Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (23)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (23)
Year of publication
- 2006 (23) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (19)
- Journal article (4)
Language
- English (23) (remove)
Keywords
- Ökologie (3)
- Chrysomelidae (2)
- Eiablage (2)
- Escherichia coli (2)
- Evolution (2)
- Lurche (2)
- Molekulargenetik (2)
- Pheromon (2)
- Taufliege (2)
- evolution (2)
Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (23) (remove)
This thesis extends the classical theoretical work of Macevicz and Oster (1976, expanded by Oster and Wilson, 1978) on adaptive life history strategies in social insects. It focuses on the evolution of dynamic behavioural patterns (reproduction and activity) as a consequence of optimal allocation of energy and time resources. Mathematical modelling is based on detailed empirical observations in the model species Lasioglossum malachurum (Halictidae; Hymenoptera). The main topics are field observations, optimisation models for eusocial life histories, temporal variation in life history decisions, and annual colony cycles of eusocial insects.
Abstract: Background Social insects show considerable variability not only in social organisation but also in the temporal pattern of nest cycles. In annual eusocial sweat bees, nest cycles typically consist of a sequence of distinct phases of activity (queen or workers collect food, construct, and provision brood cells) and inactivity (nest is closed). Since the flight season is limited to the time of the year with sufficiently high temperatures and resource availability, every break reduces the potential for foraging and, thus, the productivity of a colony. This apparent waste of time has not gained much attention. Results We present a model that explains the evolution of activity breaks by assuming differential mortality during active and inactive phases and a limited rate of development of larvae, both reasonable assumptions. The model predicts a systematic temporal structure of breaks at certain times in the season which increase the fitness of a colony. The predicted pattern of these breaks is in excellent accordance with field data on the nest cycle of the halictid Lasioglossum malachurum. Conclusion Activity breaks are a counter-intuitive outcome of varying mortality rates that maximise the reproductive output of primitively eusocial nests.
Herbivorous insects are the major link between primary producers and a multitude of animals at higher trophic levels. Elucidating the causes and consequences of their distribution patterns in the "green world" is thus essential for our understanding of numerous ecological processes on multiple spatial scales. We can ask where and why a certain herbivore can be found in the landscape, within the habitat, on which plant within the habitat and finally, where on that plant. Depending on spatial scale the distribution of herbivores is shaped by different processes (fitness considerations, physiological abilities, population dynamics, dispersal behavior, history of the landscape etc.). Scaling down from fragmented landscapes to individual host plants this thesis analyzes the distribution patterns of the strictly monophagous herbivore Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which feeds and oviposits exclusively on meadow sage, Salvia pratensis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and compares it to those of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which does not oviposit on its host plants, but on dry non-host structures. The specialist Cassida canaliculata depended on all spatial scales (fragmented landscape, microhabitat and host plant individual) mainly on the distribution and quality of its single host plant species Salvia pratensis, whereas enemy-free-space - i.e. avoidance of parasitism and predation of egg clutches, larvae, and pupae - seemed to influence oviposition site choice only on the scale of the host plant individual. On this spatial scale, offspring of Cassida canaliculata had a higher chance of survival on large host plant individuals, which were also preferred for oviposition by the females. In contrast, the distribution patterns of the generalist Galeruca tanaceti was shaped by the interaction with its parasitoid regarding both microhabitat choice and egg distribution within individual host plants. On the microhabitat scale, beetles could escape from their parasitoids by ovipositing into high and dense vegetation. Regarding oviposition site choice within a host plant individual, females oviposited as high as possible in the vegetation and could thus reduce both the risk of parasitism and the probability of winter mortality. The results of my thesis show that the degree of specificity of a herbivore is of central importance for the resulting egg distribution pattern on all spatial scales.
