Refine
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (482) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (482) (remove)
Language
- English (482) (remove)
Keywords
- Taufliege (44)
- Drosophila (28)
- Biene (20)
- Evolution (17)
- Genexpression (16)
- Lernen (14)
- Molekulargenetik (14)
- Signaltransduktion (14)
- Maus (13)
- Trypanosoma brucei (13)
- Melanom (12)
- Bioinformatik (11)
- Drosophila melanogaster (11)
- Molekularbiologie (11)
- Myc (11)
- Verhalten (11)
- Ameisen (10)
- Apoptosis (10)
- Gedächtnis (10)
- Krebs <Medizin> (10)
- Vaccinia-Virus (10)
- cancer (10)
- Biodiversität (9)
- Gehirn (9)
- Genregulation (9)
- Zellzyklus (9)
- Apoptose (8)
- Geruchswahrnehmung (8)
- T-Lymphozyt (8)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (8)
- Ökologie (8)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (7)
- Insekten (7)
- Mitose (7)
- Nahrungserwerb (7)
- Staphylococcus aureus (7)
- evolution (7)
- social insects (7)
- Camponotus floridanus (6)
- Genanalyse (6)
- Honeybee (6)
- MAP-Kinase (6)
- Mensch (6)
- Neuroethologie (6)
- Pheromon (6)
- Synapse (6)
- Systembiologie (6)
- dSTORM (6)
- learning (6)
- melanoma (6)
- vaccinia virus (6)
- Apis mellifera (5)
- Ausbreitung (5)
- Bioinformatics (5)
- Blattschneiderameisen (5)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (5)
- Chronobiologie (5)
- Demökologie (5)
- Honigbiene (5)
- Japankärpfling (5)
- Klimaänderung (5)
- Knockout <Molekulargenetik> (5)
- Landnutzung (5)
- Learning (5)
- Listeria monocytogenes (5)
- Meiose (5)
- Memory (5)
- Microarray (5)
- Mikroskopie (5)
- Neuroanatomie (5)
- Olfaction (5)
- Pilzkörper (5)
- Proteine (5)
- Tagesrhythmus (5)
- Transkription (5)
- Tumor (5)
- Virulenz (5)
- Westafrika (5)
- ants (5)
- climate change (5)
- division of labor (5)
- ecology (5)
- honeybee (5)
- land use (5)
- memory (5)
- soziale Insekten (5)
- Antikörper (4)
- Arbeitsteilung (4)
- Assoziatives Gedächtnis (4)
- Bildverarbeitung (4)
- Cancer (4)
- Cataglyphis (4)
- DNS-Reparatur (4)
- DNS-Schädigung (4)
- Einzelmolekülmikroskopie (4)
- Entwicklung (4)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (4)
- Fortpflanzung (4)
- GPCR (4)
- Genmutation (4)
- Genom (4)
- Geruchssinn (4)
- Höhengradient (4)
- Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine (4)
- Meiosis (4)
- Mutualismus (4)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (4)
- Nestbau (4)
- Neurobiologie (4)
- Parasit (4)
- Phylogenie (4)
- Phänologie (4)
- Soziale Insekten (4)
- Stammzelle (4)
- Stoffwechsel (4)
- Therapie (4)
- Thrombozyt (4)
- Transkription <Genetik> (4)
- Trypanosomen (4)
- Zelldifferenzierung (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (4)
- differentiation (4)
- dispersal (4)
- diversity (4)
- ecosystem services (4)
- foraging (4)
- insects (4)
- leaf-cutting ants (4)
- mushroom body (4)
- oncolytic virotherapy (4)
- signal transduction (4)
- Antennallobus (3)
- Atta vollenweideri (3)
- Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs (3)
- Bestäubung (3)
- Bienen <Familie> (3)
- Biologie (3)
- Biologische Uhr (3)
- Boden (3)
- Bruchpilot (3)
- Chemische Kommunikation (3)
- Chlamydia (3)
- Chromatin (3)
- DNA repair (3)
- Darmflora (3)
- Dendritische Zelle (3)
- Diversität (3)
- Embryonalentwicklung (3)
- Entwicklungsbiologie (3)
- Epigenetics (3)
- Epigenetik (3)
- Escherichia coli (3)
- Fortpflanzungsverhalten (3)
- Geruch (3)
- Geschlechtsbestimmung (3)
- Herz (3)
- Hummel (3)
- Hummeln (3)
- Hymenoptera (3)
- Immunreaktion (3)
- Immuntherapie (3)
- Interaktion (3)
- Invasion (3)
- Kilimandscharo (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Kommunikation (3)
- Krebs (3)
- Lernverhalten (3)
- Lungenkrebs (3)
- MMB (3)
- MYC (3)
- Medaka (3)
- Mesenchymzelle (3)
- Messenger-RNS (3)
- Metabolismus (3)
- Metagenom (3)
- Naturschutz (3)
- Nervendegeneration (3)
- Netzwerkanalyse (3)
- Neurodegeneration (3)
- Neurogenetik (3)
- Neuropeptide (3)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (3)
- Olfaktorik (3)
- Onkolyse (3)
- Orientierung (3)
- Oxidativer Stress (3)
- Pheromone (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Pollination (3)
- Porin (3)
- Primaten (3)
- Protein (3)
- Regulation (3)
- Rezeptor (3)
- Sammeln (3)
- Savanne (3)
- Schwertkärpfling (3)
- Sinnesphysiologie (3)
- Stress (3)
- Super-resolution microscopy (3)
- Symbiose (3)
- Synapsin (3)
- Synapsine (3)
- Thermoregulation (3)
- VSG (3)
- Variant surface glycoprotein (3)
- Virulenzfaktor (3)
- Visuelles System (3)
- Wahrnehmung (3)
- Wald (3)
- Wespen (3)
- Zebrabärbling (3)
- Zellwand (3)
- antennal lobe (3)
- apoptosis (3)
- bees (3)
- chemical communication (3)
- chemische Kommunikation (3)
- developmental differentiation (3)
- kutikuläre Kohlenwasserstoffe (3)
- localization microscopy (3)
- lung cancer (3)
- metabolism (3)
- metagenomics (3)
- nest climate (3)
- neuroethology (3)
- olfaction (3)
- onkolytische Virotherapie (3)
- operant conditioning (3)
- symbiosis (3)
- synapse (3)
- synaptic proteins (3)
- transcription (3)
- visual system (3)
- AMD (2)
- AMPK (2)
- Actin (2)
- Actin-bindende Proteine (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Aktin-Zytoskelett (2)
- Aktivierung <Physiologie> (2)
- Alkaloide (2)
- Allergie (2)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (2)
- Ameise (2)
- Ameisenstaat (2)
- Angiogenese (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Anthropogener Einfluss (2)
- Antioxidantien (2)
- Ants (2)
- Arten-Energy-Theory (2)
- Asthma (2)
- Aurora-A (2)
- Auswertung (2)
- B-MYB (2)
- B-Zell-Lymphom (2)
- BMP (2)
- Behavior (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Bestäuber (2)
- Bestäubungsökologie (2)
- Bewegungssehen (2)
- Biene <Gattung> (2)
- Biomechanik (2)
- Borneo (2)
- Bronchialasthma (2)
- Bärtierchen (2)
- C. callunae (2)
- C. efficiens (2)
- C. glutamicum (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- Camponotus (2)
- Circadian Rhythms (2)
- Circadian clock (2)
- Cognition (2)
- Colorectal Cancer (2)
- Corynebacterium callunae (2)
- Corynebacterium efficiens (2)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (2)
- Cystein (2)
- Cytotoxizität (2)
- DNS-Sequenz (2)
- DNS-Topoisomerasen (2)
- Datenanalyse (2)
- Datenbank (2)
- Dickdarmkrebs (2)
- Differenzierung (2)
- Domäne (2)
- Dopamine (2)
- EGFR (2)
- Eierstockkrebs (2)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (2)
- Elektrophysiologie (2)
- Elfenbeinküste (2)
- Embryonale Stammzelle (2)
- Endocytose (2)
- Endophytische Pilze (2)
- Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor (2)
- Epigenese (2)
- Epigenetic (2)
- Extremereignisse (2)
- Fanconi Anämie (2)
- Fanconi anemia (2)
- Fanconi-Anämie (2)
- Fibroblasten (2)
- Formicidae (2)
- Frucht (2)
- GAS2L3 (2)
- Gemeinschaftsökologie (2)
- Gen notch (2)
- Genetik (2)
- Geschlechtsdifferenzierung (2)
- Glomeruli (2)
- HPLC-MS (2)
- Habitat (2)
- Hautflügler (2)
- Helicobacter pylori (2)
- Herbivory (2)
- Herzmuskel (2)
- Herzmuskelzelle (2)
- Heuschrecken (2)
- Hey (2)
- Histon-Methyltransferase (2)
- Histone (2)
- Hochauflösende Mikroskopie (2)
- Hochauflösendes Verfahren (2)
- Hämodialyse (2)
- Inhibition (2)
- Inhibitor (2)
- Innere Uhr (2)
- Interleukin-5 (2)
- Kanalbildner (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Kilimanjaro (2)
- Knorpelzelle (2)
- Kognition (2)
- Kohlendioxid (2)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- Kolonieerkennung (2)
- Krebsforschung (2)
- Käfer (2)
- LINC (2)
- Lamina (2)
- Landnutzungsgradient (2)
- Larve (2)
- Lebensdauer (2)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (2)
- Lipid Bilayer Membran (2)
- Lurche (2)
- MRI (2)
- MRSA (2)
- Makrophage (2)
- Makuladegeneration (2)
- Mathematische Modellierung (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Metalloprotease (2)
- Metastase (2)
- Microscopy (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Midkine (2)
- Mikroklima (2)
- Miz1 (2)
- Modell (2)
- Monarchfalter (2)
- Motilität (2)
- Muskelzelle (2)
- Mutagenese (2)
- Myatrophische Lateralsklerose (2)
- Mycolic acid (2)
- Mykolsäuren (2)
- N-Myc (2)
- NFATc1 (2)
- NMR-Tomographie (2)
- Nahrung (2)
- Navigation (2)
- Neisseria (2)
- Netzhaut (2)
- Neuralleiste (2)
- Neuroblast (2)
- Neuroblastom (2)
- Neuronale Plastizität (2)
- Neurophysiologie (2)
- Nisthilfe (2)
- Non-coding RNA (2)
- Octopamin (2)
- Octopamine (2)
- Olfaktion (2)
- Omp85 (2)
- Onkogen (2)
- Ontogenie (2)
- Operante Konditionierung (2)
- Organoid (2)
- PALM (2)
- Parc National de la Comoé (2)
- Pflanzen (2)
- Plastizität (2)
- Polygynie (2)
- Polymorphismus (2)
- Populationsgenetik (2)
- Primates (2)
- Protein p53 (2)
- Proteinkinasen (2)
- Prädation (2)
- RNS (2)
- RNS-Interferenz (2)
- RPE (2)
- Regenwald (2)
- Renin-Angiotensin-System (2)
- Reproduktion (2)
- Resistenz (2)
- Retinoesäure (2)
- Retinoic acid (2)
- Räumliches Gedächtnis (2)
- SIM (2)
- Sabah (2)
- Samenverbreitung (2)
- Schädlingsbekämpfung (2)
- Segmentierung (2)
- Senile Makuladegeneration (2)
- Sex determination (2)
- Sexuelle Selektion (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (2)
- Smad (2)
- Software (2)
- T-Lymphozyten (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Termiten (2)
- Theoretische Ökologie (2)
- Tiergesellschaft (2)
- Tierökologie (2)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (2)
- Toxin (2)
- Transaktivierung (2)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta (2)
- Transposon (2)
- Trypanosomes (2)
- Tsetsefliege (2)
- VMD2 (2)
- Vaccinia Virus (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Venusfliegenfalle (2)
- Wildbienen (2)
- Wirtszelle (2)
- Xiphophorus (2)
- Zellkultur (2)
- Zellmigration (2)
- Zellskelett (2)
- Zellteilung (2)
- Zelltod (2)
- Zucker (2)
- actin cytoskeleton (2)
- alkaloids (2)
- altitudinal gradient (2)
- associative learning (2)
- asthma (2)
- bee (2)
- behavior (2)
- bioinformatics (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biomechanics (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- cell death (2)
- cell migration (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- classical conditioning (2)
- community ecology (2)
- conservation (2)
- dendritic cells (2)
- diet (2)
- drosophila (2)
- ecosystem service (2)
- electrophysiology (2)
- elevational gradient (2)
- fibroblasts (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- gene expression (2)
- genomics (2)
- glomeruli (2)
- gonad development (2)
- habitat (2)
- honey bee (2)
- honeybees (2)
- individual-based simulation (2)
- interaction (2)
- invasion (2)
- landscape ecology (2)
- learning and memory (2)
- life history strategy (2)
- local adaptation (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- medaka (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- metapopulation (2)
- microarray (2)
- mitosis (2)
- motility (2)
- mouse model (2)
- natural enemies (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- nest building (2)
- neurobiology (2)
- neuroblastoma (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- olfactory learning (2)
- olfaktorisches Lernen (2)
- oncolytic virus (2)
- p53 (2)
- p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (2)
- pheromone (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- pollen (2)
- pollen analysis (2)
- pollen foraging (2)
- pollination (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- rainforest (2)
- reproduction (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- self-organization (2)
- sensory ecology (2)
- species-energy-theory (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- stem cells (2)
- stingless bees (2)
- super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (2)
- super-resolution microscopy (2)
- synapsin (2)
- termites (2)
- tool (2)
- transcriptome (2)
- tropical ecology (2)
- tsetse fly (2)
- two-color microscopy (2)
- virulence (2)
- virulence factors (2)
- waggle dance (2)
- wild bees (2)
- worker policing (2)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 2-APB (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Ko-kulture (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D microscopy (1)
- 3D-Zellkultur (1)
- 5' UTR (1)
- ADSCs (1)
- AKR-2B (1)
- ALBA Proteine (1)
- ALBA proteins (1)
- AMP (1)
- API-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- ARHI (1)
- Aberration (1)
- Abundance (1)
- Abwehrreaktion (1)
- Acid Sphingomyelinase (1)
- Ackerrandstreifen (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Acromyrmex (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton (1)
- Actin nucleation (1)
- Actin-Polymerisation (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
- Adapter-Protein (1)
- Adaptive Optics (1)
- Adaptive Optik (1)
- Adenosin (1)
- Adhesion-GPCR (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Adultschlupfes (1)
- African trypanosomes (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afro- Neotropen (1)
- Afro- Neotropics (1)
- Age-related macular degeneration (1)
- Agentenbasierte Modellierung (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (1)
- Agriculture intensification (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktinnukleation (1)
- Aldosteron (1)
- Aldosteronantagonist (1)
- Algen (1)
- Allergy (1)
- Alpen (1)
- Alter (1)
- Altern (1)
- Alzheimer Dementia (1)
- Alzheimer Erkrankung (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (1)
- AmGr1, AmGr2, AmGr3 (1)
- Ameisengäste (1)
- Ameisenoogenese (1)
- Amine (1)
- Aminerge Nervenzelle (1)
- Amphibiengemeinschaften (1)
- Amplicon Sequencing (1)
- Amyloid <beta-> (1)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Aneuploidie (1)
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Angiotensin II (1)
- Angiotensin-II-Blocker (1)
- Anoikis (1)
- Anoplolepis gracilipes (1)
- Ant (1)
- Antagonismus (1)
- Anthrax toxin (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Antibody clearance (1)
- Antigen CD19 (1)
- Antigen CD44 (1)
- Antigen CD8 (1)
- Antimikrobielle Peptide (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antioxidans (1)
- Antwortschwellen (1)
- Anubispavian (1)
- Anämie (1)
- Apis mellifera carnica (1)
- Aquaculture (1)
- Aquakultur (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arachidonsäure (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Arbeiterinnen Fortpflanzung (1)
