ sich in allen Fällen problemlos bei guter Akzeptanz seitens der Kinder durchführen. Für jedes Kind gelang es, bei einem Signalpegel von 60 dB die individuelle Sprachverständlichkeitsschwelle (speech reception threshold, kurz SRT) in Abhängigkeit des Signal-Rauschabstands (signal-to-noise ratio, kurz SNR) zu bestimmen. Sie betrug im Durchschnitt -8,3 dB SNR, -7,7 dB SNR für die Liste 1, -9,2 dB SNR für die Liste 2 und -8,1 dB SNR für die Liste 3. Es ließ sich ein geringer, nicht signifikanter Alterseffekt zu Gunsten der älteren Kinder nachweisen. Die Ergebnisse wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. In Gruppe 1 fiel der Schwierigkeitsgrad der Höraufgabe ab, während er in Gruppe 2 anstieg. Die SRT betrug in Gruppe 1 -6,4 dB SNR und in Gruppe 2 -9,2 dB SNR. Insgesamt ist der Würzburger Kindesprachtest geeignet, das individuelle Sprachverständnis eines Kindes im Störlärm zu bestimmen und stellt deshalb ein sinnvolles Instrument bei der Anpassung und Verlaufsbeurteilung moderner Hörhilfen dar. Ebenso ist ein Einsatz in der Diagnostik von Hörstörungen denkbar.
In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurden 200221 DIVI-Notarztprotokolle ausgewertet. Bei den 11101 pädiatrischen Notarzteinsätzen (5,5%) lag in 1862 Fällen (1%) ein Schädel-Hirn-Trauma vor. Somit muss bei ca. jedem sechstem pädiatrischem Notfall mit dem Vorliegen eines Schädel-Hirn-Trauma gerechnet werden. Die zeitliche Inzidenz ergab eine Steigerung zu den Sommermonaten, sowie tageszeitlich gesehen in den Mittags- und Nachmittagsstunden. Die Prävalenz des kindlichen Schädel-Hirn-Traumas ist mit einer Geschlechterverteilung bei Jungen (61,1% Knaben : 37,9% Mädchen) deutlich höher. Die Verteilung der Altersgruppen zeigte, mit einem jeweiligen Prozentanteil zwischen 20 und 25 Prozent keine wesentlichen Schwankungen. Die medizinische Qualität und das zeitliche Management des Notarzteinsatzes ist für die Prognose des Kindes und somit dessen Outcome von entscheidender Bedeutung, da bereits in der Präklinik der Sekundärschaden positiv beeinflusst werden kann. Dies bedeutet, dass die intensivmedizinische Therapie des schädel-hirn-verletzten Kindes in die präklinische und frühe klinische Phase vorverlagert werden muss. Da mit dem Handlungskonzept der Leitlinien für die Versorgung des Schädel-Hirn-Traumas in den letzten Jahren eine deutliche Senkung der Letalität von erwachsenen Traumpatienten erreicht werden konnte (16,104), ist auch beim traumatisierten Kind präklinisch eine zügige Diagnostik und Therapie notwendig. Die Problematik des Handelns stellt sich durch die gegenüber Erwachsenen nur eingeschränkt verwertbaren Leitsymptome bei Kindern dar. Was wiederum in vielen Fällen zu einer Fehleinschätzung der Situation führt und eine intensivere Fortbildung im Bereich des pädiatrischen Traumapatienten notwendig erscheinen lässt. Das Ziel ist eine unverzügliche präklinische Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter durch einen qualifizierten Notarzt und der Transport in ein für die Behandlung von schädel-hirn-traumatisierten Kindern geeignetes Zentrum innerhalb von maximal 60 Minuten nach dem erfolgten Trauma (95). In der vorliegenden Arbeit betrug die Zeitspanne von der Alarmierung bis hin zur Übergabe im Krankenhaus durchschnittlich 44,2 Minuten und 95% alle Kinder hatten nach 80 Minuten eine entsprechende Klinik erreicht. Vergleicht man die Versorgungs- und Therapiekonzepte der Leitlinien (57,65) mit den Ergebnissen der notärztlichen Versorgung in Bayern, so lassen sich in verschiedenen Bereichen Differenzen erkennen. Deutlich zeigt sich, dass therapeutische und diagnostische Maßnahmen, gerade bei Kleinkindern, sehr zurückhaltend durchgeführt wurden. Bei einem Drittel aller schädel-hirn-traumatisierten Kinder wurde kein Monitoring durchgeführt und nur bei jedem zweiten Kind erfolgte eine Messung der Oxygenierung. Einen intravenösen Zugang erhielt nur jedes zweite Kind, was einerseits durch die hohe Anzahl leichter Schädel-Hirn-Traumen (78,7%) gerecht fertigt werden kann, andererseits wurden hauptsächlich ältere Kinder mit einem intravenösen Zugang versorgt (67,4%). Diese Zurückhaltung bei Kleinkindern zeigt sich auch bei der Sauerstoffgabe (5,6%), der Intubation (0,7%), der speziellen Lagerung, der Reposition und der Medikation (22,6%) insbesondere im Bereich der Schmerztherapie (1,6%). Im Rahmen der notärztlichen Versorgung wurden nur 40,1 Prozent der Ersthelfermaßnahmen als suffizient angesehen. Eine Verbesserung des Zustandes des traumatisierten Kindes bei der Klinikübergabe wurde nur in 14,8 Prozent erreicht. Schlussfolgernd ist eine suffiziente notärztliche Versorgung eine zwingende Vorraussetzung für die Verbesserung des Outcomes beim kindlichen Schädel-Hirn-Trauma, welche durch gezielte Maßnahmen, wie zum Beispiel entsprechende Weiterund Fortbildungen speziell für den pädiatrischen Traumapatienten und das pädiatrische Schädel-Hirn-Trauma optimiert werde können und müssen.