Sugar reward learning in Drosophila : neuronal circuits in Drosophila associative olfactory learning
(2006)
Genetic intervention in the fly Drosophila melanogaster has provided strong evidence that the mushroom bodies of the insect brain act as the seat of memory traces for aversive and appetitive olfactory learning (reviewed in Heisenberg, 2003). In flies, electroshock is mainly used as negative reinforcer. Unfortunately this fact complicates a comparative consideration with other inscets as most studies use sugar as positive reinforcer. For example, several lines of evidence from honeybee and moth have suggested another site, the antennal lobe, to house neuronal plasticity underlying appetitive olfactory memory (reviewed in Menzel, 2001; Daly et al., 2004). Because of this I focused my work mainly on appetitive olfactory learning. In the first part of my thesis, I used a novel genetic tool, the TARGET system (McGuire et al., 2003), which allows the temporally controlled expression of a given effector gene in a defined set of cells. Comparing effector genes which either block neurotransmission or ablate cells showed important differences, revealing that selection of the appropriate effector gene is critical for evaluating the function of neural circuits. In the second part, a new engram of olfactory memory in the Drosophila projection neurons is described by restoring Rutabaga adenlylate cyclase (rut-AC) activity specifically in these cells. Expression of wild-type rutabaga in the projection neurons fully rescued the defect in sugar reward memory, but not in aversive electric shock memory. No difference was found in the stability of the appetitive memories rescued either in projection neurons or Kenyon cells. In the third part of the thesis I tried to understand how the reinforcing signals for sugar reward are internally represented. In the bee Hammer (1993) described a single octopaminergic neuron – called VUMmx1 – that mediates the sugar stimulus in associative olfactory reward learning. Analysis of single VUM neurons in the fly (Selcho, 2006) identified a neuron with a similar morphology as the VUMmx1 neuron. As there is a mutant in Drosophila lacking the last enzymatic step in octopamine synthesis (Monastirioti et al., 1996), Tyramine beta Hydroxylase, I was able to show that local Tyramine beta Hydroxylase expression successfully rescued sugar reward learning. This allows to conclude that about 250 cells including the VUM cluster are sufficient for mediating the sugar reinforcement signal in the fly. The description of a VUMmx1 similar neuron and the involvement of the VUM cluster in mediating the octopaminergic sugar stimulus are the first steps in establishing a neuronal map for US processing in Drosophila. Based on this work several experiments are contrivable to reach this ultimate goal in the fly. Taken together, the described similiarities between Drosophila and honeybee regarding the memory organisation in MBs and PNs and the proposed internal representation of the sugar reward suggest an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for appetitive olfactory learning in insects.
Study of Omp85 Family Proteins YaeT and YtfM and Multidrug Export Machineries in Escherichia coli
(2006)
In this study the Omp85 family proteins YaeT and YtfM of Escherichia coli were investigated by using biochemical and electrophysiological methods as well as bioinformatical and structural analysis. In addition, knock-out strains were constructed to further study the relevance of these proteins in vivo. The prediction that Omp85 proteins are composed of two domains, a periplasmic amino-terminal POTRA (polypeptide translocation associated) domain and a carboxy-terminal domain anchoring these proteins in the outer membrane, was confirmed by the construction of mutants. It could be shown that the carboxy-terminal part of the proteins is able to insert into the outer bacterial membrane, even if the POTRA domain is removed. Furthermore, pore-forming activity in the black-lipid bilayer was observed for both full-length proteins as well as their carboxy-terminal membrane located parts. The channels formed by both proteins in the black lipid bilayer showed variable single channel conductance states rather than a defined value for conductance. In 1M KCl, e.g. YaeT forms pores with a channel conductance of 100 to 600 pS containing a most abundant value at 400 pS. This variability is at least reasonable for YaeT due to a prerequisite flexibility of its channel for OMP insertion. YaeT was identified to form a cation selective, YtfM an anion selective channel, which is less pH dependent than YaeT. Another feature of the YaeT channel is that its selectivity and conductance is influenced by charged detergent molecules indicating an accumulation of these molecules in hydrophobic pockets inside the compact channel. YaeT revealed heat-modifiable mobility in SDS-PAGE which is characteristic for β-barrel OMPs, whereas YtfM did not show this behaviour. This result could be explained by sequence alignment and structural comparison of YaeT and YtfM via CD and FTIR spectra displaying much higher β-strand content for the carboxy-terminal part of YaeT compared to YtfM. Since the carboxy-terminal parts were shown to have pore forming ability and are inserted in the OM in vivo, the substitution of the essential protein YaeT by its carboxy-terminal mutant was attempted in a yaeT knock-out strain. The carboxy-terminal half of YaeT was not sufficient to compensate