- Arbeitsketten (1)
- Areal (1)
- Art (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artensterben (1)
- Artenvielfalt (1)
- Arthropoda (1)
- Arthropodengemeinschaft (1)
- Artunterschiede (1)
- Asisted Reproduction (1)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- AstA (1)
- Astrozyten (1)
- Atta (1)
- Atta sexdens (1)
- Attraction (1)
- Attraktion (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aureobasidium pullulans (1)
- Ausbreitungsdistanz (1)
- Ausbreitungsstrategie (1)
- Auswanderwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- B cells (1)
- B-Zell-Leukämie (1)
- B-cell lymphoma (1)
- B-zellen (1)
- BABLB/c (1)
- BAY 43-9006 (1)
- BB0142 (1)
- BMD (1)
- BMP signaling pathway (1)
- BMP-2/6 (1)
- BMP-2/7 (1)
- BMP-Signaltransduktionsweg (1)
- BMPR-IA (1)
- BRAF (1)
- BRAF inhibition (1)
- Bacillus anthracis (1)
- Background DNA damage (1)
- Bacterial (1)
- Bacterial community analysis (1)
- Bakterielle Infektion (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bakteriophage Lambda (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basalganglien (1)
- Bauchfellentzündung (1)
- Baumhöhle (1)
- Baumkrone (1)
- Bauverhalten (1)
- Bayerische Alpen <Motiv> (1)
- Bee abundance (1)
- Bee assemblages (1)
- Bee species richness (1)
- Behavioural Ecology (1)
- Beinentwicklung (1)
- Benfotiamin (1)
- Benin (1)
- Best Disease (1)
- Best-Krankheit (1)
- Bewegungsdetektion (1)
- Bewegungsverhalten (1)
- Bienen (1)
- Bienen <Überfamilie> (1)
- Bienenbrut (1)
- Bienenkrankheit (1)
- Bienenkrankheiten (1)
- Bienenschwarm (1)
- Bienensprache (1)
- Bienenstaat (1)
- Bienenwolf (1)
- Bildauflösung (1)
- Bimolekulare Lipidschicht (1)
- Bindeproteine (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (1)
- Biodiversity assessment (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversitätsexploratorien (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogene Amine (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biological Invasions (1)
- Biological cascades (1)
- Biologische Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Biologische Kaskaden (1)
- Biologische Oxidation (1)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Bispecific T-cell engager (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Black lipid bilayer (1)
- Blatthornkäfer <Familie> (1)
- Blattkäfer (1)
- Blochmannia (1)
- Blochmannia floridanus (1)
- Blut (1)
- Blutbildendes Gewebe (1)
- Blutplättchen (1)
- Blühphänologie (1)
- Blüte (1)
- Bodeneigenschaften (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenplatte (1)
- Bodenökologie (1)
- Bolus (1)
- Bombus (1)
- Bombus terrestris (1)
- Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) (1)
- Bordetella pertussis (1)
- Bordetellae (1)
- Borkenkäfer (1)
- Borrelia (1)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (1)
- Botanischer Garten (1)
- Bradikardia (1)
- Bradycardia (1)
- Brain (1)
- Brain-Computer Interface (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- Bre (1)
- Bre-knockout (1)
- Breeding (1)
- Breeding effort (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Brutaufwand (1)
- Brutbiologie (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Bt-maize (1)
- Building behaviour (1)
- Bumblebees (1)
- Butterfly (1)
- C. diphtheriae (1)
- C. jeikeium (1)
- C4da (1)
- C57/BL6 (1)
- CD39 (1)
- CD73 (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CHO cell culture (1)
- CHO-Zelle (1)
- CK2 (1)
- CNS (1)
- CO2 (1)
- COPD (1)
- CREB (1)
- CRISPR (1)
- CRISPR/Cas-Methode (1)
- CTL function (1)
- CaMKII (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Calciumkanal (1)
- Campontous floridanus (1)
- Cancer Metabolism (1)
- Carabid beetles (1)
- Carausius morosus (1)
- Cardiomyocyte (1)
- Carnica-Biene (1)
- Casapse (1)
- Caspasen (1)
- Caspases (1)
- Cassidinae (1)
- Catecholamine (1)
- Caveolae (1)
- Ccl2 (1)
- Cdu1 (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cell cyle (1)
- Cell wall channel (1)
- Centromer (1)
- ChIP-sequencing (1)
- Channel-Tunnel (1)
- Channelrhodopsin (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Checkpoint adaptation (1)
- Checkpoint recovery (1)
- Chemische Ökologie (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chimpanzee (1)
- ChlaDUB1 (1)
- Chlamydia-trachomatis-Infektion (1)
- Chromatinremodeling (1)
- Chromatinremodelling (1)
- Chromatophor (1)
- Chromosomal Passenger Complex (1)
- Chronologisches Altern (1)
- Chrysididae (1)
- Chrysomelidae (1)
- Circadian Clock (1)
- Circadiane Rhythmik (1)
- Circadiane Uhr (1)
- Circadianer Rhythmus (1)
- Cirl (1)
- Clarias gariepinus (1)
- Clearance (1)
- Click Chemie (1)
- Click-Chemie (1)
- Clonality analysis (1)
- Cluster-Analyse (1)
- Co-occurrence matrix (1)
- CoQ10 (1)
- Cofilin (1)
- Cognitive consistency (1)
- Cognitive profile (1)
- Cohesin complex (1)
- Color Vision (1)
- Colorectal cancer (1)
- Comet Assay (1)
- Comet assay (1)
- Comoé National Park (1)
- Comparative genomics (1)
- Complexes (1)
- Complexin (1)
- Compressed Sensing (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (1)
- Correlative microscopy (1)
- Cortico-striatal projection neurons (1)
- Cortison (1)
- Corynebacterium (1)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (1)
- Corynebacterium jeikeium (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Counting (1)
- Coxiella burnetii (1)
- Cristaestruktur (1)
- Cryptosporidium (1)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cytoskeleton Chromosomal Passenger Complex Interaction GAR Domain (1)
- Cytostatikum (1)
- Cytotoxischer Antikörper (1)
- DExD/H box protein (1)
- DNA Mismatch repair (1)
- DNA Reparatur (1)
- DNA adducts (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA microarray (1)
- DNA-Addukte (1)
- DNA-Schaden (1)
- DNA-Schadensantwort (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS-Bindung (1)
- DNS-Gyrase (1)
- DNS-Strangbruch (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DOT1 methyltransferase (1)
- DREAM (1)
- DREAM complex (1)
- Danaus plexippus (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenbanksystem (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Deformable models (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Demethylierung (1)
- Deregulierung (1)
- Deubiquitination (1)
- Deutsches Weidelgras (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Di (1)
- DiRas3 (1)
- Diabetes mellitus (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Differentielle Genexpression (1)
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (1)
- Diffuses großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusion coefficient (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung (1)
- Diffusionskoeffizient (1)
- Dimension 3 (1)
- Dimerisierung (1)
- Diphenylharnstoff (1)
- Dipol-Dipol Wechselwirkung (1)
- Dipole potential (1)
- Dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- Dipolpotential (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Division of Labor (1)
- Division of labor (1)
- Domain (1)
- Dominanz (1)
- Dominanzhierarchien (1)
- Domäne <Biochemie> (1)
- Dopamin (1)
- Doppelhelix (1)
- Dorso-ventral Patterning (1)
- Dorylus (1)
- Dose response relationships (1)
- Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (1)
- Drogen (1)
- Dropsophila (1)
- Drosophila Larva (1)
- Drosophila Larve (1)
- Drosophila synapse (1)
- Drosophila-Synapse (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Duftintensität (1)
- Dufverarbeitung (1)
- Dungkkäfer (1)
- Dunkler Laubsänger (1)
- Duplikation (1)
- Dysplasie (1)
- Dytiscidae (1)
- EB1 (1)
- EDMD (1)
- EGF (1)
- EGF Rezeptor (1)
- EGFR Transactivation (1)
- EPC (1)
- ERK (1)
- ERK signaling (1)
- ERK-Kaskade (1)
- ERK-cascade (1)
- ERK5 (1)
- Eclosion (1)
- Eclosion hormone (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- EdgeDetection (1)
- Education (1)
- Egr-1 (1)
- Eiablage (1)
- Eierstocktumor (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Lokalisationsmikroskopie (1)
- Electron Microscopy (1)
- Elektroencephalographie (1)
- Elongation (Transkription) (1)
- Embryo (1)
- Emerin (1)
- Emulsion (1)
- Endobrachyösophagus (1)
- Endocytosis (1)
- Endogene Rhythmik (1)
- Endogenous Glucocorticoids (1)
- Endogenous clock (1)
- Endosome (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endosymbiosen (1)
- Endothel (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Endothelzelle (1)
- Endozytose (1)
- Enterobacteriaceae (1)
- Entscheidung (1)
- Entscheidungen (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Environmental Risk Assessment (1)
- Ephebomyrmex pima (1)
- Epichloe (1)
- Epichloe endophytes (1)
- Epigenotypus (1)
- Epimutation (1)
- Epithelial lineage (1)
- Erbkrankheit (1)
- Erfahrung (1)
- Erfolgskontrolle (1)
- Erkennung (1)
- Erythropoietin (1)
- Erythrozyt (1)
- Erythrozytenadhärenz (1)
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma (1)
- Esophageal disease (1)
- European beech (1)
- Evolution von Pathogenen (1)
- Evolution von Virulenz (1)
- Evolutionsbiologie (1)
- Evolutionsstabile Strategie (1)
- Exacerbation (1)
- Exazerbation (1)
- Expansion Microscopy (1)
- Expansionsmikroskopie (1)
- Explorative Datenanalyse (1)
- Export (1)
- Exposure Risk (1)
- Extensivtierhaltung (1)
- Extrakorporale Dialyse (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- Extrazellulärraum (1)
- FA (1)
- FGF Signalweg (1)
- FGF pathway (1)
- FLAMM (1)
- FOSL1 (1)
- Fanconi Anemia (1)
- Farbsehen (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Fertilität (1)
- Fertilitätssignal (1)
- Fettzelle (1)
- Feuerökologie (1)
- Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Fische (1)
- Fish Sex determination (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flabarin (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flagellensynthese (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Flight muscle (1)
- Flower (1)
- Flugsimulator (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzlöschung (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikrosopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Flügeldimorphismus (1)
- Flüssigkeitsreibung (1)
- Foldamere (1)
- Foldamers (1)
- Food Competition (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Fouragieren (1)
- Foxp3 (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmentgröße (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Französische Feldwespe (1)
- Freies Molekül (1)
- Frosch (1)
- Fruchtansatz (1)
- Fruchtentnahme (1)
- Fruchtgehalt (1)
- Fruchtmerkmale (1)
- Fruchtproduktion (1)
- Fruchtqualität (1)
- Fructosebisphosphat-Aldolase (1)
- Functional Sites (1)
- Functional Studies (1)
- Functional interaction (1)
- Functional module search (1)
- Funktion (1)
- Funktionelle Modulsuche (1)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (1)
- Funktionelle Positionen (1)
- Funktionsmorphologie (1)
- Furagierverhalten (1)
- Futtersammeln (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (1)
- G2/M genes (1)
- G2/M transition (1)
- G2/M Übergang (1)
- GATA4 (1)
- GI-101A (1)
- GO-Annotationen (1)
- GO-annotations (1)
- GPI-anchored protein (1)
- GPJ (1)
- GWAS (1)
- Gabelstreifiger Katzenmaki (1)
- Gastroesophageal reflux (1)
- Gedaechtnis (1)
- Gefäßpflanzen (1)
- Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle (1)
- Gehirnanatomie (1)
- Gehirnentwicklung (1)
- Geißel <Biologie> (1)
- Gelenkrheumatismus (1)
- Gelernte Hilflosigkeit (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gen-/Genomverdoppelung (1)
- Gen-Knockout (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Gene regulation (1)
- Gene-prediction (1)
- Generalisierte Lineare Modelle (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Genexpression <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Genome Sequencing (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genomik (1)
- Genomschaden (1)
- Genomsequenzierung (1)
- Genotype-phenotype relationship (1)
- Genotyping (1)
- Gentoxikologie (1)
- Geomagnetic Field (1)
- Gerridae (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Geschlechterverhältnis (1)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (1)
- Geschmack (1)
- Geschmackssinn (1)
- Geschützte Natur (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheitswesen (1)
- Gliazelle (1)
- Gliederfüßer (1)
- Glioblastom (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Glioma (1)
- Glucosaminoglykane (1)
- Glucuronidase <beta-> (1)
- Glutamin (1)
- Glutamine (1)
- Glutathion (1)
- Glykane (1)
- Glykoproteine (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Gonade (1)
- Governance (1)
- Gram-negative Bakterien (1)
- Grasschneiderameise (1)
- Grenzflächenpotenzial (1)
- Growth (1)
- Grundsubstanz (1)
- Gruppengröße (1)
- Gräser (1)
- Größenvariation (1)
- Guanylatcyclase (1)
- HIF-1α (1)
- HLA-G (1)
- HPA Axis (1)
- HT-29 (1)
- Habitateignungsmodelle (1)
- Habitatmodel (1)
- Haftflüssigkeit (1)
- Haftmechanismen (1)
- Haftorgane (1)
- Haftung (1)
- Halictidae (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Natrium- Clearance Verhältnis (1)
- Harnstoffverteilungsvolumen (1)
- Harze (1)
- Haut (1)
- Hautkrebs (1)
- Hearing loss (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heart development (1)
- Heat Shock Proteins (1)
- Hebbian plasticity (1)
- Hebbsche Lernregel (1)
- Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion (1)
- Hematopoietic stem cell ex-vivo expansion (1)
- Hemibodies (1)
- Hemibody (1)
- Herbivor-Parasitoid Interaktion (1)
- Herbivore (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzhypertrophie (1)
- Herzrhythmusstörung (1)
- Heterodimer (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heuschrecken <Überfamilie> (1)
- Hey Proteine (1)
- Hey proteins (1)
- Hidden-Markov-Modell (1)
- High throughput screening (1)
- Hill numbers (1)
- Hintergrund-DNA-Schaden (1)
- Hippo pathway (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Hirnforschung (1)
- Histones (1)
- Hitzekammer (1)
- Hitzeschock-Proteine (1)
- Hitzeschockproteine (1)
- Hoatzins (1)
- Hochaufgelöste Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Hochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Hohlfaserbioreaktor (1)
- Hohlfaserreaktor (1)
- Holzeinschlag (1)