Background
Preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant catch-up growth seem associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in later life, but individual studies showed conflicting results.
Objectives
We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis for 147,252 children of 31 birth cohort studies to determine the associations of birth and infant growth characteristics with the risks of preschool wheezing (1-4 years) and school-age asthma (5-10 years).
Methods
First, we performed an adjusted 1-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the combined associations of gestational age, birth weight, and infant weight gain with childhood asthma. Second, we performed an adjusted 2-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the associations of preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) with childhood asthma outcomes.
Results
Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were independently associated with higher risks of preschool wheezing and school-age asthma (P < .05). The inverse associations of birth weight with childhood asthma were explained by gestational age at birth. Compared with term-born children with normal infant weight gain, we observed the highest risks of school-age asthma in children born preterm with high infant weight gain (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95% CI, 2.58-7.76). Preterm birth was positively associated with an increased risk of preschool wheezing (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.18-1.67) independent of birth weight. Weaker effect estimates were observed for the associations of low birth weight adjusted for gestational age at birth with preschool wheezing (pOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27).
Conclusion
Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were associated with childhood asthma outcomes. The associations of lower birth weight with childhood asthma were largely explained by gestational age at birth."
The propounded thesis investigated fear learning including fear conditioning, its generalization as well as its extinction in 133 healthy children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years. The main goal was to analyze these processes also in the course of childhood and adolescence due to far less research in this age span compared to adults. Of note, childhood is the typical period for the onset of anxiety disorders. To achieve this, an aversive discriminative fear conditioning, generalization and extinction paradigm, which based on the “screaming lady paradigm” from Lau et al. (2008) and was adapted by Schiele & Reinhard et al. (2016), was applied. All probands traversed the pre-acquisition (4 x CS-, 4 x CS+, no US), the acquisition (12 x CS-, 12 x CS+, reinforcement rate: 83%), the generalization (12 x CS-, 12 x GS4, 12 x GS3, 12 x GS2, 12 x GS1, 12 x CS+, reinforcement rate: 50%) and the extinction (18 x CS-, 18 x CS+, no US). The generalization stimuli, i.e. GS1-GS4, were built out of CS- and CS+ in different mixtures on a percentage basis in steps of 20% from CS- to CS+. Pictures of faces of two actresses with a neutral expression were used for the discriminative conditioning, whereby the CS+ was paired with a 95-dB loud female scream at the same time together with a fearful facial expression (US). CS- and GS1-GS4 were never followed by the US. Subjective ratings (arousal, valence and US expectancy) were collected and further the psychophysiological measure of the skin conductance response (SCR). The hypotheses were 1) that underage probands show a negative correlation between age and overgeneralization and 2) that anxiety is positively correlated with overgeneralization in the same sample. ANOVAs with repeated measures were conducted for all four dependent variables with phase (pre-acquisition phase, 1. + 2. acquisition phase, 1. + 2. generalization phase, 1. - 3. extinction phase) and stimulus type