depletion of the full-length protein indicating an important role of the amino-terminus for cell viability. In contrary, YtfM is shown to be a non-essential protein and lack of YtfM had no effects on the composition and integrity of the OM. However, chromosomal deletion of ytfM remarkably reduced the growth rate of cells. This study provides the first detailed investigation of the structure of YaeT and describes its electrophysiological behaviour, which could be a basis for further studies of YaeT and its substrate proteins. Furthermore, YtfM was characterised and its in vivo function was investigated revealing YtfM as the second Omp85 family protein of importance in E. coli. In a second part of this study assembly and function of multidrug efflux pumps were investigated. Drug efflux pumps are tripartite export machineries in the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria conferring multidrug resistance and therefore causing severe problems for medical treatment of diseases. Protein structures of all three efflux pump components are solved, but the exact interaction sites are still unknown. Assembly of a hybrid exporter system composed of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa channel tunnel OprM, the E. coli adaptor protein AcrA and its associated transporter AcrB could be shown by chemical cross-linking, even though this efflux pump is not functional. Exchange of the hairpin domain of AcrA by the corresponding hairpin from the adaptor protein MexA of P. aeruginosa restored functionality tested by antibiotic sensitivity assays. This shows the importance of the MexA hairpin domain for functional interaction with the OprM channel tunnel. Interestingly, the hybrid protein was also able to assemble with TolC as outer membrane component to form a functional efflux pump indicating a higher flexibility of TolC compared to OprM concerning interaction partners. Based on these results, an interaction model of the hairpin domain and the channel tunnel on molecular level for AcrA and TolC as well as MexA and OprM, respectively, is presented. This model provides a basis for directed mutagenesis to reveal the exact contact sites of the hairpin of the adapter protein and the outer membrane component
This work deals with channel-tunnel dependent multidrug efflux pumps and type I secretion systems, more concrete with the improved classification of the adaptor protein family, the characterization of the TolC-homologue protein HI1462 of Haemophilus influenzae, and the molecular characterization of the interaction between TolC and AcrA of Escherichia coli.
Best disease, also termed vitelliform macular dystrophy type 2, VMD2, (OMIM #153700), is an autosomal dominant, early onset macular dystrophy associated with a remarkable accumulation of lipofuscin-like material within and beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The VMD2 gene mutated in Best disease encodes a 585 amino acid putative transmembrane protein named bestrophin, and is preferentially expressed in the RPE. The protein has a complex membrane topology with 4-6 putative transmembrane domains (TMDs) and is presumably involved in Ca2+-dependent transport of chloride ions across the membrane. The vast majority of known disease-associated alterations are missense mutations nonrandomly distributed across the highly conserved N-terminal half of the protein with clusters near the predicted TMDs. The mechanism connecting Best disease pathology with the identified mutations or the Cl- channel function is not yet clear. To further elucidate the biological function of the bestrophin protein and to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, a search for interacting partners of bestrophin was performed using the GAL4-based yeast two hybrid system (Y2H). Screening of a bovine RPE cDNA library with various truncated bestrophin baits resulted in the identification of 53 putative interacting partners of bestrophin. However, verification of the interaction has excluded all candidate clones. Our comprehensive Y2H analyses suggest that bestrophin may not be suitable for traditional yeast two hybrid screens likely due to the fact that the protein is integral to the membrane and even fragments thereof may not be transported to the nucleus which is, however a prerequisite for protein interaction in the yeast system. Bestrophin belongs to a large family of integral membrane proteins with more than 100 members identified to date originating from evolutionarily diverse organisms such as mammals, insects and worms. The most distinctive feature of the bestrophin family, besides the invariant RFP (arginine-phenylalanine-proline) domain, is an evolutionarily highly conserved N-terminal region. To clarify the phylogenetic relationship among bestrophin homologues and to identify structural and functional motifs conserved across family members, a bioinformatics/phylogenetic study of the conserved N-terminal region was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis of the bestrophin homologues reveals existence of four evolutionary conserved family members in mammals, with high homology to the human VMD2, VMD2-L1 to L3 proteins. The significant level of protein sequence similarity between divergent species suggests that each of the bestrophin family members has a unique, Chapter One: Summary 2 evolutionarily conserved function and that the divergence of bestrophin into several family members occurred before the divergence of individual mammalian species.
