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A promising new approach for the treatment of human cancer is the use of oncolytic viruses, which exhibit tumor tropism. One of the top candidates in this area is the oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV), which has already shown promising results in animal studies and in clinical trials. However, due to discrepancies in both innate and adaptive immunity between mice and men the evaluation of the vaccinia virus’ interactions with the host immune system in mice are not fully conclusive of what is actually happening in human cancer patients after systemic administration of vaccinia virus. Also, ethical and legal concerns as well as risk of potential toxicity limit research involving human patients. Therefore, a good in vivo model for testing interactions between vaccinia virus and human immune cells, avoiding the numerous limitations and risks associated with human studies, could be a humanized mouse model.
LIVP-1.1.1, GLV-2b372, GLV-1h68, GLV-1h375, GLV-1h376 and GLV-1h377 VACVs were provided by Genelux Corporation. GLV-2b372 was constructed by inserting TurboFP635 expression cassette into the J2R locus of the parental LIVP-1.1.1. GLV-1h375, -1h376 and -1h377 VACVs encode the human CTLA4-blocking single-chain antibody (CTLA4 scAb). Performed replication and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all six viruses were able to infect, replicate in and kill human tumor cells in virus-dose- and time-dependent fashion. CTLA4 scAb and β-glucuronidase (GusA) expression as well as viral titers in GLV-1h376-infected cells were analyzed by ELISA, β-glucuronidase assay and standard plaque assay, respectively, and compared. An excellent correlation with correlation coefficients R2>0.9806 were observed. GLV-1h376-encoded CTLA4 scAb was successfully purified from supernatants of infected CV-1 cells and demonstrated in vitro affinity to its human CTLA4 target and lack of cross-reactivity to mouse CTLA4. CTLA4 scAb functionality was confirmed in Jurkat cells. LIVP-1.1.1, GLV-2b372, GLV-1h68 and GLV-1h376 were next studied in non-tumorous and/or tumor-bearing humanized mice.
It was demonstrated that injection of human CD34+ stem cells into the liver of preconditioned newborn NSG mice let to a successful systemic reconstitution with human immune cells. CD19+ B cells, CD4 and CD8 single positive CD3+ T cell, NKp46+CD56- and NKp46+CD56+ NK cells as well as CD33+ myeloid cells developed. At early time points after engraftment, majority of the human hematopoietic cells detected in the mouse blood were CD19+ B cells and only a small portion were CD3+ T cells. With time a significant change in CD19+/CD3+ ratio was reported with a decrease of B cells and an increase of T cells. Implantation of A549 cells under the skin of those humanized NSG mice resulted in a progressive tumor growth, described for the first time in this thesis. Successful colonization of subcutaneous A549 tumors with VACVs was visualized and demonstrated by detection of virus-mediated TurboFP635 and GFP expression as well as by standard plaque assay and immunohistochemistry. The human CD45+ cell population in tumors was represented mainly by NKp46+CD56bright NK cells and a large portion of activated CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, no significant differences were observed between control and LIVP-1.1.1-infected tumors, suggesting that the recruitment of NK and activated T cells were more tumor tissue specific than virus-dependent. Unfortunately, virus-mediated CTLA4 scAb expression in the GLV-1h376-infected tumors was also not able to significantly increase activation of T cells compared to control and GLV-1h68-treated mice. Importantly, ELISA, β-glucuronidase and standard plaque assays showed an excellent correlation with correlation coefficients R2>0.9454 between CTLA4 scAb, GusA concentrations and viral titers in tumor samples from those GLV-1h376 treated mice.
T cells isolated from the spleens of such control or GLV-1h68- or -1h376-treated A549 tumor-bearing mice were functional and could successfully be activated with human T cells activation beads. However, although no significant difference was observed between the three mouse groups, a slightly higher percentage of the GLV-1h376-treated mice-derived T cells were expressing CD25 and producing IFN-ɣ after ex vivo activation, probably due to the CTLA4 blockade by the virus-encoded CTLA4 scAb in the GLV-1h376-treated mice. Also, slightly higher levels of IL-2 were detected in the culture supernatant of those splenocytes compared to control samples. In contrast, T cells from all three mouse groups were not able be activated by A549 tumor cells ex vivo.
Our model has the specific advantage that tumors develop under the skin of the humanized mice, which allows accurate monitoring of the tumor growth and evaluation of the oncolytic virotherapy. Therefore it is important to choose the right approaches for its further improvement.
Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen des Menschen sind eines der Hauptfelder molekularer neurobiologischer Grundlagenforschung. Um generell molekulare, komplizierte Vorgänge in vivo untersuchen zu können, nutzt man seit geraumer Zeit Modellorganismen wie Caenorhabditis elegans oder Drosophila melanogaster. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Drosophila-Neurodegenerationsmutante loe (löchrig) beschrieben, die als Modell für die Rolle des Cholesterinhaushalts im Bezug auf Neurodegeneration herangezogen werden kann. Die Fliegen dieser Mutante zeigen stark progressive, altersabhängige Degeneration von Neuronen, dabei unterlaufen diese Nervenzellen einen nekrotischenZelltod. Verantwortlich für diese Mutation ist die Insertion eines P-Elementes in einem Intron des Drosophila-g-5'-AMP-aktivierten Proteinkinase- (AMPK)-Gens. Die verschiedenen Spleißprodukte des loe Gens kodieren für die regulatorische g-Untereinheit des AMPK-Komplexes, der , aktiviert durch 5'AMP, energieintensive Prozesse negativ reguliert. Die Spleißform loeI ist durch die P-Element-Insertion betroffen, Anteile des P-Elementes werden in das loeI-Transkript hineingespleißt. Eine neuronale Expression von loeI im loe-Hintergrund führt zur Revertierung des loe-Phänotypes. Mit der Expression anderer Spleißformen kann dieser Effekt nicht erzielt werden. Das LOE I-Protein birgt in seinem N-Terminus eine Reihe möglicher Interaktionstellen mit anderen Proteinen, die den AMPK-Komplex in einen Kontext mit den Proteinen der APP (Amyloid Precursor Proteins) ?Familie stellen oder z. B. Interaktionen mit dem Cytoskelett herstellen können. Eine molekulare Interaktion mit NiPSNAP, einem Protein, dass vermutlich eine Rolle im Vesikelverkehr spielt, konnte nachgewiesen werden. Ein direktes humanes Homolog von LOE I ist nicht bekannt, wohlgleich es im Menschen drei AMPK-g-Untereinheiten gibt, von denen zwei ähnliche Funktionen übernehmen könnten wie LOE I. Die loe-Mutante interagiert genetisch mit der Mutante clb ? columbus, die einen Defekt im Gen der HMG-CoA-Reduktase trägt. Dieses Emzym ist das Schlüsselenzym der Cholesterinbiosynthese. Die Art der Interaktion belegt eine negative Regulierung der HMG-CoA-Reduktase durch die AMPK. So schwächt die clb-Mutation den neurodegenerativen loe-Phänotyp ab, eine Überexpression von clb verstärkt diesen. Eine Verminderung der Neurodegeneration kann auch mit Medikamenten erreicht werden: Statine, potente Hemmer der HMG-COA-Reduktase, reprimieren deutlich den loe-Phänotyp. In loe ist der Cholesterinester-Spiegel auf 40% abgesenkt. Eine weitere genetische Interaktion von loe konnte nachgewiesen werden: Die Mutante für das Drosophila-Homolog von APP (Appl) verstärkt den neurodegenerativen Phänotyp in loe stark, wogegen die Appl-Mutante selbst keine neurodegenerativen Defekte aufweist. Darüberhinaus zeigt die Doppelmutante Defekte, die keine der Einzelmutanten aufweist: Sterilität oder eine extrem kurze Lebensdauer von nur 3-4 Tagen. Diese Interaktion ließ sich auf molekularer Ebene charakterisieren. Die proteolytische Prozessierung von APPL durch Sekretasen ist in loe alteriert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch die loe-Mutation die b-Sekretase aus Vertebraten (BACE) und eine bisher noch nicht beschriebene endogene Sekretase aus Drosophila negativ beeiflusst werden. Ein AMPK-Komplex mit LOE I als g-Untereinheit scheint über den Cholesterinester-Spiegel die Aktivität einer speziellen Untergruppe der Sekretasen zu beeinflussen. Die Missfunktion dieser Sekretasen ist ein kritischer Punkt in der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die loe-Mutation wirft neues Licht auf die bekannten Verbindungen zwischen Cholesterin-Stoffwechsel, Vesikelverkehr und Prozessierung von APP(L). Mit den großen Möglichkeiten, die die Drosophila-Genetik bietet, stellt diese neue Mutante ein weiteres Werkzeug zur Charakterisierung von Therapie-Ansätzen für die Alzheimer-Kankheit dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit belegt um ein weiteres Mal, dass Drosophila ein potentes Modellsystem zur Untersuchung humaner, neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen wie Chorea Huntington, Parkinson oder der Alzheimer Krankheit ist.