- Holznutzung (1)
- Homeobox Gene (1)
- Homeobox genes (1)
- Homocystein (1)
- Homöobox (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honigbienen (1)
- Host cell death (1)
- Host-endosymbiont interactions (1)
- Host-pathogen interactions (1)
- Hsp90 (1)
- Human Host (1)
- Human land use (1)
- Humorale Immunität (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hydra <Polyp> (1)
- Hymenopteren (1)
- Hyperolius (1)
- Hyperoxide (1)
- Hypersensibilität (1)
- Hypophysen-Zwischenhirn-System (1)
- Hypothalamisch-hypophysäre Achse (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Häm (1)
- Hämatopoese (1)
- Hämodiafiltration (1)
- Hämolymphe (1)
- Hämolymphzucker Homeostase (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhenstufe (1)
- Hörverlust (1)
- IAP (1)
- ICEP (1)
- IGF1R (1)
- IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor (1)
- ITS2 (1)
- Il 4 (1)
- Image Processing (1)
- Image-Scanning Microscope (1)
- ImageProcessing (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imidacloprid (1)
- Imkerei (1)
- Immun-Transkriptom (1)
- Immunantwort (1)
- Immune (1)
- Immune Escape (1)
- Immune evasion (1)
- Immunevasion (1)
- Immungene (1)
- Immunisierung (1)
- Immunization (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunsierung (1)
- Immunsuppression (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Import (1)
- Imprinting (1)
- In vitro (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-paralogs (1)
- In-silico Modell (1)
- Individual differences (1)
- Infektion (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Information (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Infrared radiation (1)
- Innate immunity (1)
- Inparanoid (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insecta (1)
- Insekt (1)
- Insektenlarve (1)
- Insektenstaat (1)
- Insektenstaaten (1)
- Insektensterben (1)
- Instrumentelle Konditionierung (1)
- Insulinrezeptor (1)
- Insulinsignalweg (1)
- Integrated Knowledgebase (1)
- Integrated network analysis (1)
- Integrierte Datenbank (1)
- Intensität (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interactome (1)
- Interaktionsnetzwerke (1)
- Interferon (1)
- Interferon Regulator Faktor 1 (1)
- Interkasten (1)
- Interleukin 4 (1)
- Interleukin 5 (1)
- Internalin (1)
- Interspezifische Assoziation (1)
- Intestinal metaplasia (1)
- Intracellular Pathogens (1)
- Intracellular replication (1)
- Intracellular virulence (1)
- Intrazelluläre Pathogene (1)
- Intrazelluläre Symbiose (1)
- Intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- Invasionsbiologie (1)
- Invasive Art (1)
- Invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Ionenstärke (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- IronChip (1)
- Ischemia (1)
- Ischemie (1)
- Ivory Coast (1)
- Jungfernzeugung (1)
- K-RAS (1)
- K-Ras (1)
- KO Mäuse (1)
- KO mice (1)
- KSR1 (1)
- Kakao (1)
- Kalyx (1)
- Kantenerkennung (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Karzinomzellen (1)
- Kater <Medizin> (1)
- Kaulquappen (1)
- Kaulquappenentwicklung (1)
- Keimzell- und Embryonalentwicklung (1)
- Kernexport (1)
- Kernproteine (1)
- Kernspindel (1)
- Kerntransport (1)
- Killerzelle (1)
- Kinase (1)
- Kinase Inhibitor (1)
- Kinasen (1)
- Kinetochor (1)
- Kinetoplastida (1)
- Klassische Konditionierung (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaerwärmung (1)
- Klonalitaetsanalysen (1)
- Knochenregeneration (1)
- Knockout (1)
- Knockout mouse (1)
- Koexistenz (1)
- Kognitives Lernen (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kollagenasen (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Koloniebildung (1)
- Koloniestruktur (1)
- Kolorektales Karzinom (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompass (1)
- Kondensation (1)
- Konditionierung (1)
- Konfokale Mikroskopie (1)
- Konfokalmikroskopie (1)
- Konstruktive Didaktik (1)
- Kontrolle (1)
- Kontrolle der Genexpression (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrelative Mikroskopie (1)
- Korrespondenzanalyse (1)
- Kostimulatorisches Molekül (1)
- Krebsbildgebung (1)
- Krebstherapie (1)
- Kreideriedfrosch (1)
- Kristallstruktur (1)
- Kt/V (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- Kutikulare Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Körpergrösse (1)
- Körpergröße (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- LC-MS (1)
- LCK (1)
- LIN-54 (1)
- LIN-9 (1)
- LIN9 (1)
- LINC complex (1)
- Lachsartige <Familie> (1)
- LamB (1)
- Lamine (1)
- LampB (1)
- Land use (1)
- Landsat ETM+ (1)
- Landscape composition (1)
- Landscape configuration (1)
- Landschaft (1)
- Landschaftskomposition (1)
- Landschaftskonfiguration (1)
- Landschaftspflege (1)
- Landschaftsstruktur (1)
- Landschaftsökologie (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Langmuir Adsorptionsisotherme (1)
- Langmuir adsorption isotherm (1)
- Langzeitpotenzierung (1)
- Laser-Rastermikroskopie (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Lattice (1)
- Laubsänger (1)
- Laufkäfer (1)
- Leaf traits (1)
- Learning & Memory (1)
- Learning Walk (1)
- Learning walk (1)
- Lebenslauf-Strategien (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategie (1)
- Lebenslaufstrategien (1)
- Lebensraum (1)
- Leica-Mikroskopie und -Systeme GmbH (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Lemuren (1)
- Lemurs (1)
- Leptothorax (1)
- Lernort (1)
- Lernregeln (1)
- Leucin-reiche repeat protein (1)
- Leukozyt (1)
- Leukozyten (1)
- Leukämie (1)
- Lifetime Imaging (1)
- Lin9 (1)
- Lipid Bilayer Membrane (1)
- Lipid Mikrodomänen (1)
- Lipid Raft (1)
- Lipid bilayer membrane (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Liposomen (1)
- Liposomes (1)
- Listeria (1)
- Litoria caerulea (1)
- Livestock grazing (1)
- Lobula Platte (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Long-term potentiation (1)
- Lsc/p115 Rho GEF (1)
- Luftfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Lumineszenzlöschung (1)
- Lung Cancer (1)
- Lung squamous cancer cells (1)
- Lymphom (1)
- Lymphoma (1)
- Lymphome (1)
- Lymphozytentransformation (1)
- LysR-type (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- M cells (1)
- M-Zelle (1)
- M-Zellen (1)
- M. tuberculosis (1)
- MAP (1)
- MAP Kinase Signaling (1)
- MAP3K4 (1)
- MAPK (1)
- MEF2C (1)
- MEK5 (1)
- MICA (1)
- MICB (1)
- MIPs (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MPZ (P0) (1)
- MSC (1)
- MYCN (1)
- Madagaskar <West> (1)
- Magadan <Region> (1)
- Magerrasen (1)
- Maillard-Reaktion (1)
- Mal3p (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Maltoporin (1)
- Management (1)
- Management System (1)
- Management-Systeme (1)
- Mantelzell-Lymphom (1)
- Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (1)
- Marker (1)
- Masern (1)
- Mass Isotopomers Distribution Analysis (1)
- Massen-Isotopomer Verteilungs-Analyse (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Massentrachten (1)
- Mathematical modeling (1)
- Mathematisches Modell (1)
- Matrixproteasen (1)
- Mauerbiene (1)
- Maus Modell (1)
- Mausmodell (1)
- Mbm (1)
- Mc4r (1)
- Medium spiny neurons (1)
- Meerkatzenartige (1)
- Mehrfachpaarung (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanoma (1)
- Melanoma Maintenance (1)
- Melanomzellen (1)
- Meliponini (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membrane receptor (1)
- Membranrezeptor (1)
- Membrantransport (1)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (1)
- Merkel-Zellkarzinom (1)
- Mesencephalon (1)
- Mesenchymale Stammzelle (1)
- Messenger-RNP (1)
- Messung (1)
- Meta-barcoding (1)
- Metabolic Flux Analysis (1)
- Metabolic Modelling (1)
- Metabolische Flux-Analyse (1)
- Metabolischen Modellierung (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metaphaseplatte (1)
- Metapopulation (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylene blue (1)
- Methylierung (1)
- Mevalonate Pathway (1)
- Microarray Analyse (1)
- Microfluidic Chip (1)
- Micronuclei (1)
- Midbody (1)
- Mikroben (1)
- Mikrobiom <Genetik> (1)
- Mikroevolution (1)
- Mikrofliess-System (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mikroglomeruli (1)
- Mikroglomerulus (1)
- Mikrohabitat (1)
- Mikrokerne (1)
- Mikroorganismus (1)
- Mikrosatelliten (1)
- Mikrotubule (1)
- Mikrotubuli (1)
- Mikrotubulus (1)
- Mismatch (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Mittelhirn (1)
- Mobilitet (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Molecular approaches (1)
- Molekulare Erkennung (1)
- Molekulare Evolution (1)
- Molekülsystem (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antikörper (1)
- Monozytendifferenzierung (1)
- Morbus Best (1)
- Morphing (1)
- Morpholino (1)
- Morphologie (1)
- Mosaizismus (1)
- Motiliät (1)
- Motion detection (1)
- Motoneuron (1)
- Motor learning (1)
- Motorische Endplatte (1)
- Motorisches Lernen (1)
- Mouse (1)
- Mouse Model (1)
- Mouse model of allergic airway inflammation (1)
- Mrap2 (1)
- Multi-Unit Aufnahmen (1)
- Multidrug Efflux (1)
- Multidrug Efflux Pumpen (1)
- Multiple Myeloma (1)
- Multiple Sklerose (1)
- Mundgliedmassen (1)
- Mundwerkzeuge (1)
- Muskeldifferenzierung (1)
- Muskeldystrophie (1)
- Muskelfasertypen (1)
- Mutagenitätstest (1)
- Mutante (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mutationen (1)
- Myb (1)
- Myb-MuvB complex (1)
- Mycobacterium (1)
- Myelin (1)
- Myelinopathie (1)
- Myelinopathy (1)
- Mykose (1)
- MyoD (1)
- Myokard (1)
- Myrmecia gulosa (1)
- N-MYC (1)
- NFAT (1)
- NFATc1 sumoylation (1)
- NGF (1)
- NK cells (1)
- NMD (1)
- NMR-Bildgebung (1)
- NRAGE (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NSCLC (1)
- NTHi (1)
- NXF (1)
- Nahrungsaufnahme (1)
- Nahrungskonkurrenz (1)
- Nahrungsqualität (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Nanoröhre (1)
- Narrow escape problem (1)
- Nasonia (1)
- Nationalpark (1)
- Nationalparks (1)
- Natriumchlorid (1)
- Natural pest control (1)
- Naturschutzgebiet Hohe Wann (1)
- Natürliche Killerzelle (1)
- Nectar Foraging (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Nervenfaser (1)
- Nervengift (1)
- Nervensystem (1)
- Nervenwachstumsfaktor (1)
- Nestklima (1)
- Nestklimas (1)
- Network Analysis (1)
- Netzwerkalgorithmen (1)
- Neuralrohr (1)
- Neurobiology (1)
- Neuroblastenproliferation (1)
- Neuroendokrines System (1)
- Neuroethology (1)
- Neurogenese (1)
- Neurogenetics (1)
- Neuroinflammation (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neuronal Proliferation (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neuronale Ceroid Lipofuszinose (1)
- Neuropathie (1)
- Nexavar (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Next-Generation Sequenzierung (1)
- Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom (NSCLC) (1)
- Nichtzielorganismen (1)
- Nicotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptor (1)
- Nistgelegenheit (1)
- Nisthöhle (1)
- Noey2 (1)
- Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom (1)
- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (1)
- Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (1)
- Non-target effects (1)
- Nosema (1)
- Nosema apis (1)
- Notch Signalweg (1)
- Notch signalling (1)
- Notch/Delta Signalweg (1)
- Notch/Delta pathway (1)
- Noteridae (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear export control (1)
- Nuclear periphery granules (1)
- Nucleinsäure-Sensoren (1)
- Nuleic Acids Sensors (1)
- Nährboden (1)
- Oberflächendruck (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Octopaminergic signaling (1)
- Odour Intensity (1)
- Oilseed Rape (1)
- Oktopamin (1)
- Olfactory (1)
- Olive baboons (1)
- OmoMYC (1)
- Oncogenes (1)
- Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy (1)
- Oncoprotein (1)
- Onkolytische Vaccinia Virustherapie (1)
- Onkoprotein (1)
- Oogenese (1)
- Opsin (1)
- Optogenetic (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Out-of-school learning settings (1)
- Ovarialkarzinom (1)
- Ovarian Cancer (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidative Thiol Modifikationen (1)
- Ozone (1)
- PAF1c (1)
- PD-1 (1)
- PDF neurons (1)
- PEDF (1)
- PEG chemical modification (1)
- PER (1)
- PI3-Kinase (1)
- PI3-kinase (1)
- PKA (1)
- PKG (1)
- PPD (1)
- PRC2 (1)
- PROTACs (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- Paarungsverhalten (1)
- Pachycondyla (1)
- Pangenom (1)
- Parabiose (1)
- Parasitismus (1)
- Parasitoid (1)
- Parc National de (1)
- Parc National de la Como´e (1)
- Parkinson Krankheit (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Participation (1)
- Partnerwahl (1)
- Patch-clamp (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pathogenitätsinsel (1)
- Patterns and drivers of invertebrate herbivory (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species diversity of phytophagous beetles (1)
- Patterns and drivers of species richness and community biomass of large mammals (1)
- Pause Release (1)
- Pax3 (1)
- Pax7 (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Perception (1)
- Period (1)
- Peroxiredoxin (1)
- Peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Persistenz (1)
- Pest management (1)
- Peyer's Patches (1)
- Peyer'sche Plaques (1)
- Pflanzen-Bestäuber-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Bienen-Netzwerke (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Phage Lamda (1)
- Phagosom (1)
- Phagosomal escape (1)
- Phagosome (1)
- Phagozytose (1)
- Phenotypic switch (1)
- Pheromon Kommunikation (1)
- Pheromon communication (1)
- Philanthus (1)
- Philantus (1)
- Phloretin (1)
- Phosphatase (1)
- Phosphoproteine (1)
- Phosphoproteomic analysis (1)
- Phosphorylierung (1)
- Phosphotransfer reactions (1)
- Phosphotransferreaktionen (1)
- Photorezeption (1)
- Phylogenic (1)
- Phylogenie von Listeria (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Pigmentdispergierender Faktor (1)
- Pigmentepithel (1)
- Pigmentierung (1)
- Pipecolinsäurederivate (1)
- Piping Signal (1)
- Plant (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plant-insect interactions (1)
- Plant-pollinator interactions (1)
- Plasma membrane repair (1)
- Plasmamembranorganisation (1)
- Plasmozytom (1)
- Plastizität <Physiologie> (1)
- Platelets (1)
- Platy (1)
- Pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Pluripotenz (1)