A hitherto unresolved problem is how workers are prevented from reproducing in large insect societies. The queen informs about her fertility and health which ensures sufficient indirect fitness benefits for workers. In the ant Camponotus floridanus, I found such a signal located on eggs of highly fertile queens. Groups of workers were regularly provided with different sets of brood. Only in groups with queen eggs workers refrain from reproducing. Thus, the eggs seem to inform the workers about queen presence. The signal on queen eggs is presumably the same that enables workers to distinguish between queen and worker-laid eggs, latter are destroyed by workers. Queen and worker-laid eggs differ in their surface hydrocarbons in a similar way as fertile queens differ from workers in the composition of their cuticular hydrocarbons. When I transferred hydrocarbons from the queen cuticle to worker eggs the eggs were no longer destroyed, indicating that they now carry the signal. These hydrocarbons thus represent a queen signal that regulates worker reproduction in this species. But the signal is not present in all fertile queens. Founding queens with low egg-laying rates differ in the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons from queens with high productivity. Similar differences in the composition of surface hydrocarbons were present on their eggs. The queen signal develops along with an increasing fertility and age of the queen, and this is perceived by the workers. Eggs from founding queens were destroyed like worker eggs. This result shows that founding queens lack the appropriate signal. In these little colony foundations chemical communication of queen status may not be necessary to prevent workers from reproducing, since workers may benefit more from investing in colony growth and increased productivity of large colonies rather than from producing male eggs in incipient colonies. If the queen is missing or the productivity of the queen decreases, workers start laying eggs. There is some evidence from correlative studies that, under queenless conditions, worker police each other because of differences in individual odors as a sign of social status. It can be expressed as either aggressive inhibition of ovarian activity, workers with developed ovaries are attacked by nest-mates, or destruction by worker-laid eggs. I found that in C. floridanus workers, in contrast to known studies, police only by egg eating since they are able to discriminate queen- and worker-laid eggs. Workers with developed ovaries will never attacked by nest-mates. This is further supported by qualitative and quantitative differences in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of queens and workers, whereas profiles of workers with and without developed ovaries show a high similarity. I conclude that workers discriminate worker eggs on the basis of their hydrocarbon profile, but they are not able to recognize egg-laying nest-mates. Improving our knowledge of the proximate mechanisms of the reproductive division of labor in evolutionary derived species like C. floridanus will help to understand the evolution of extreme reproductive altruism involving sterility as a characteristic feature of advanced eusocial systems.
Regulation of mitotic progression : Focus on Plk1 function and the novel Ska complex at kinetochores
(2006)
During mitosis the duplicated chromosomes have to be faithfully segregated into the nascent daughter cells in order to maintain genomic stability. This critical process is dependent on the rearrangement of the interphase microtubule (MT) network, resulting in the formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle. For proper chromosome segregation all chromosomes have to become connected to MTs emanating from opposite spindle poles. The MT attachment sites on the chromosomes are the kinetochores (KTs), which are also required to monitor the integrity of KT-MT interactions via the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). The first part of this work concerns the action of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Plk1 is one of the most prominent mitotic kinases and is involved in the regulation of multiple essential steps during mitosis consistent with its dynamic localisation to spindle poles, KTs and the central spindle. Despite a nice model of Plk1 targeting to different mitotic structures via its phosphopeptide binding Polo-box domain (PBD), the exact molecular details of Plk1 functioning, in particular at the KTs, remain obscure. By two different approaches we obtained cells with an unlocalised Plk1 kinase activity: first by generating stable HeLa S3 cell lines, which upon induction expressed the PBD and thus displaced endogenous Plk1 from its sites of action. Secondly, by rescuing cells RNAi-depleted of Plk1 with the catalytic Plk1 domain only. Centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle assembly and loss of cohesion between the chromatid arms proceeded normally in either cells, in contrast to Plk1-depleted cells, arguing that PBD-mediated targeting of Plk1 is less critical for the tested functions. Remarkably, however, both the PBD expressing as well as the Plk1-depleted cells rescued with the catalytic domain of Plk1 arrested in early mitosis in a SAC-dependent manner with uncongressed chromosomes. These data disclose a so far unrecognised role of Plk1 in proper chromosome congression and point at a particular requirement for PBD-mediated localised Plk1 activity at the KTs. In the second part of the thesis, we characterised a novel spindle and KT associated protein, termed Ska1, which was originally identified in a spindle inventory. Ska1 associated with KTs following MT attachment during prometaphase and formed a complex with at least another novel protein of identical localisation, called Ska2. Ska1 was required for Ska2 stability in vivo and depletion of either Ska1 or Ska2 resulted in the loss of both proteins from the KTs. The absence of Ska proteins did not disrupt overall KT structure but most strikingly induced cells to undergo a prolonged SAC-dependent delay in a metaphase-like state. The delay was characterised by weakened kinetochore-fibre stability, recruitment of Mad2 protein to a few KTs and the occasional loss of individual chromosomes from the metaphase plate. These data indicate that the Ska1/2 complex plays a critical role in the maintenance of a KT-MT attachments and/or SAC silencing.