Optomotor-blind negatively regulates Drosophila eye development by blocking Jak/STAT signaling
(2015)
Organ formation requires a delicate balance of positive and negative regulators. In Drosophila eye development, wingless (wg) is expressed at the lateral margins of the eye disc and serves to block retinal development. The T-box gene optomotor-blind (omb) is expressed in a similar pattern and is regulated by Wg. Omb mediates part of Wg activity in blocking eye development. Omb exerts its function primarily by blocking cell proliferation. These effects occur predominantly in the ventral margin. Our results suggest that the primary effect of Omb is the blocking of Jak/STAT signaling by repressing transcription of upd which encodes the Jak receptor ligand Unpaired.
In Ameisensozietäten treten häufig Konflikte um die Reproduktion auf. Um dabei das soziale Verhalten der beteiligten Individuen und die Koloniestruktur zu verstehen ist es wichtig, die Verwandtschaftsstruktur innerhalb der Kolonien zu kennen. Diese wird durch die Paarungshäufigkeit der Königinnen, die Anzahl der Königinnen im Nest, deren Verwandtschaftsgrad zueinander, sowie der Aufteilung der Reproduktion zwischen ihnen bestimmt. Bei Pachycondyla villosa wurden durch die genetische Analyse dieser Faktoren mittels Multilokus-DNA- Fingerprinting das Paarungssystem und die Koloniestruktur genauer untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Paarungshäufigkeit ergab, daß sich P. villosa-Königinnen nur einmal paaren. Befanden sich mehrere Königinnen in einem Nest, so waren sie nicht miteinander verwandt und die Reproduktion war gleichmäßig zwischen ihnen aufgeteilt. Im Gegensatz zu den polygynen Kolonien von P. villosa traten in königinlosen Arbeiterinnengruppen zwischen den assoziierten Tieren heftige Konflikte um die Reproduktion auf. Diese führten zur Etablierung linearer Dominanzhierarchien und die Alpha-Tiere waren bei der Produktion von Männchen am erfolgreichsten. Betreuer Hölldobler, Berthold; Prof. Dr. Gutachter Hölldobler, Berthold; Prof. Dr. Gutachter Heinze, Jürgen; Prof. Dr.
In this work, a behavioural analysis of different mutants of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out. Primarily, the gap climbing behaviour (Pick & Strauss, 2005) has been assayed as it lends itself for the investigation of decision making processes and the neuronal basis of adaptive behaviour. Furthermore it shows how basic motor actions can be combined into a complex motor behaviour. Thanks to the neurogenetic methods, Drosophila melanogaster has become an ideal study object for neurobiological questions. Two different modules of climbing control have been examined in detail. For the decision making, the mutant climbing sisyphus was analysed. While wild-type flies adapt the initiation of climbing behaviour to the width of the gap and the probability for a successful transition. climbing sisyphus flies initiate climbing behaviour even at clearly insurmountable gap widths. The climbing success itself is not improved in comparison to the wild-type siblings. The mutant climbing sisyphus is a rare example of a hyperactive mutant besides many mutants that show a reduced activity. Basic capabilities in vision have been tested in an optomotor and a distance-estimation paradigm. Since they are not affected, a defect in decision making is most probably the cause of this behavioural aberration. A second module of climbing control is keeping up orientation towards the opposite side of the gap during the execution of climbing behaviour. Mutants with a structural defect in the protocerebral bridge show abnormal climbing behaviour. During the climbing attempt, the longitudinal body axis does not necessarily point into the direction of the opposite side. Instead, many climbing events are initiated at the side edge of the walking block into the void and have no chance to ever succeed. The analysed mutants are not blind. In one of the mutants, tay bridge1 (tay1) a partial rescue attempt used to map the function in the brain succeeded such that the state of the bridge was restored. That way, a visual targeting mechanism has been activated, allowing the flies to target the opposite side. When the visibility of the opposing side was reduced, the rescued flies went back to a tay1 level of directional scatter. The results are in accord with the idea that the bridge is a central constituent of the visual targeting mechanism. The tay1 mutant was also analysed in other behavioural paradigms. A reduction in walking speed and walking activity in this mutant could be rescued by the expression of UAS-tay under the control of the 007Y-GAL4 driver line, which concomitantly restores the structure of the protocerebral bridge. The separation of bridge functions from functions of other parts of the brain of tay1 was accomplished by rescuing the reduced optomotor compensation in tay1 by the mb247-GAL4>UAS-tay driver. While still having a tay1-like protocerebral bridge, mb247-GAL4 rescue flies are able to compensate at wild-type levels. An intact compensation is not depended on the tay expression in the mushroom bodies, as mushroom body ablated flies with a tay1 background and expression of UAS-tay under the control of mb247-GAL4 show wild-type behaviour as well. The most likely substrate for the function are currently unidentified neurons in the fan-shaped body, that can be stained with 007Y-GAL4 and mb247-GAL4 as well.