- Plättchennetzwerk (1)
- Plättchenphosphoproteom (1)
- Pogonomyrmex (1)
- Pogonomyrmex badius (1)
- Pogonomyrmex rugosus (1)
- Polistes (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollennahrung (1)
- Pollensammelzeiten (1)
- Pollination services (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Polo-like kinase 1 (1)
- Polyethism (1)
- Polyomaviren (1)
- Polyomavirus JC (1)
- Polysaccharide (1)
- Ponerinae (1)
- Popdc Genfamilie (1)
- Popdc2 (1)
- Population structure (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Pore (1)
- Porenbildung (1)
- Posttranslational (1)
- Preclinical (1)
- Predation (1)
- Presomitic meoderm (1)
- PrfA (1)
- Priming (1)
- Primäre Polygynie (1)
- Produktivität (1)
- Prostaglandin E2 (1)
- Proteaseinhibitoren (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protected Area (1)
- Protein-Kristallisierung (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteinfaltung (1)
- Proteinkristallographie (1)
- Proteom (1)
- Proteomanalyse (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomics Analysis of Complexes (1)
- Proteotype (1)
- Prothoracic gland (1)
- Prothoracicotropic hormone (1)
- Proventriculus (1)
- Proventrikel (1)
- Prozessierung (1)
- Präsomitisches Mesoderm (1)
- Präsynapse (1)
- Pteromalidae (1)
- Puberty (1)
- Pubertät (1)
- QDTI (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- QTL analysis (1)
- Quantifizierung (1)
- Quantitative Mikroskopie (1)
- RAD50-Defizienz (1)
- RAF (1)
- RAf (1)
- RFID (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) (1)
- RNA binding proteins (1)
- RNA granules (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- RNAi (1)
- RNS-Polymerase II (1)
- RPE specific genes (1)
- RSK (1)
- Rab23 (1)
- Raf (1)
- Raf <Biochemie> (1)
- Raf-Kinase (1)
- Raf-Kinasen (1)
- Random-walk simulations (1)
- Raps (1)
- Rapsanbau (1)
- Ratte (1)
- Rbm8a (1)
- Re-Annotation (1)
- Re-annotation (1)
- Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (1)
- Receptor-Tyrosine Kinases (1)
- Regulation of expression (1)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifung (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reiz (1)
- Rekrutierung (1)
- Renaturierung <Ökologie> (1)
- Renin Angiotensin System (1)
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (1)
- Repression (1)
- Repression <Genetik> (1)
- Reproductive Strategies (1)
- Reproductive potential (1)
- Reproduktionserfolg (1)
- Reproduktionsmedizin (1)
- Reproduktiver Konflikt (1)
- Reproduktives Potential (1)
- Resource Managment (1)
- Resource Use (1)
- Ressourcenmanagement (1)
- Ressourcenteilung (1)
- Retroviren (1)
- Reversibel (1)
- Reversion (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen (1)
- Rezeptoren (1)
- Rhabdomyosarkom (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rho (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rhodococcus equi (1)
- Ribonuclease H2 (1)
- Ribosom (1)
- Ribosomale RNS (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Richter's syndrome (1)
- Richter-Syndrom (1)
- Rituximab (1)
- Rnsstoffwechsel (1)
- Rollstuhl (1)
- Rotbuche (1)
- Rotstirnmaki (1)
- Räuber-Beute Interaktionen (1)
- Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1)
- Rüsselkäfer (1)
- S6KII (1)
- SAP47 (1)
- SPR-Spektroskopie (1)
- SPRED2 (1)
- SRF (1)
- SSR42 (1)
- SUN domain proteins (1)
- SWI/SNF (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Salmonella typhimurium (1)
- Samenkeimung (1)
- Samenprädation (1)
- Sammeldistanzen (1)
- Sammelverhalten (1)
- Sandminen (1)
- Sap47 (1)
- Saproxylic beetles (1)
- Saproxylophage (1)
- Sauerstoffradikal (1)
- Savannah ecosystems (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scarabaeidae (1)
- Scherspannung (1)
- Schildkäfer (1)
- Schimpanse (1)
- Schlaf (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schmalbienen (1)
- Schmalwa (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schubspannung (1)
- Schwebfliegen (1)
- Schwimmkäfer (1)
- Schwänzeltanz (1)
- Schälen (1)
- SdY (1)
- Seam (1)
- Sehen (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Sekundärwald (1)
- Selbstorgansation (1)
- Selektive Wahrnehmung (1)
- Senescence (1)
- Senile Makuladegeneration / Pigmentepithel / Genexpression (1)
- Sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- Sensory (1)
- Sensory Exploitation (1)
- Sensory exploitation (1)
- Sensory trap (1)
- Sequence Analysis (1)
- Sequence-Structure (1)
- Sequenzanalyse (1)
- Sexual selection (1)
- Shaggy (1)
- Shh (1)
- Signal Transduktion (1)
- Signalkette (1)
- Similarity (1)
- Simkania Negevensis (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Sinapis arvensis (1)
- Single-molecule tracking (1)
- Sinne (1)
- Ska complex (1)
- Ska-Komplex (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Social Organisation (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Somit (1)
- Somiten (1)
- Somites (1)
- Somitogenese (1)
- Sonnenblumen (1)
- Sorafinib (1)
- Soziale Organisation (1)
- Sozialität (1)
- Sozio-endokrinologie (1)
- Soziobiologie (1)
- Spechte (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral Data Analysis (1)
- Speicher (1)
- Spermatogenese (1)
- Spermatogenesis (1)
- Spermienbildung (1)
- Spermiogenese (1)
- Spezialisierung (1)
- Spezifikation (1)
- Spezifität (1)
- Sphecidae (1)
- Sphingosinanaloga (1)
- Sphingosinkinase (1)
- Spider Silk (1)
- Spindelkontrollpunkt (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Spinnenseide (1)
- Spir (1)
- Spitzwegerich (1)
- Spred Protein (1)
- Spred-Proteine (1)
- Spurpheromone (1)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- Src (1)
- Stachellose Biene (1)
- Stammvielfalt (1)
- Standardgehirn (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (1)
- Stat5 (1)
- Statin (1)
- Stationenarbeit (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Statistische Analyse (1)
- Strahlentherapie (1)
- Streifgebiet (1)
- Stressresistenz (1)
- Striatum (1)
- Stridulation (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strukturaufklärung (1)
- Strukturplastizität (1)
- Störung (1)
- Subitizing (1)
- Sumo (1)
- Sumoylierung (1)
- Surface potential (1)
- Surface pressure (1)
- Synaptic plasticity (1)
- Synaptinemal-Komplex (1)
- Synaptische Plastizität (1)
- Synaptische Proteine (1)
- Synaptonemal complex (1)
- Synaptonemaler Komplex (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- Synökologie (1)
- Systems Biology (1)
- Säugetiere (1)
- T cell (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T cell receptor (1)
- T cells (1)
- T lymphocytes (1)
- T- Lymphozyt (1)
- T-Lymphozyten-Rezeptor (1)
- T-Zell-Aktivierung (1)
- T-Zell-Rezeptor (1)
- T-Zellen (1)
- T-cell engager (1)
- T-cell epitope (1)
- T-cell repertoire (1)
- T-cells (1)
- T-lymphocyte (1)
- T-lymphocytes (1)
- T-zell epitope (1)
- T-zell repertoir (1)
- TAMs (1)
- TERB1-TERB2-MAJIN (1)
- TFIIIC (1)
- TGF-beta (1)
- TGF-ß (1)
- TLR4 (1)
- TLR7 (1)
- TLR8 (1)
- TNF-R1 (1)
- TNF-R2 (1)
- Tageslänge (1)
- Tagesrhythmik (1)
- Tamarin (1)
- Tardigraden (1)
- Tardigrades (1)
- Taste (1)
- Telomer (1)
- Telomer <Molekulargenetik> (1)
- Terminal domains (1)
- Terminale Domaine (1)
- Terpene (1)
- Test-Strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Tetanus Neurotoxin (1)
- Thelytokie (1)
- Theoretical ecology (1)
- Thermogenesis (1)
- Thermoregultion (1)
- Thiolgruppe (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktion (1)
- Tier-Pflanze-Interaktionen (1)
- Timeless (1)
- Timing (1)
- Tiotropium (1)
- Tissue Engineering (1)
- Toll-like Rezeptor (1)
- Toll-like receptor (1)
- Topoisomerase I (1)
- Topoisomerase II (1)
- Topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- Topoisomerases I (1)
- Totenkopfäffchen (1)
- Transcription Regulation (1)
- Transcription elongation (1)
- Transcriptional Stress Response (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (1)
- Transforming growth factor beta (1)
- Transgene Tiere (1)
- Transkriptionelle Regulierung (1)
- Transkriptom (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Translation <Genetik> (1)
- Translation regulation (1)
- Translokation (1)
- Transplantation (1)
- Transport (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Trehalose (1)
- TrkB (1)
- Tropen (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Trophische Interaktionen (1)
- Tropischer Regenwald (1)
- Trypanosoma (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei (1)
- Trypanosoma vivax (1)
- Trypanosomiasis (1)
- Tsetse Fliege (1)
- Tuberkelbakterium (1)
- Tubulin (1)
- Tumor Immunology (1)
- Tumor detection (1)
- Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor <alpha> (1)
- Tumordetektion (1)
- Tumorerkrankungen (1)
- Tumorimmunologie (1)
- Tumorklassifikation (1)
- Tumorregression (1)
- Tumorsuppressorgen (1)
- Tumorzelle (1)
- Typ I Sekretion (1)
- Tyramin (1)
- Tyrosin (1)
- USA300 (1)
- USP28 (1)
- UV (1)
- Ubiquitin (1)
- Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- Umweltfaktor (1)
- Umwelttoxikologie (1)
- Universitätsforst Würzburg (1)
- Unterholz (1)
- Urea distribution volume (1)
- Urämie (1)
- Urämietoxine (1)
- Urämische Toxine (1)
- Ustilago maydis (1)
- VIB (1)
- VSG structure (1)
- Vaccinia (1)
- Vaccinia Virus Replikation (1)
- Vaccinia virus (1)
- Vaccinia-virus (1)
- Vakuole (1)
- Variables Oberflächen Glycoprotein (1)
- Variant Surface Glycoprotein (1)
- Variants (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Varroa mites (1)
- Varroa resistance (1)
- Vascular endothelial Growth Factor (1)
- Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein (1)
- Vav (1)
- Verbreitung (1)
- Verbreitungsgrenzen (1)
- Verhaltenplastizität (1)
- Verhaltens-Ökologie (1)
- Verhaltensanalyse (1)
- Verhaltensforschung (1)
- Verhaltensphysiologie (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Vertebrat (1)
- Verwandtschaft (1)
- Vesikeltransport (1)
- Virulenzfaktoren (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Visuelle Orientierung (1)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (1)
- Visueller Reiz (1)
- Visuelles Gedächtnis (1)
- Voltage-Clamp-Methode (1)
- Voltinismus (1)
- Vorhersagbarkeitsmuster (1)
- Vorläuferzelle (1)
- Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Vögel (1)
- W Arly Pendjari WAP (1)
- WISP1/CCN4 (1)
- Wachstumsfaktor (1)
- Wachstumsfaktoren (1)
- Waldstruktur (1)
- Wanzen (1)
- Wasserstoffperoxid (1)
- Waterbear (1)
- Web services (1)
- Weidegräser (1)
- Werk (1)
- Wernicke's perpendicular fasciculus (1)
- Wernickes Assoziationsbündel (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West African savanna (1)
- Wet adhesion model (1)
- Whedos (1)
- Wheelchair Navigation (1)
- Wilde Honigbienen (1)
- Windengewächse (1)
- Wirkstoff (1)
- Wirt (1)
- Wirtspflanzen (1)
- Wirtspflanzenfindung (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- Würzburg / Universität / Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik (1)
- Würzburg University Forest (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Xiphophorus maculatus (1)
- Y Chromosome (1)
- Y chromosome (1)
- Y-Chromosom (1)
- YAP (1)
- YaeT (1)
- Yellow Crazy Ant (1)
- Yersinia enterocolitica (1)
- YtfM (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zeitdifferenzierung (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellkern (1)
- Zellkonjugation (1)
- Zelloberfläche (1)
- Zellwandkanäle (1)
- Zentrales Nervensystem (1)
- Zentriolen (1)
- Zersetzer (1)
- Zersetzungsprozess (1)
- Zittertanz (1)
- Zutokin (1)
- Zytokinese (1)
- Zytoskelett (1)
- Zytostatikatestung (1)
- Zählen (1)
- Züchtung (1)
- aberration (1)
- accessory medulla (1)
- active zone (1)
- adaptive traits (1)
- adaptor protein (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adhesive fluid (1)
- adipocytes (1)
- advanced glycation end products (1)
- affinity (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressive behavior (1)
- agriculture (1)
- agroecology (1)
- airflow (1)
- algorithm (1)
- alkaloid concentrations (1)
- allergy (1)
- alpha-Myosinschwerkette (1)
- alpha-myosin heavy chain (1)
- alpine ecosystems (1)
- amh (1)
- aminergic neurons (1)
- amphibian communities (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- analysis (1)
- anemia (1)
- aneuploidy (1)
- animal-plant interactions (1)
- anoikis (1)
- ant oogenesis (1)
- anthropogene Störungen (1)
- anthropogenic disturbance (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antibody engineering (1)
- antigenic variation (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- appendage development (1)
- arachidonic acid (1)
- arf (1)
- arthropod community (1)
- artifacts (1)
- artificial diet (1)
- artificial human skin (1)
- assistierte Reproduktion (1)
- association (1)
- associative (1)
- assoziativ (1)
- attachment devices (1)
- attachment structure (1)
- autoimmunity (1)
- autoimmunität (1)
- außerpaarliche Vaterschaft (1)
- axonal damage (1)
- axonaler Schaden (1)
- bacterial (1)
- bacterial cancer therapy (1)
- bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- bacterial tumor targeting (1)
- bakterielle Pathogenese (1)
- bee diseases (1)
- bee-lining (1)
- beetles (1)
- beewolf (1)
- begrenzte Ressource (1)
- behavioral change (1)
- behavioral maturation (1)
- behavioral physiology (1)
- behavioral rhythms (1)
- behavioural analyses (1)
- bestrophin (1)
- bestäuberfreundliche Pflanzen (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-Fassproteine (1)
- beta-barrel-proteins (1)
- beta-glucuronidase (1)
- biased dispersal (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodiversity response (1)
- biogenic amine (1)
- bioinformatic (1)
- biology (1)
- biomarker (1)
- bioorthogonal labeling (1)
- biotechnical Varroa control (1)
- biotic interactions (1)
- birds (1)
- bispecific antibodies (1)
- bispecific antibody (1)
- bispezifische Antikörper (1)
- bispezifische antikörper (1)
- bisphenol a (1)
- bitter taste (1)
- black lipid bilayer (1)
- body size (1)
- bone regeneration (1)
- botanical gardens (1)
- brain (1)
- brain anatomy (1)
- brain development (1)
- brood development (1)
- brood rearing (1)
- bucket brigades (1)
- building behavior (1)
- bumble bees (1)
- bumblebee*s (1)
- burn severity (1)
- c-myc (1)
- cDNA library (1)
- cDNS (1)
- cGMP (1)
- cMYC regulation (1)