BAKTERIELLE ENDOSYMBIONTEN DER BIENENWÖLFE Symbiontische Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Arten stellen allgegenwärtige und essentielle Bestandteile natürlicher Systeme dar und haben wahrscheinlich die Evolution jedes rezenten Lebewesens beeinflusst. Insekten als die diverseste Metazoen-Klasse der Erde profitieren von dem außerordentlichen metabolischen Potenzial vieler Mikroorganismen in einer großen Anzahl mutualistischer Assoziationen. Die große Mehrheit der bisher untersuchten Symbiosen zwischen Insekten und Mikroorganismen stellen Interaktionen dar, in denen die Wirte durch die Symbionten mit essentiellen Nährstoffen versorgt werden. Es sind jedoch auch einige Fälle bekannt, in denen symbiontische Bakterien eine wichtige Rolle für die intraspezifische olfaktorische Kommunikation spielen oder zur Verteidigung gegen Pathogene oder Parasitoide dienen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht eine hoch spezialisierte Assoziation zwischen einer Grabwespen-Art, dem Europäischen Bienenwolf (Philanthus triangulum, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), und Bakterien aus der Familie der Actinomyceten. Die bakteriellen Symbionten sind an einem einzigartigen Ort zu finden: Sie werden in den Reservoiren spezialisierter Antennendrüsen weiblicher Bienenwölfe kultiviert. Das Weibchen sezerniert vor der Eiablage große Mengen dieser Bakterien in die unterirdischen Brutkammern. Wenn die Bienewolf-Larve einige Tage später ihre Nahrungsaufnahme an den von der Mutter als Nahrungsvorrat bereitgestellten Honigbienen beendet hat, nimmt sie die Bakterien auf und spinnt sie in ihren Kokon mit ein. Dort erfüllen die Symbionten eine wichtige Funktion, indem sie den Schimmelbefall herabsetzen und dadurch die Überlebenschancen der Larve im Kokon während der langen und gefährlichen Winterruhe signifikant erhöhen. Experimente, in denen Bienenwolf-Weibchen ohne die Bakterien aufgezogen wurden, und Beobachtungen an Bienenwolf-Larven deuten darauf hin, dass die Symbionten vertikal von der Mutter an die Töchter weitergegeben werden. Vermutlich werden die Bakterien während des Schlupfes oder kurz davor vom Kokon in die Antennendrüsen-Reservoire aufgenommen. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen von Wirten und Symbionten sowie Transfer-Experimente mit den Bakterien wären notwendig, um herauszufinden, ob ein horizontaler Austausch der Symbionten zwischen verschiedenen Bienenwolf-Arten möglich ist. Genetische Analysen zeigen, dass die Symbionten einer unbeschriebenen Art der Gattung Streptomyces innerhalb der Actinomyceten angehören. 16s rDNA Primer und eine fluoreszenzmarkierte Oligonukleotid-Sonde wurden entwickelt, um die Bienenwolf-Symbionten mittels PCR und Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) spezifisch nachweisen zu können. Mit Hilfe von PCR und Sequenzierungen der 16s rDNA konnten nah verwandte Endosymbionten in den Antennen von 28 Arten und Unterarten der Gattung Philanthus festgestellt werden, nicht aber in anderen Gattungen der Unterfamilie Philanthinae (Aphilanthops, Clypeadon, Cerceris), so dass die Symbiose auf die Gattung Philanthus beschränkt zu sein scheint. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen auf der Grundlage nahezu kompletter 16s rDNA-Sequenzen belegen, dass die Symbionten aller analysierten Bienenwolf- Arten eine monophyletische Gruppe innerhalb der Gattung Streptomyces bilden, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Symbiose hoch spezifisch ist und wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis einer langen Koevolution und Kospeziation darstellt. Anhand von Sequenzunterschieden zwischen den Symbionten lässt sich das Alter der Assoziation zwischen Philanthus und Streptomyces auf etwa 26-67 Millionen Jahre schätzen, was der Entstehung der Gattung Philanthus entsprechen könnte. Auf der Basis von 16s rDNA Sequenzen und Ultrastruktur-Daten