(CS-, CS+, GS1-GS4) as within-subject factors. For the analyses of the modulatory effects of age and anxiety in additional separate ANCOVAs were conducted including a) age, b) the STAIC score for trait anxiety and c) the CASI score for anxiety sensitivity as covariates. Sex was always included as covariate of no interest. On the one hand, findings indicated that the general extent of the reactions (arousal, valence and US expectancy ratings and the SCR) decreased with growing age, i.e. the older the probands the lower their reactions towards the stimuli regardless of the type of dependent variable. On the other hand, ratings of US expectancy, i.e. the likelihood that a stimulus is followed by a US (here: female scream coupled with a fearful facial expression), showed better discrimination skills the older the probands were, resulting in a smaller overgeneralization within older probands. It must be emphasized very clearly that no causality can be derived. Thus, it was only an association revealed between
15
age and generalization of conditioned fear, which is negative. Furthermore, no obvious impact of trait anxiety could be detected on the different processes of fear learning. Especially, no overgeneralization was expressed by the probands linked to higher trait anxiety. In contrast to trait anxiety, for anxiety sensitivity there was an association between its extent and the level of fear reactions. This could be described best with a kind of parallel shifts: the higher the anxiety sensitivity, the stronger the fear reactions. Likewise, for anxiety sensitivity no overgeneralization due to a stronger extent of anxiety sensitivity could be observed.
Longitudinal follow-up examinations and, furthermore, neurobiological investigations are needed for replication purposes and purposes of gaining more supporting or opposing insights, but also for the profound exploration of the impact of hormonal changes during puberty and of the maturation processes of different brain structures. Finally, the question whether enhanced generalization of conditioned fear facilitates the development of anxiety disorders or vice versa remains unsolved yet.
Tabakrauch stellt inzwischen die bedeutendste Quelle von Luftverschmutzung in Innenräumen dar. Vor allem Kinder sind mangels Vermeidbarkeit dem Tabakrauch schutzlos ausgesetzt. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Auswirkungen des Passivrauchens auf die oberen Atemwege und die gentoxische Belastung von Kindern zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden die Daten von 211 Kindern mit Hilfe eines umweltmedizinischen Fragebogens analysiert. Zur Bestimmung der inneren Belastung wurden die Hämoglobinaddukte von 4-Aminobiphenyl, einem humankanzerogenen, tabakrauchtypischen Inhaltsstoff, bei 82 Kindern bestimmt. Kinder aus Raucherhaushalten zeigten dabei signifikant höhere Adduktspiegel gegenüber Kindern aus Nichtraucherhaushalten. Allergische Erkrankungen fanden sich häufiger in der passivrauchenden als in der nicht exponierten Gruppe. Zudem fiel eine Zunahme von Mehrfach- und Hausstaubmilbenallergien bei passivrauchbelasteten Kindern auf. Die gewonnenen Daten untermauern die Rolle des Passivrauchens für die Entstehung allergischer Erkrankungen. Die signifikant erhöhten Adduktspiegel zeigen einen biochemischen Effekt und damit molekularen Schaden an, was ein möglicherweise erhöhtes Risiko für eine spätere Krebserkrankung darstellt.
According to the tripartite model of text representation (van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983), readers form representations of the text surface and textbase, and construct a situation model. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate whether these levels of representation would be affected by adding illustrations to narrative text and whether the order of text and illustrations would make a difference. Students aged between 7 and 13 years (N = 146) read 12 narrative texts, 4 of them with illustrations presented before their corresponding sentences, 4 with illustrations presented after, and 4 without any illustration. A sentence recognition task was used to assess the accuracy for text surface, textbase, and situation model. For the text surface and situation model, neither the presence of illustrations nor the order of text and illustrations influenced accuracy. However, the textbase was negatively affected by illustrations when they followed their corresponding sentences. We suggest that illustrations can initiate model inspection after situation model construction (Schnotz, 2014), a process that can make substantial changes to the textbase representation.