- calcareous grassland (1)
- calpain (1)
- calyx (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer stem cells (1)
- cancer therapy (1)
- capture-mark-recapture (1)
- carcinoma cells (1)
- cardiac hypertrophy (1)
- cardiomyocytes (1)
- catecholamines (1)
- caveolae (1)
- cell adhesion (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell growth (1)
- cellcycle (1)
- central complex (1)
- centrosomal protein (1)
- channel forming proteins (1)
- channel-tunnel (1)
- chaperones (1)
- chemical ecology (1)
- chemische Modifizierung (1)
- chimeric (1)
- chimär (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chondrocytes (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chromosomal instability (1)
- chromosomale Instabilität (1)
- chromosome congression (1)
- chromosomes telomere-led movement (1)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- chronische B-Zell Leukaemie (1)
- chronological aging (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circadian clocks (1)
- classification (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- climate (1)
- climate control (1)
- closing of chromatin (1)
- clothianidin (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-expression coefficient (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cofilin (1)
- cohesin (1)
- collagenases (1)
- colony recognition (1)
- colony structur (1)
- combination therapy (1)
- community composition (1)
- comparative metagenomics (1)
- computational analysis (1)
- concept maps (1)
- conceptual change (1)
- condensation (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- connectomics (1)
- cool-season grass species (1)
- correlative methods (1)
- correspondence analysis (1)
- costimulatory molecule (1)
- coumaphos (1)
- courtship behaviour (1)
- crickets (1)
- cristae (1)
- crop harvest (1)
- crosstalk (1)
- cul3 ring ligase (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- cytostatic drug testing (1)
- cytotoxicity (1)
- das Promotor (1)
- das in vitro Transkriptionssystem (1)
- dead organic material (1)
- deadwood enrichment (1)
- decapentaplegic (1)
- decision-making (1)
- decomposition (1)
- defective Mitosis (1)
- defense (1)
- deformable models (1)
- developing country (1)
- diagnosis (1)
- diagnostic Microarray (1)
- diagnostischer Microarray (1)
- dialysis (1)
- differential geneexpression (1)
- differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- diffusion tractography (1)
- diphenyl urea (1)
- disease modelling (1)
- dispersal distance (1)
- dispersal propensity (1)
- dispersal strategy (1)
- dispersal timing (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance (1)
- domain (1)
- dominance hierarchies (1)
- doppelsträngige RNA (1)
- double-stranded RNA (1)
- drivers and patterns of diversity and herbivory (1)
- drosophila larva (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- dual targeting (1)
- dung beetles (1)
- dvision of labor (1)
- dynamics (1)
- eco-tourism (1)
- ecological intensification (1)
- ecological process (1)
- elektrophysiologie (1)
- elementary motion detector (1)
- elevation (1)
- elevational gradients (1)
- embryonic stem cells (1)
- emerin (1)
- emulsion (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endophyte (1)
- endophytische Pilze (1)
- endosome (1)
- endosymbiosis (1)
- enhancers (1)
- entomology (1)
- environmental cues (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- epidermidis (1)
- erleichterungslernen (1)
- erythrocyte adherence (1)
- erythropoietin (1)
- essential genes (1)
- estrogen (1)
- estrogen receptor (1)
- eukaryotic gene expression (1)
- evolution of pathogens (1)
- evolution of virulence (1)
- exotische Pflanzen (1)
- experience (1)
- extensive Fischerei-Systeme (1)
- extensive fishery (1)
- external stimuli (1)
- extra-pair paternity (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme events (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial age (1)
- facial gender (1)
- fehlerhafte Mitose (1)
- feral bees (1)
- fertility (1)
- fertility signal (1)
- fire ecology (1)
- fire mapping (1)
- fish (1)
- fish model (1)
- fitness (1)
- flagella (1)
- flagellar sensing proteins (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flight simulator (1)
- floor plate (1)
- flowering phenology (1)
- flux (1)
- fluxosome (1)
- flytrap (1)
- focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (1)
- forager (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foraging distances (1)
- foraging trip durations (1)
- forest conservation (1)
- forest landscape (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- friction (1)
- frugivory (1)
- fruit crop size (1)
- fruit removal (1)
- fullerene (1)
- functional MRI (1)
- functional interpretation (1)
- functional modules (1)
- functional morphology (1)
- fungal endophytes (1)
- fungal endophytes of grasses (1)
- fungal infection (1)
- funktionale Bildgebung (1)
- funktionelle Analyse (1)
- funktionelle Module (1)
- futsch (1)
- gamergate (1)
- gastrointestinal cancer (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression networks (1)
- gene/genome duplication (1)
- geneexpression (1)
- genetic screen (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genomic (1)
- genomic damage (1)
- glia cells (1)
- glucosaminoglycans (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- gonococcal (1)
- gonococcal infection (1)
- gram-negative Bacteria (1)
- gram-negative Bakterien (1)
- gras-cutting ants (1)
- grass (1)
- growth factor (1)
- h-dimerization (1)
- habitat model (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- haemolymph sugar homeostasis (1)
- halbnatürliche Habitate (1)
- hangover (1)
- heart (1)
- heart development (1)
- heat-box (1)
- heme (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- herbivore-parasitoid interaction (1)
- heritability (1)
- heterodimer (1)
- heterozygosity (1)
- hibernation (1)
- high throughput (1)
- hippocampus (1)
- hollow-fiber bioreactor (1)
- homocysteine (1)
- homology modeling (1)
- honey bee density (1)
- honey bees (1)
- honeybee*s (1)
- host cell (1)
- host plant finding (1)
- human breast cancer (1)
- human gut microbiome (1)
- human impact (1)
- humanized mice (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- iNOS (1)
- imaging (1)
- imidacloprid (1)
- immune escape (1)
- immune genes (1)
- immunocompetent skin (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro transcription (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in vivo genome editing (1)
- in-silico model (1)
- infection rates (1)
- information (1)
- inlGHE (1)
- innate immunity (1)
- insect immunity (1)
- insertion-site deep sequencing (1)
- insulin pathway (1)
- insulin receptor (1)
- intensity (1)
- interacting species (1)
- interaction networks (1)
- interaktive Arten (1)
- intercastes (1)
- internalin (1)
- interspecific association (1)
- intervention point analyzing (1)
- intoxication risk (1)
- intracellular (1)
- intracellular replication (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- jasmonate (1)
- juvenile hormone (1)
- kinase (1)
- kinase inhibitor (1)
- kinetic mechanism (1)
- kinetochore (1)
- klassisches Konditionieren (1)
- knock-out mouse (1)
- kollektive Muster (1)
- lamina (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape management (1)
- landscape structure (1)
- landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb (1)
- leaf beetle (1)
- leaf-cutting ant (1)
- learned helplessness (1)
- learning and behaviour (1)
- learning at workstations (1)
- learning rules (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leukozytes (1)
- life history strategies (1)
- life history traits (1)
- lineare Regression (1)
- lipid microdomains (1)
- lipid raft (1)
- listeria (1)
- load size (1)
- lobula plate (1)
- local farm management (1)
- logging (1)
- lösliche Guanylylcyclase (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mRNA metabolism (1)
- mRNA processing (1)
- macrophage (1)
- macrophages (1)
- macular degeneration (1)
- malignant melanoma (1)
- malnourishment (1)
- mass-flowering crops (1)
- mate choice (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mathematische Modellierung (1)
- mating system (1)
- matrix proteases (1)
- maturation (1)
- mean first passage time (1)
- mechanosensing (1)
- media design (1)
- meiosis (1)
- melanoma cells (1)
- melanoma dedifferentiation (1)
- menschlicher Einfluss (1)
- mesenchymale Stammzellen (1)
- messenger RNA (1)
- messenger RNA regulation (1)
- metabolic (1)
- metabolic adaptation (1)
- metabolite profiling (1)
- metagenomic (1)
- metalloprotease (1)
- miRNA (1)
- miRNS (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microarray data analysis (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial ecology and evolution (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microclimate (1)
- microglomeruli (1)
- microglomerulus (1)
- microhabitat (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microswimming (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie und Evolution (1)
- mite non-reproduction (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitotic gene expression (1)
- mitotic progression (1)
- molecular phylogeny (1)
- molekulare Phylogenie (1)
- monarch butterfly (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoallelic expression (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monocyte (1)
- monocyte differentiation (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- morphology (1)
- mosaicism (1)
- motion vision (1)
- motoneuron (1)
- mouthparts (1)
- multi-modal stimuli (1)
- multi-unit recording (1)
- multidrug efflux pumps (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- muscle differentiation (1)
- muscle fiber types (1)
- mushroom body miniature (1)
- mutation analysis (1)
- mutations (1)
- mutualism (1)
- mutualistische Netzwerke (1)
- myocardium (1)
- nanobiocomposites (1)
- national park (1)
- national parks (1)
- natural disturbance (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche Feinde (1)
- ncRNA genes (1)
- nesting behaviour (1)
- nesting resources (1)
- nestmate recognition (1)
- network (1)
- networkanalysis (1)
- neural crest (1)
- neural patterning (1)
- neural tube (1)
- neuroblast proliferation (1)
- neurogenetic analyses (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuromuscular junction (1)
- neuromuskuläre Synapse (1)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1)
- neuronal differentiation (1)
- neuronale Differenzierung (1)
- neuronale Musterbildung (1)
- neuropathy (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1)
- non-Disjunktion (1)
- non-disjunction (1)
- non-sense mutations (1)
- nuclear export (1)
- nuclear lamins (1)
- nuclear transport (1)
- nukleäre Lamine (1)
- nurse bee (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nutrition (1)
- octopamine (1)
- odor processing (1)
- oil palm (1)
- oilseed rape (1)
- olfactory memory (1)
- olfactory pathway (1)
- olfaktorik (1)
- olfaktorische Bahn (1)
- olfaktorische Rezeptorneurone (1)
- olfaktorisches Gedächtnis (1)
- oncolytic therapy (1)
- oncolytic viral therapy (1)
- oncolytic virus therapy (1)
- onkolytische Virustherapie (1)
- opening of chromatin (1)
- operante Konditionierung (1)
- operantes Konditionieren (1)
- optimal drug combination (1)
- optomotor response (1)
- organisation (1)
- orientation (1)
- orthoptera (1)
- ovarian cancer (1)
- ovarian carcinoma (1)
- oviposition (1)
- oxidative thiol modification (1)
- p38 (1)
- p90 ribosomale S6 kinase (1)
- p90RSK (1)
- pacbio correction (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- pangenome (1)
- parabiosis (1)
- parasite cycle (1)
- parasitärer Entwicklungszyklus (1)
- patch connectivity (1)
- pathogenicity island (1)
- pathway (1)
- pea aphid (1)
- peeling (1)
- perception (1)
- peripheral pathways (1)
- peroxiredoxin 6 (1)
- persistierende Infektion (1)
- pest control (1)
- phagosome (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenotype (1)
- pheromones (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- phylogenetic inertia (1)
- phylogenetische Arrays (1)
- phylogenetische Trägheit (1)
- phylogeny (1)
- phylogeny evolution (1)
- phylogeny of listeria (1)
- pigment cell (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant animal interaction (1)
- plant defense (1)
- plant quality (1)
- plant-bee visitation networks (1)
- plant-herbivore-interactions (1)
- plasma membrane organization (1)
- platelets (1)
- pollinator friendly plants (1)
- pollinators (1)
- polyandry (1)
- polyethism (1)
- polygyny (1)
- ponerinae (1)
- popdc gene family (1)
- population genetics (1)
- populations genetics (1)
- pore formation and translocation (1)
- porenformende Proteine (1)
- porin (1)
- post-disturbance logging (1)
- predator-prey interactions (1)
- predictabilitiy patterns (1)
- presynapse (1)
- primary polygyny (1)
- primate (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- product qualitymodulation (1)
- product specificity (1)
- proliferation (1)
- promoter (1)
- promoter invasion (1)
- prostaglandin E2 (1)
- protease inhibitors (1)
- protein (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein crystallization (1)
- protein crystallography (1)
- proteome analysis (1)
- proteomics (1)
- proventriculus (1)
- public outreach (1)
- quiescence (1)
- rRNA (1)
- rRNA processing (1)
- radiofrequency identification (1)
- range formation (1)
- rat (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- recapping (1)
- reception (1)
- receptor (1)
- receptors (1)
- recreation (1)
- recruitment (1)
- reed frog (1)
- regulation of gene expression (1)
- rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- relatedness (1)
- relief (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- repeats (1)
- replicative stress (1)
- reporter screen (1)
- reproduction success (1)
- reproductive competition (1)
- reproductive conflict (1)
- reproduktive Konkurrenz (1)
- reproduktive Strategien (1)
- research software (1)
- resin (1)
- resource limitation (1)
- resource partitioning (1)
- response threshold models (1)
- responsiveness (1)
- retina (1)
- retroviral proteins (1)
- reversion (1)
- ribosomal S6 kinase II (1)
- ribwort plantain (1)
- räumliche Skala (1)
- salmonids (1)