wurden die Antennensymbionten der Bienenwölfe als neues Taxon ‚Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi’ beschrieben, wobei die Symbionten verschiedener Wirtsarten als Ökotypen behandelt und nach der Wirtsart benannt wurden (z.B. ‚Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi triangulum’). Wie die Bakterien von der Assoziation mit Bienenwölfen profitieren, ist noch unklar. Auf jeden Fall wird ihnen vom Wirt eine unbesetzte und wahrscheinlich konkurrenzfreie ökologische Nische in den Antennen sowie eine zuverlässige Weitergabe an die nächste Generation garantiert. Außerdem sprechen einige Hinweise für eine Versorgung der Bakterien mit Nährstoffen durch den Bienenwolf: (1) Weibchen legen manchmal mehrere Brutkammern pro Tag an und sezernieren jedes Mal große Mengen an Bakterien; die Bakterien müssen sich also in den Drüsen-Reservoiren schnell vermehren, um den Vorrat an Symbionten wieder aufzufüllen. (2) Die Reservoire sind von Typ 3-Drüsenzellen umgeben, die die Bakterien mit Nährstoffen versorgen könnten. (3) Eine der Reservoir-Wände weist eine netzartige Struktur auf, die möglicherweise den Eintritt von Hämolymphe und damit von Nährstoffen in das Reservoir zulässt. Dies wird durch chemische Analysen der Kohlenwasserstoffe in der Hämolymphe und in dem Antennendrüsen-Sekret untermauert, die sehr ähnliche Zusammensetzungen aufweisen. Die Assoziation zwischen Bienenwölfen und Streptomyceten stellt den ersten bekannten Fall einer Symbiose dar, bei der Bakterien in den Antennen von Insekten kultiviert werden, und sie repräsentiert eines von wenigen Beispielen für Actinomyceten als Symbionten von Insekten. Weitere Untersuchungen evolutionärer und ökologischer Aspekte dieser Symbiose werden wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die Bedeutung von Actinomyceten für die Pathogen-Abwehr bei Insekten liefern und könnten sogar zur Entdeckung neuer Sekundärmetabolite mit antibiotischen Eigenschaften für die Verwendung in der Humanmedizin führen. CHEMISCHE KOMMUNIKATION UND PARTNERWAHL BEIM EUROPÄISCHEN BIENENWOLF Chemische Signale stellen sowohl die älteste als auch die am weitesten verbreitete Form von Kommunikation zwischen Organismen dar. Bei Insekten spielen Pheromone eine essentielle Rolle für die intraspezifische Kommunikation, und eine Vielzahl aktueller Untersuchungen belegt die Bedeutung olfaktorischer Signale für die Balz und Paarung. Die meisten dieser Studien konzentrieren sich jedoch auf Weibchen-Pheromone, während von Männchen produzierte Pheromone trotz ihrer ökologischen und evolutionären Bedeutung für die Partneranlockung und Partnerwahl bisher wenig Beachtung gefunden haben. Männchen des Europäischen Bienenwolfes etablieren und verteidigen Territorien, die sie mit einem Kopfdrüsen-Sekret markieren. Dieses Sekret wirkt höchstwahrscheinlich als ein Sex- Pheromon und lockt paarungsbereite Weibchen an. Da Männchen-Territorien meist aggregiert in der Nähe von Weibchennestern auftreten, haben die Weibchen die Möglichkeit, zwischen verschiedenen potenziellen Paarungspartnern zu wählen. Die chemischen Analysen der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass die Zusammensetzung und Menge des männlichen Markierpheromons vom Verwandtschaftsgrad, der Herkunft, dem Alter und der Größe der Männchen abhängen. Das Pheromon beinhaltet demnach Informationen über eine Vielzahl von Eigenschaften der Männchen, die für die Weibchenwahl von Bedeutung sein könnten. Sowohl die genetische Distanz („optimal outbreeding“) als auch die allgemeine genetische Qualität („good genes“) eines Männchens könnte die Partnerwahl der Bienenwolf-Weibchen beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit für den Europäischen Bienenwolf entwickelte polymorphe Mikrosatelliten legen den Grundstein für Vaterschaftsanalysen und ermöglichen so die Durchführung und Auswertung von Experimenten zur Weibchenwahl bei dieser Art.