Expansion microscopy (ExM) enables super-resolution fluorescence imaging on standard microscopes by physical expansion of the sample. However, the investigation of interactions between different organisms such as mammalian and fungal cells by ExM remains challenging because different cell types require different expansion protocols to ensure identical, ideally isotropic expansion of both partners. Here, we introduce an ExM method that enables super-resolved visualization of the interaction between NK cells and Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. 4-fold expansion in combination with confocal fluorescence imaging allows us to resolve details of cytoskeleton rearrangement as well as NK cells' lytic granules triggered by contact with an RFP-expressing A. fumigatus strain. In particular, subdiffraction-resolution images show polarized degranulation upon contact formation and the presence of LAMP1 surrounding perforin at the NK cell-surface post degranulation. Our data demonstrate that optimized ExM protocols enable the investigation of immunological synapse formation between two different species with so far unmatched spatial resolution.
Bees need food of appropriate nutritional quality to maintain their metabolic functions. They largely obtain all required nutrients from floral resources, i.e., pollen and nectar. However, the diversity, composition and nutritional quality of floral resources varies with the surrounding environment and can be strongly altered in human-impacted habitats. We investigated whether differences in plant species richness as found in the surrounding environment correlated with variation in the floral diversity and nutritional quality of larval provisions (i.e., mixtures of pollen, nectar and salivary secretions) composed by the mass-provisioning stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria (Apidae: Meliponini). We found that the floral diversity of larval provisions increased with increasing plant species richness. The sucrose and fat (total fatty acid) content and the proportion and concentration of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid decreased, whereas the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acid linolenic acid increased with increasing plant species richness. Protein (total amino acid) content and amino acid composition did not change. The protein to fat (P:F) ratio, known to affect bee foraging, increased on average by more than 40% from plantations to forests and gardens, while the omega-6:3 ratio, known to negatively affect cognitive performance, decreased with increasing plant species richness. Our results suggest that plant species richness may support T. carbonaria colonies by providing not only a continuous resource supply (as shown in a previous study), but also floral resources of high nutritional quality.
Cellular stress can induce DNA lesions that threaten the stability of genes. The DNA damage response (DDR) recognises and repairs broken DNA to maintain genome stability. Intriguingly, components of nuclear paraspeckles like the non-POU domain containing octamer-binding protein (NONO) participate in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). NONO is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein (RBP) that facilitates the retention and editing of messenger (m)RNA as well as pre-mRNA processing. However, the role of NONO in the DDR is poorly understood. Here, we establish a novel human U2OS cell line that expresses NONO fused to the engineered ascorbate peroxidase 2 (U2OS:NONO-APEX2-HA). We show that NONO-APEX2-HA accumulates in the nucleolus in response to DNA damage. Combining viability assays, subcellular localisation studies, coimmunoprecipitation experiments and in vivo proximity labeling, we demonstrate that NONO-APEX2-HA is a stably expressed fusion protein that mimics endogenous NONO in terms of expression, localisation and bona fide interactors. We propose that in vivo proximity labeling in U2OS:NONO-APEX2-HA cells is capable for the assessment of NONO interactomes by downstream assays. U2OS:NONO-APEX2-HA cells will likely be a valuable resource for the investigation of NONO interactome dynamics in response to DNA damage and other stimuli.
The structural organization of transcriptionally active DNA that contains cistrons for precursor molecules of ribosomal RNA is described in positively stained spread preparations from nuclei and nucleoli isolated from the green alga, Acetabularia mediterranea Lmx. These nuclei contain large aggregates of nucleolar subunits in which fibril-covered regions, the putative active cistrons for precursors of ribosomal RNA, alternate with fibril-free intercepts, the "spacers". The length distribution of the different intercepts of this DNA is given, and the pattern is compared with those shown in animal cell systems. The data are discussed in relation to problems of transcription and of amplification of ribosomal RNA genes.