- sand dynamics (1)
- sand mine (1)
- saproxylic (1)
- saproxylic Coleoptera (1)
- savannah (1)
- scientific computing (1)
- secondary rainforest fragments (1)
- secondary site infection (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- secreted effector protein (1)
- secretion (1)
- seed dispersal (1)
- seed predation (1)
- segmentation (1)
- sehen (1)
- sekundäre Samenausbreitung (1)
- selection (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- semi-natural habitats (1)
- sensillum ampullaceum (1)
- sensorische Ökologie (1)
- sequence (1)
- serum response element (1)
- serumresponsive Elemente (1)
- sex determination (1)
- sex ratio (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexuelle Selektion (1)
- sexueller Konflikt (1)
- shear stress (1)
- siRNA (1)
- signaling (1)
- signaling pathway (1)
- signalling (1)
- signaltransduction (1)
- single cell anatomy (1)
- single molecule microscopy (1)
- single particle tracking (1)
- single-cell RNA sequencing (1)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (1)
- size-matching (1)
- skin equivalent (1)
- skin model (1)
- sleep (1)
- smallholder agriculture (1)
- social organisation (1)
- social organization (1)
- socio-endocrinology (1)
- socioeconomic (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soluble guanylyl cyclase (1)
- somitogenesis (1)
- sox9 (1)
- soziale Oranisation (1)
- spatial scale (1)
- specialization (1)
- species differences (1)
- species richness (1)
- specificity (1)
- sperm head formation (1)
- spermiogenesis (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- spiders (1)
- spillover (1)
- spindle assembly checkpoint (1)
- sptPALM (1)
- squirrel monkeys (1)
- stachellose Biene (1)
- stachellose Bienen (1)
- stage specific regulation (1)
- standardization (1)
- statistical analysis (1)
- statistics (1)
- strain diversity (1)
- stress (1)
- stridulation (1)
- structural plasticity (1)
- structure analysis (1)
- stumpy development (1)
- sugar (1)
- sugar perception (fructose, sucrose) (1)
- sugar receptor (1)
- sumo (1)
- sumoylation (1)
- sunflowers (1)
- super-resolution (1)
- super-resolution array tomography (1)
- sustainable farming (1)
- swarming (1)
- swiss-cheese (1)
- symbiotic fungus (1)
- synapses (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptic vesicle tethering (1)
- synaptisch protein (1)
- synaptische Proteine (1)
- synthetic lethality (1)
- synthetische Letalität (1)
- systematic drug targeting (1)
- systems biologie (1)
- systems biology (1)
- tadpole development (1)
- tadpoles (1)
- tamarins (1)
- task-partitioning (1)
- telomere-associated protein (1)
- telomere-binding protein (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperate zones (1)
- temporal development (1)
- temporal organization (1)
- temporal spillover (1)
- temporary waters (1)
- temporäre Gewässer (1)
- terpenes (1)
- thelytoky (1)
- therapeutic antibody (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal energy (1)
- thermal orientation (1)
- thermale Energie (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thioredoxin reductase (1)
- timing (1)
- tissue-specific destruction (1)
- tolerance (1)
- toleranz (1)
- tool-use (1)
- topoisomerase II alpha (1)
- trachomatis (1)
- trail pheromone (1)
- trail-sharing (1)
- transactivation (1)
- transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 1 (TCEAL1) (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transcription factors (1)
- transcriptional control (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transfer (1)
- transkriptionelle Regulation (1)
- transport (1)
- transposon mutagenesis (1)
- tree cavity (1)
- tree species (1)
- trehalose (1)
- tremble dance (1)
- trispecific (1)
- tropics (1)
- tropische Ökologie (1)
- trypanosome (1)
- trypanosomes (1)
- tubulin binding chaperone E-like (1)
- tumor vascularization (1)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- type I secretion (1)
- tyramine (1)
- tyrosine phosphorylation (1)
- understorey tree (1)
- urea- sodium- clearance relation (1)
- uremic toxin (1)
- uremic toxins (1)
- vaccinia virus replication (1)
- variations in genome (1)
- varroa (1)
- vascular plants (1)
- vector-parasite interaction (1)
- vegetation (1)
- venus (1)
- vertebrate (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vessel wall resident stem cells (1)
- virale Proteine (1)
- virotherapy (1)
- virus (1)
- vision (1)
- visual cue (1)
- visual perception (1)
- visuell (1)
- voltinism (1)
- v’Td (1)
- waggle dance decoding (1)
- wasps (1)
- water quality (1)
- westafrikanische Savanne (1)
- wet adhesion (1)
- wild honey bees (1)
- wild-living honey bees (1)
- wildlife-friendly farming (1)
- wing dimorphism (1)
- woodinhabiting-fungi (1)
- worker piping (1)
- worker reproduction (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wt1 (1)
- xmrk (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zeitgeber (1)
- zeitliche Organisation (1)
- zeitlicher Spillover (1)
- zentrosomales Protein (1)
- Ähnlichkeit (1)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (1)
- Öko-Ethologie (1)
- Öko-Toxikologie (1)
- Ökologische Intensivierung (1)
- Ökologische Prozesse (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistung (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistungen (1)
- Ökotourismis (1)
- Ölpalme (1)
- Östrogene (1)
- Östrogenrezeptor (1)
- ΔNp63 (1)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (482) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Institut für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (2)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG (1)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (1)
- ESPCI Paris (1)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
- Fachgebiet für Populationsgenomik bei Nutztieren, Universität Hohenheim (1)
- Klinische Mikrobiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (1)
- König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopedic Clinic, Würzburg (1)
- Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Bieneninstitut Kirchhain (1)
- Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Universität Würzburg (1)
ResearcherID
- J-8841-2015 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 311781 (1)
In this thesis, I introduce the Virtual Brain Protocol, which facilitates applications of the Standard Brain of Drosophila melanogaster. By providing reliable and extensible tools for the handling of neuroanatomical data, this protocol simplifies and organizes the recurring tasks involved in these applications. It is demonstrated that this protocol can also be used to generate average brains, i.e. to combine recordings of several brains with the same features such that the common features are emphasized. One of the most important steps of the Virtual Insect Protocol is the aligning of newly recorded data sets with the Standard Brain. After presenting methods commonly applied in a biological or medical context to align two different recordings, it is evaluated to what extent this alignment can be automated. To that end, existing Image Processing techniques are assessed. I demonstrate that these techniques do not satisfy the requirements needed to guarantee sensible alignments between two brains. Then, I analyze what needs to be taken into account in order to formulate an algorithm which satisfies the needs of the protocol. In the last chapter, I derive such an algorithm using methods from Information Theory, which bases the technique on a solid mathematical foundation. I show how Bayesian Inference can be applied to enhance the results further. It is demonstrated that this approach yields good results on very noisy images, detecting apparent boundaries between structures. The same approach can be extended to take additional knowledge into account, e.g. the relative position of the anatomical structures and their shape. It is shown how this extension can be utilized to segment a newly recorded brain automatically.
Chemical neurotransmission is a complex process of central importance for nervous system function. It is thought to be mediated by the orchestration of hundreds of proteins for its successful execution. Several synaptic proteins have been shown to be relevant for neurotransmission and many of them are highly conserved during evolution- suggesting a universal mechanism for neurotransmission. This process has checkpoints at various places like, neurotransmitter uptake into the vesicles, relocation of the vesicles to the vicinity of calcium channels in order to facilitate Ca2+ induced release thereby modulating the fusion probability, formation of a fusion pore to release the neurotransmitter and finally reuptake of the vesicles by endocytosis. Each of these checkpoints has now become a special area of study and maintains its own importance for the understanding of the overall process. Ca2+ induced release occurs at specialized membrane structures at the synapse known as the active zones. These are highly ordered electron dense grids and are composed of several proteins which assist the synaptic vesicles in relocating in the vicinity of Ca2+ channels thereby increasing their fusion probability and then bringing about the vesicular fusion itself. All the protein modules needed for these processes are thought to be held in tight arrays at the active zones, and the functions of a few have been characterized so far at the vertebrate active zones. Our group is primarily interested in characterizing the molecular architecture of the Drosophila synapse. Due to its powerful genetics and well-established behavioural assays Drosophila is an excellent system to investigate neuronal functioning. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) from a hybridoma library against Drosophila brain are routinely used to detect novel proteins in the brain in a reverse genetic approach. Upon identification of the protein its encoding genetic locus is characterized and a detailed investigation of its function is initiated. This approach has been particularly useful to detect synaptic proteins, which may go undetected in a forward genetic approach due to lack of an observable phenotype. Proteins like CSP, Synapsin and Sap47 have been identified and characterized using this approach so far. MAB nc82 has been one of the shortlisted antibodies from the same library and is widely used as a general neuropil marker due to the relative transparency of immunohistochemical whole mount staining obtained with this antibody. A careful observation of double stainings at the larval neuromuscular junctions with MAB nc82 and other pre and post-synaptic markers strongly suggested an active zone localization of the nc82 antigen. Synaptic architecture is well characterized in Drosophila at the ultrastructural level. However, molecular details for many synaptic components and especially for the active zone are almost entirely unknown. A possible localization at the active zone for the nc82 antigen served as the motivation to initiate its biochemical characterization and the identification of the encoding gene. In the present thesis it is shown by 2-D gel analysis and mass spectrometry that the nc82 antigen is a novel active zone protein encoded by a complex genetic locus on chromosome 2R. By RT-PCR exons from three open reading frames previously annotated as separate genes are demonstrated to give rise to a transcript of at least 5.5 kb. Northern blots produce a prominent signal of 11 kb and a weak signal of 2 kb. The protein encoded by the 5.5 kb transcript is highly conserved amongst insects and has at its N-terminus significant homology to the previously described vertebrate active zone protein ELKS/ERC/CAST. Bioinformatic analysis predicts coiled-coil domains spread all over the sequence and strongly suggest a function involved in organizing or maintaining the structure of the active zone. The large C-terminal region is highly conserved amongst the insects but has no clear homologues in veretebrates. For a functional analysis of this protein transgenic flies expressing RNAi constructs under the control of the Gal4 regulated enhancer UAS were kindly provided by the collaborating group of S.Sigrist (Gِttingen). A strong pan-neuronal knockdown of the nc82 antigen by transgenic RNAi expression leads to embryonic lethality. A relatively weaker RNAi expression results in behavioural deficits in adult flies including unstable flight and impaired walking behavior. Due to this peculiar phenotype as observed in the first knockdown studies the gene was named “bruchpilot” (brp) encoding the protein “Bruchpilot (BRP)” (German for crash pilot). A pan-neuronal as well as retina specific downregulation of this protein results in loss of ON and OFF transients in ERG recordings indicating dysfunctional synapses. Retina specific downregulation also shows severely impaired optomotor behaviour. Finally, at an ultrastructural level BRP downregulation seems to impair the formation of the characteristic T-shaped synaptic ribbons at the active zones without significantly altering the overall synaptic architecture (in collaboration with E.Asan). Vertebrate active zone protein Bassoon is known to be involved in attaching the synaptic ribbons to the active zones as an adapter between active zone proteins RIBEYE and ERC/CAST. A mutation in Bassoon results in a floating synaptic ribbon phenotype. No protein homologous to Bassoon has been observed in Drosophila. BRP downregulation also results in absence of attached synaptic ribbons at the active zones. This invites the speculation of an adapter like function for BRP in Drosophila. However, while Bassoon mutant mice are viable, BRP deficit in addition to the structural phenotype also results in severe behavioural and physiological anomalies and even stronger downregulation causes embryonic lethality. This therefore suggests an additional and even more important role for BRP in development and normal functioning of synapses in Drosophila and also in other insects. However, how BRP regulates synaptic transmission and which other proteins are involved in this BRP dependant pathway remains to be investigated. Such studies certainly will attract prominent attention in the future.
The development of ethanol tolerance is due to changes in synaptic plasticity. Since the mechanisms mediating synaptic plasticity are probably defective in the mutant hangAE10, it was a goal of the present study to find out how HANG contributes to synaptic plasticity. In particular, it was important to clarify in which neuronal process HANG plays a role. Antibody stainings against HANG revealed that the protein is localized in all neuronal nuclei of larval and adult brains; the staining is absent in hangAE10, thus confirming that this P-element insertion stock is a protein null for HANG. Detailed analysis of the subnuclear distribution of HANG showed that HANG immunoreactivity is enriched at distinct spots in the nucleus in a speckled pattern; these speckles are found at the inside of the nuclear membrane and do not colocalize with chromatin nor with the nucleolus; thus, HANG is probably involved in the stabilization, processing or export of RNAs. As synaptic plasticity can be studied in single neurons at the larval neuromuscular junction, the morphology of the synaptic terminals of hangAE10 mutants was analyzed at muscle 6/7, segment A4. These studies revealed that hangAE10 mutants display a 40 % increase in bouton number and axonal branch length; in addition, some boutons have an abnormal hourglass-like shape, suggesting that they are arrested in a semi-separated state following the initiation of bouton division. The increase in bouton number of hang mutants is mainly due to an increase in numbers of type Ib boutons. The analysis of the distribution of several synaptic markers in hang mutants did not show abnormalities. The presynaptic expression of HANG in hang mutants rescues the increase in bouton number and axonal branch length, thus proving that the phenotypes seen in the P-element insertion hangAE10 are attributable to the lack of HANG rather than to effects of the P-element marker rosy or to a secondary hit on the same chromsome during mutagensis. This finding is further supported by the fact that postsynaptic expression of HANG does not rescue the abnormal NMJ morphology of hangAE10. Alterations in cAMP levels regulate the number of boutons; since hang mutants display an increase in bouton number, the questions was whether this morphological abnormality was due to defects in cAMP signalling. To test this hypothesis, hangAE10 NMJs were compared to those of the hypomorphic allele dnc1 that has a defective cAMP cascade. Some aspects of the NMJ phenotype (e.g. the increase in bouton number and the unaltered ratio of active zones per bouton area) are similar in hangAE10 and dnc1, other differ. Expression of a UAS-dnc transgene in hangAE10 mutants does not modify the phenotype. In summary, the results of this study indicate that nuclear protein HANG might be involved in isoform-specific splicing of genes required for synaptic plasticity at the NMJ.
Somites are repeated epithelial segments that are generated in a rhythmic manner from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) in the embryonic tailbud. Later, they differentiate into skeletal muscle, cartilage and dermis. Somitogenesis is regulated by a complex interplay of different pathways. Notch/Delta signaling is one of the pathways well characterized in zebrafish through mutants affected in its different components. Previous work in mouse, chicken and zebrafish has shown that also additional components are required during somitogenesis, most importantly through an FGF and Retinoic acid (RA) gradient, as well as Wnt signaling. However, no zebrafish mutants with defects in these pathways showing specific somite malformations are described. This was explained by functional redundancies among related genes that have resulted from a whole genome duplication which occurred in a teleost fish ancestor 350 million years ago. As distinct duplicates exist in different teleost species, a large scale mutagenesis screen in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) has been performed successfully in Kyoto, Japan. I analyzed nine of the isolated medaka mutants that show variable aspects of somitic phenotypes. This includes a complete or partial loss of somite boundaries (e.g. bms and sne), somites with irregular sizes and shapes (e.g. krz and fsl) or partially fused and enlarged somites (e.g. dpk). Although some of these medaka mutants share characteristics with previously described zebrafish somite mutants, most of the mutants represent unique phenotypes, not obtained in the zebrafish screens. In-situ hybridization analyses with marker genes implicated in the segmentation clock (e.g. her7), establishment of anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity (e.g. mesp) and differentiation of somites (e.g. myf5, lfng) revealed that the medaka mutants can be separated into two classes. Class I shows defects in tailbud formation and PSM prepatterning, and lateron somite boundary formation was impaired in these mutants. A unique member of this class with a novel phenotype is the doppelkorn (dpk) mutant that has single fused or enlarged somites. This phenotype has not been reported till now in zebrafish somite mutants. In-situ analyses on dpk showed that stabilization of the cyclically expressed somitogenesis clock genes must be affected in this mutant. This is accompanied by a disrupted regulation of A-P polarity genes like mesp. This suggests that dpk is a mutant deficient in the wave front, which is necessary for the down-regulation of oscillating genes in the anterior PSM. Furthermore, as the initiation of oscillation of all three cyclic her genes was unaffected in dpk embryos, I could exclude that this mutant in affected in the Notch/Delta pathway. Another mutant that belongs to this class is the samidare (sam) mutant. Morphologically, sam mutants are similar to zebrafish after eight (aei). In both cases, the first 7-9 somites are formed properly, but after this somite formation ceases. Different to the situation in aei, sam mutant embryos presented an additional defect in the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB) region. Similar MHB defects were described in the zebrafish fgf8 mutant acerebellar (ace). In ace zebrafish mutant, somites were only slightly defective, although FGF signaling has been shown to be important for somite formation in chicken, mouse and zebrafish. This was explained by functional redundancy between fgf8 and fgf24 ligands in the tailbud of zebrafish. Thus, it is interesting to suggest that the sam mutant, based on the parallel defects in somites and MHB, is a potential member of the FGF signaling pathway muatnts. It was shown that FGF plays a crucial role during MHB formation in medaka. In addition, I showed that fgf8 acts non-redundantly during tailbud formation and somitogenesis in medaka. Furthermore, I showed that FGF signaling regulates somite size also in medaka and that fgfr1 is the only FGF receptor expressed in the tailbud and somites. In class II medaka somite mutants, PSM prepatterning appears normal, whereas A-P polarity, boundary formation, epithelialization or the later differentiation of somites appears to be affected. Such mutants have not been isolated so far in zebrafish, mice or chicken. Therefore, medaka class II somite mutants seem to be a novel group of mutants that opens new perspectives to analyze A-P polarity regulation, determination and boundary formation in the presence of a normally functioning clock in the PSM. Identifying the encoding genes for all analyzed medaka somite mutants will contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions of different signaling pathways involved during somitogenesis, and is expected to result in the identification of new components.
The genetics of species differences is an outstanding question in evolutionary biology. How do species evolve to become phenotypically distinct and how is the genetic architecture organized that underlie species differences? Phenotypic diverged traits are supposed to be frequently involved in prezygotic isolation, i.e. they prevent the formation of hybrids, whereas postzygotic isolation occurs when hybrids experience a fitness reduction. The parasitic wasp genus Nasonia represents an appropriate model system to investigate the genetics of species differences as well as the genetics of postzygotic isolation. The genus consists of three species N. vitripennis, N. longicornis and N. giraulti that differ particularly in male traits that are assumed to posses an adaptive significance: courtship behaviour and wing size differences. The courtship behaviour consists of cyclically repeated series of head nods that are separated by pauses. The stereotypic performance allowed to split up the display into distinct courtship components. Males of N. vitripennis bear vestigial forewings and are incapable of flight, whereas N. longicornis wear intermediate sized wings and N. giraulti is fully capable of flying. Nasonia species can produce interspecific hybrids after removing Wolbachia bacteria induced hybrid incompatibilities with antibiotics. Postzygotic isolation occurs to different extent and is asymmetric among reciprocal crosses, e.g. inviability is stronger in the N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) cross than in the N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) cross. The formation of hybrids allow to study the genetic of species differences in QTL (quantitative trait locus) analyses as well as the genetics of postzygotic isolation causing hybrid inviability. The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic architecture of differences in courtship behaviour and wing size between N. vitripennis and N. longicornis and to assess the genetics of postzygotic isolation to gain clues about the evolutionary processes underlying trait divergence and establishment of reproductive isolation between taxa. In a QTL analysis based on 94 F2-hybrid individuals of an LV cross only few QTL for wing size differences have been found with relatively large effects, although a large proportion of the phenotypic variance remained unexplained. The QTL on courtship behaviour analysis based on 94-F2 hybrid males revealed a complex genetic architecture of courtship behaviour with QTL of large phenotypic effects that explained more than 40 % of the phenotypic variance in one case. Additionally, an epistatic analysis (non-additive interlocus interaction) of courtship QTL revealed frequent genetic interchromsomal relations leading in some instances to hybrid specific effects, e.g. reversion of phenotypic effects or the transgression of phenotypes. A QTL analysis based on a threefold sample size revealed, however, an overestimation of QTL effects in the analysis based on smaller sample size pointing towards a genetic architecture of many loci with small effects governing the phenotypic differences in courtship behaviour. Furthermore, the the study comprised the analysis of postzygotic isolation in the reciprocal crosses N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) versus N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) located several loci distributed over different chromosomes that are involved in hybrid incompatibility. The mapping of hybrid incompatibility regions reproduced for the first time the observed asymmetries in the strength of postzygotic isolation in reciprocal crosses of between the more distant related taxa within the genus Nasonia. Stronger postzygotic incompatibilities in the VL cross are supposed to result from the superposition of nuclear-nuclear incompatibilities with nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities, whereas the coincidences of these to types of incompatibilities were found to be much weaker in the reciprocal LV cross.
The genus Pogonomyrmex is predisposed for analyzing the evolution of ant colony characteristics in general and the sociogenetic structure in particular, due to the renowned biology of several species and the diversity of mating frequency and queen number. This variation in the sociogenetic structure of colonies produces a high variance in intracolonial relatedness which can be a major component driving the evolution of various colony characteristics. To exactly determine the variability of the intracolonial relatedness in the genus Pogonomyrmex both were analyzed, the number of matrilines and patrilines, in selected members of Pogonomyrmex, namely P. (sensu stricto) rugosus, P. (sensu stricto) badius and P. (Ephebomyrmex) pima using DNA fingerprint techniques. The evolution of these colony characteristics were tried to be explained within a phylogenetic framework. For that purpose we constructed a gene-tree of 39 species of the genus Pogonomyrmex. The taxon sampling covered about 83 % of the North American species and 43 % of the South American species. Effective multiple mating of queens was confirmed for P. rugosus (me=4.1) and P. badius (me=6.7). Additionally, both species are monogynous. These results corroborate behavioral observations of multiple mating for these species. Multiple mating is now known from 9 Pogonomyrmex species (behavioral evidence for 3 species – genetic evidence for 6 species). However, in P. (E.) pima all queens that were analyzed were single mated (me=1.0). Therefore, multiple mating may have either evolved early during the evolution of the genus Pogonomyrmex and has subsequently been lost in the subgenus Ephebomyrmex (plesiomorphic hypothesis), or it has first been evolved in the subgenus Pogonomyrmex sensu stricto (apomorphic hypothesis). In P. huachucanus, a species basal to the North- American sensu stricto complex, smaller effective mating number of queens compared to its sensu stricto relatives (J. Gadau and C.-P. Strehl, unpublished) probably do mirror a change from monandry to polyandry during the evolution of more advanced sensu stricto species, which would support the apomorphic hypothesis. The intracolonial relatedness in P. (E.) pima is however rather low. This is probably the result of multiple reproducing queens (polygyny). Polygyny is also documented for at least four other species of the subgenus Ephebomyrex, but so far P. (E.) pima is the only species with genetic evidence. It might be that there was an evolutionary trade-off within the subgenus Ephebomyrmex between polyandry and polygyny. Therefore, both subgenera retained a high intracolonial genetic diversity. This high genetic diversity might be one cause for the success and radiation of the genus Pogonomyrmex in arid environments. Evolution might have favored high genetic diversity of Pogonomyrmex colonies, because it helps colonies to improve their colonial organization and efficiency in performing external tasks. At least in P. badius a link between patrilines and physical polyethism was found, indicative of an improvement of colonial organization via polyandry. Furthermore, the documented extreme levels of polyandry might help P. badius females to overcome the possibility of inbreeding due to restricted dispersal. Restricted dispersal is also found in P. (E.) pima due to wingless, intermorphic queens. However, in P. (E.) pima inbreeding is probably prevented by outcrossing via males because no significant inbreeding is found. In the presented gene trees the subgenus Pogonomyrmex Ephebomyrmex was separated from the subgenus Pogonomyrmex sensu stricto. Therefore, P. Ephebomyrmex might be elevated to generic status, also due to its distinct morphological and life history characters. Nevertheless, for a precise taxonomic revision a broader complement of species has to be applied. Regularly a low number of unrelated workers was found in P. rugosus colonies, which probably stem from brood raids between mature and founding colonies. It is well known that most founding colonies are destroyed by neighboring conspecific mature colonies, but so far it was assumed that the brood of these colonies was also destroyed. This often neglected aspect might be an important fitness token for mature colonies.
Corynebacterium glutamicum is together with C. callunae and C. efficiens a member of the diverse group of mycolic-acid containing actinomycetes, the mycolata. These bacteria are potent producer of glutamate, lysine and other amino acids on industrial scale. The cell walls of most actinomycetes contain besides an arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex large amounts of mycolic acids. This three-layer envelope is called MAP (mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan) complex and it represents a second permeability barrier beside the cytoplasmic membrane similar to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In analogy to the situation in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, channels are present in the mycolic acid layer of the mycobacterial cell wall for the passage of hydrophilic solutes. Molecular studies have provided far-reaching findings on the amino acid flux and its balance in C. glutamicum in general, but the L-glutamate export still remains unknown. The properties of the outer layers, typical of mycolata, seem to be of major importance in this process, and diffusion seems to play a key role for this part of the cell wall. The major aim of this thesis was to identify and study novel channel-forming proteins of the amino acid producers C. glutamicum, C. callunae and C. efficiens. Cell wall extracts of the organisms were investigated and a novel pore-forming protein, named PorH, that is homologue in all three organisms, was detected and characterized. PorHC.glut was isolated from C. glutamicum cells cultivated in minimal medium. The protein was identified in lipid bilayer experiments and purified to homogeneity by fast-protein liquid chromatography across a HiTrap-Q column. The purified protein forms cation-selective channels with a diameter of about 2.2 nm and an average single-channel conductance of about 2.5 nS in 1 M KCl in the lipid bilayer assay. Organic solvent extracts were used to study the permeability properties of the cell wall of C. callunae and C.efficiens. The cell extracts contained channel-forming activity, the corresponding proteins were purified to homogeneity by fast-protein liquid chromatography across a HiTrap-Q column and named PorHC.call and PorHC.eff. Channels formed by PorHC.call are cation-selective with a diameter of about 2.2 nm and an average single-channel conductance of 3 nS, whereas PorHC.eff forms slightly anion selective channels with an average single-channel conductance of 2.3 nS in 1 M KCl in the lipid bilayer assay. The PorH proteins were partially sequenced and the corresponding genes, which were designated as porH, were identified in the published genome sequence of C. glutamicum and C. efficiens. The chromosome of C. callunae is not sequenced, but PorHC.call shows a high homology to PorHC.eff and PorHC.glut. The proteins have no N-terminal extension, only the inducer methionine, which suggests that secretion of the proteins could be very similar to that of PorAC.glut of C. glutamicum. PorHC.glut is coded in the bacterial chromosome by a gene that is localized in the vincinity of the porAC.glut gene, within a putative operon formed by 13 genes that are encoded by the minus strand. Both porins are cotranscribed and coexist in the cell wall, which was demonstrated in RT-PCR and immunological detection experiments. The arrangement of porHC.glut and porAC.glut on the chromosome is similar to that of porBC.glut and porCC.glut and it was found that PorAC.glut, PorHC.glut, PorBC.glut and PorCC.glut coexist in the cell wall of C. glutamicum. The molecular mass of about 6 kDa of the PorH channel forming proteins is rather small and suggests that the cell wall channels are formed by oligomers. A possibly hexameric form was demonstrated for PorHC.glut in Western blot analysis with anti- PorHC.glut antibodies. Secondary structure predictions for PorHC.glut, PorHC.call and PorHC.eff predict that a stretch of about 42 amino acids of PorHC.glut and 28 amino acids of PorHC.call and PorHC.eff forms amphipathic -helices with a total length of 6.3 nm and 4.2 nm respectively. This should be sufficient to cross the mycolic acid layer. Another objective of this work was to establish an heterologous expression system for corynebacterial channel-forming proteins, to investigate the channel-forming properties of the up to now only hypothetical porins PorA, PorB, PorC from C. efficiens and PorC from C. glutamicum. We could demonstrate with recombinant expression experiments in E. coli that porBC.eff and porCC.eff encode for channel-forming proteins. They are, like PorBC.glut, anion-selective with a similar single-channel conductance of 1 nS in 1 M KCl.
Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen which can cause severe bronchopneumonia in foals. In recent years, the role of this bacterium as human pathogen has been noted, as R.equi infections in humans have increase in frequency. This increase is associated with the rise in immunosupressed individuals, specially AIDS patients, where infection leads to symptoms and pathology similar to those seen in foals with a high mortality rate. Due to its capability to survive and multiply in murine and equine macrophages, R.equi has been classified as a facultative intracellular bacterium. R.equi is found frequently in macrophages in alveolar infiltrate from infected animals. The pathogenicity of R.equi depends on its ability to exist and multiply inside macrophages and has been associated with the presence of virulence plasmids. It has been observed that, inside foal alveolar macrophages, R.equi-containing vacuoles (RCVs) do not mature into phagolysosomes. However, most of the intracellular events during R.equi infection have not been investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to elucidate the intracellular compartmentation of R.equi and the mechanism by which the bacteria avoid destruction in host macrophages. The importance of the virulence-associated plasmids of R.equi for the establishment of RCVs was also evaluated. Furthermore, the intracellular fate of viable and non-viable R.equi was compared in order to study whether viability of R.equi influeciantes the establishment of RCVs. In this study, the RCV was characterized by using a variety of endocytic markers to follow the path of the bacteria trhough murine macropages. Transmission electron microscopy-base analysis showed that R.equi was found equally frequently in phagosomes with loosely or thightly apposed membranes, and RCV often contains numerous membranous vesicles. Laser scanning microscopy of infected macrophages showed that the majority of phagosomes containing R.equi acquired transiently the early endosomal markers Rab5, Ptlns3P, and EEA-1, suggesting initially undisturbed phagosome maturation. Although the RCV acquired some late endosomal markers, such as Rab7, LAMP-1, and Lamp-2, they did not acquired vATPase, did not interact with pre-labeled lysosomes, and failed to acidify. These data clearly suggest that the RCV is a compartment which has left vacuoles that resemble multivesicular body compartments (MVB), which are transport intermediates between early and late endosomes and display internal vesicles very similar to the ones observed within RCVs. Analyisis of several R.equi strains containing either VapA- or VapB-expressing plasmids or neither demonstrated that the possession of the virulence-associated plasmids does not affect phagosome trafficking over a two hour period of infection. The finding that non-viable R.equi was still able to inhibit phagosome maturation (although not to the same extent as viable R.equi did) suggests that heat-insensitive factors, such as cell periphery lipids, may play a major role in inhibition of phagosome maturation, although heat-sensitive factors may also be involved.
A large variety of sex determination systems have been described in fish. However, almost no information is available about sex determination in the classical fish models, the zebrafish Danio rerio and the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. A DNA-binding protein gene called dmrt1bY (or DMY) has been recently described as an outstanding candidate for the primary sex-determining gene in the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. But this gene is not the universal master sex-determining gene in teleost fish, since dmrt1bY is not found in most other fishes. Hence, other fish models need to be examined including the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus. Xiphophorus maculatus has three types of sex chromosomes (X, Y and W; females are XX, WX or WY; males are XY or YY). Its gonosomes are at an early stage of differentiation. The sex-determining locus on the sex chromosomes is flanked by two receptor tyrosine kinase genes, the Xmrk oncogene and its protooncogenic progenitor gene egfrb, which both delimit a region of about 0.6 centiMorgans. This situation should allow the positional cloning of the sex-determining gene (SD) of the platyfish. For this purpose, Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) contigs were assembled from a BAC library of XY males constructed in our laboratory, using the oncogene Xmrk, egfrb, as well as a Y-specific pseudogene called ps-criptY as starting points. The ps-criptY sequence was found to be closely linked to the SD gene, since no recombination was observed between SD and ps-criptY in more than 400 individuals tested. Two major BAC contigs for the X chromosome (about 2.5 Mb) and three major BAC contigs for the Y chromosome (about 3.5 Mb) were built up and analyzed by strategic sequencing. These are some of the largest contigs ever assembled for the sex chromosomes of a non-mammalian vertebrate species. The molecular analysis of the ps-criptY contig was the major objective of this work. The Y-specific ps-criptY contig has been extended over 1 Mb in this work with 58 identified molecular markers. Approximatively 700 kb of non-redundant sequences has been obtained from this contig by strategic sequencing. Numerous Y-linked markers from the contig including ps-criptY were also detected on the X chromosome. Nevertheless, major structural differences were observed between the X and Y chromosomes. Particularly, a large region, which is present at one copy on the X chromosome and contains several candidate genes, was found to be duplicated on the Y chromosome. Evidence for an inversion in the sex-determining region and for the Y-specific accumulation of a repeated sequence called XIR was also obtained. Such events might correspond to an initiation of differentiation between both types of gonosomes. Accumulation of transposable elements was also observed in the ps-criptY contig. A DNA transposable element, helitron, was isolated from the sex-determining region of X. maculatus. Three copies of helitron are located on the ps-criptY contig and one copy on the X-linked contig (helitron has roughly 15 copies per haploid genome). No in-frame stop codon, truncation or intron was found in these four copies, which present high nucleotide identities to each other. This suggests that helitron elements might be active or have been recently active in X. maculatus. A consensus open reading frame of helitron was also assembled from medaka (Oryzias latipes) genomic sequences. Two candidate genes from the ps-criptY contig are also located on the W chromosome in the X. maculatus Usumacinta strain (heterogamety). These markers show the relationship between the different types of gonosomes and allow to compare the male and female heterogameties in the platyfish. Several gene candidates were identified in the ps-criptY contig. However, some of them such as msh2, cript, igd and acr probably correspond to pseudogenes. Interestingly, a novel gene, called swimy, is exclusively expressed in spermatogonia of the adult testis. Swimy is a gene encoding a DNA-binding protein with several putative DNA-binding domains. The data suggest that swimy is a very promising candidate for the master SD gene. Another novel gene, which is called fredi and encodes a novel helix-turn-helix protein, is predominately expressed in the adult testis and currently under scrutiny. There is no doubt that the master SD gene of X. maculatus will be identified by positional cloning. Further molecular analysis of the contigs built in this work will shed new light on the molecular mechanism of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes in fish.
Cloning and functional characterization of novel genes expressed preferentially in the human retina
(2005)
The human retina is a multi-layered neuronal tissue specialized for the reception and processing of visual information. The retina is composed of a great diversity of neuronal cell types including rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells and Müller glia. In response to light, a coordinated series of molecular events, the so-called phototransduction cascade, is triggered in photoreceptor cells and the signals from the photoreceptors are further processed by the bipolar and ganglion cells to the higher centers of the brain. The retina as highly complex system may be greatly susceptible to genetic defects which can lead to a wide range of disease phenotypes. Therefore, isolation and characterisation of the genes active in the human retina will facilitate our deeper understanding of retinal physiology and mechanisms underlying retinal degeneration and provide novel candidates for the retinal disease genes. To identify novel genes that are specifically or predominantly expressed in the human retina, a cDNA library enriched for retina specific transcripts was generated using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. In total, 1113 clones were randomly isolated from the retina SSH cDNA library and partially sequenced. On the basis of BLASTN algorithm analysis these clones were classified into four categories including those with I) significant homology to known human genes (766/1113), II) significant homology to partial transcripts and hypothetical gene predictions (162/1113), III) no homology to known mRNAs (149/1113), and IV) vector sequences and clones derived from mitochondrial genes (36/1113). After correcting for redundancy, category I represented 234 known human genes and category II a total of 92unknown transcripts. Clones from category I, were selected for expression analysis by RT-PCR in a great number of human tissues. This resulted in the identification of 16 genes which were expressed exclusively in the retina, 13 which were highly expressed in the retina compared to other tissues, 12 genes which were specifically expressed in neuronal tissues and 48 ubiquitously expressed genes. Thus, our expression analysis resulted in the identification of 29 genes exclusively or abundantly transcribed in the human retina. Of those, retina specific genes L25,L33, L35, L37, L38 and L40 were selected for further analysis. To characterize the complete mRNA sequences of these transcripts a full-length human retina cDNA library was constructed. The analysis of the L25 gene revealed three splicing variants of the ABCC5 gene, consequently named ABCC5_SV1 (SV1), ABCC5_SV2 (SV2) and ABCC5_SV3 (SV3).These isoforms comprise the first five exons of ABCC5 and additional novel exons named 5a, 5b and 5c, generated by differential exon usage. The determined lengths of the three transcripts are 2039 bp, 1962 bp, and 1887 bp in size, respectively. RT-PCR, real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis of ABCC5 as well as the isoforms SV1, SV2 and SV3demonstrated high levels of expression for all transcripts in the retina compared to other tissues. Analysis of their nucleotide sequences revealed that inclusion of exon 5a in splicing variant SV1 produced a frame shift and premature termination codon (PTC). Our data show that this splice variant is the target of nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This was shown by inhibition of protein synthesis with antibiotics puromycin and anisomycin in human cell lines A-RPE 19 and Y79. Our analysis resulted in an increase of the PTC containing transcript and a decrease of the ABCC5 transcript. Conversely, the amount of both transcripts (SV1 and ABCC5) returned to pre-treatment levels after removal of the inhibitors. Together, our results suggest that alternative splicing of the ubiquitously expressed ABCC5 gene in addition to NMD is involved in retina-specific transcriptional regulation of the mRNA level of ABCC5. In contrast, additional experiments demonstrated that the levels of expression ofSV2 and SV3 isoforms do not appear to influence ABCC5 transcription. Several of the cloned genes were selected for additional genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in order to construct their SNP maps which are going to be used for future association studies of complex disease AMD. Thus, identification of novel retinal genes and their functional characterization will further our elucidation of retinal physiology in general and in the diseased state in particular, by providing candidate retinal disease genes.