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Adaptive femtosecond quantum control has proven to be a very successful method in many different scientific fields like physics, chemistry or biology. Numerous quantum systems and in particular molecules undergoing chemical reactions have been controlled using shaped femtosecond laser pulses. This method allows to go beyond simple observation and to obtain active control over quantum--mechanical systems. It uses interference phenomena in the time and/or frequency domain to achieve selectivity. The shaped femtosecond laser pulses employed in this scheme have until recently been purely linearly polarized. Therefore, they only address the scalar properties of light--matter interaction and neglect the vectorial character of both the dipole moment $\vec{\mu}$ and the electric field $\vec{E}(t)$. Especially in the quantum control of chemical reactions the investigated systems ---the molecules--- are three dimensional and exhibit complex spatio--tempo\-ral dynamics. With the help of polarization--shaped laser pulses one is now able to follow these dynamics in both, time and spatial direction, and can therefore reach a new level of control over quantum--mechanical systems. In this work, the generation of polarization--shaped laser pulses has been implemented in an optical setup. It requires no interferometric stability as a result of the identical beam path for both polarization components. Dual--channel spectral interferometry was employed as experimental pulse characterization and a mathematical description of the time--dependent polarization state of these pulses was given. The polarization modulation of the shaped pulses by subsequent optical elements was investigated and some solutions to minimize these modulations were presented. Jones matrix calculus with experimentally calibrated matrices was implemented to account for all polarization distortions from the LCD to the position of the experiment and for full characterization of the generated pulse shapes. Adaptive polarization shaping was demonstrated in a purely optical realization of the learning--loop concept. The learning algorithm was able to find the needed linear polarization in order to maximize second harmonic generation in a nonlinear optical crystal. The closed--loop configuration has proven to be capable to clear up more complicated polarization distortion, which was introduced using a multiple order half--wave plate designed for use at a wavelength of 620~nm. The additional deformation of the spectral phase through dispersion in a 10~cm long SF10 glass rod has also been compensated automatically. After these optical demonstration experiments ultrafast polarization shaping was applied to control a quantum system. Polarization sensitivity was shown in pump--probe measurements of the multiphoton ionization of potassium dimer molecules K$_2$. This sensitivity was exploited in a more general way in a learning--loop experiment with polarization--shaped laser pulses. A qualitatively new level of control was demonstrated using the time--dependent polarization state of laser pulses as an active agent. This polarization control was applicable even in randomly aligned molecules, which is a significant simplification of the experimental setup. In addition to these polarization control experiments, the three dimensional dynamics of molecules were also investigated and controlled. The \textit{cis--trans} photoisomerization of NK88 was studied in the liquid phase by transient absorption spectroscopy. The isomerization reaction efficiency was enhanced as well as reduced using linearly polarized laser pulses at 400~nm shaped in spectral phase and amplitude. This experiment demonstrates the ability to control the large scale motion of complex molecular groups with shaped femtosecond laser pulses. The modification of the molecular geometry can be regarded as a first step towards control of chirality in photochemistry. Especially with the successful demonstration of polarization quantum control, which is required in the theoretical models for the selective conversion of one enantiomer into the other, the way is paved towards coherent control of chirality. Besides these fascinating applications of polarization shaping it should now also be possible to extend the wavelength range of these pulses. Apart from second harmonic generation in order to reach the ultraviolet region intra-pulse difference frequency generation could be an option to open the mid-infrared spectral range for polarization shaping. With these new wavelength regions numerous new perspectives arise for quantum control using polarization--shaped laser pulses. Referring once more to the novel of Edwin A. Abbott presented in the introduction one could say that shaped femtosecond pulses really have left Flatland. Or to put it into the words of the sphere, when it teaches the square about the perception of dimensions: \begin{quote} ``Look yonder [...] in Flatland thou hast lived; of Lineland thou hast received a vision; thou hast soared with me to the heights of Spaceland;'' \hfill Edwin A.~Abbott~\cite{abbott1884}, 1884 \end{quote}
The availability of coherent soft x-rays through the nonlinear optical process of high-harmonic generation allows for the monitoring of the fastest events ever observed in the laboratory. The attosecond pulses produced are the fundamental tool for the time-resolved study of electron motion in atoms, molecules, clusters, liquids and solids in the future. However, in order to exploit the full potential of this new tool it is necessary to control the coherent soft x-ray spectra and to enhance the efficiency of conversion from laser light to the soft x-ray region in the harmonic-generation process. This work developed a comprehensive approach towards the optimization of the harmonic generation process. As this process represents a fundamental example of \emph{light}--\emph{matter} interaction there are two ways of controlling it: Shaping the generating laser \emph{light} and designing ideal states of \emph{matter} for the conversion medium. Either of these approaches was closely examined. In addition, going far beyond simply enhancing the conversion process it could be shown that the qualitative spectral response of the process can be modified by shaping the driving laser pulse. This opens the door to a completely new field of research: Optimal quantum control in the attosecond soft x-ray region---the realm of electron dynamics. In the same way as it is possible to control molecular or lattice vibrational dynamics with adaptively shaped femtosecond laser pulses these days, it will now be feasible to perform real-time manipulation of tightly bound electron motion with adaptively shaped attosecond light fields. The last part of this work demonstrated the capability of the herein developed technique of coherent soft-x-ray spectral shaping, where a measured experimental feedback was used to perform a closed-loop optimization of the interaction of shaped soft x-ray light with a sulfur hexafluoride molecule to arrive at different control objectives. For the optimization of the high-harmonic-generation process by engineering the conversion medium, both the gas phase and the liquid phase were explored both in experiment and theory. Molecular media were demonstrated to behave more efficiently than commonly used atomic targets when elliptically polarized driving laser pulses are applied. Theory predicted enhancement of harmonic generation for linearly polarized driving fields when the internuclear distance is increased. Reasons for this are identified as the increased overlap of the returning electron wavefunction due to molecular geometry and the control over the delocalization of the initial electronic state leading to less quantum-mechanical spreading of the electron wavepacket during continuum propagation. A new experimental scheme has been worked out, using the method of molecular wavepacket generation as a tool to enhance the harmonic conversion efficiency in `pump--drive' schemes. The latter was then experimentally implemented in the study of high-harmonic generation from water microdroplets. A transition between the dominant laser--soft-x-ray conversion mechanisms could be observed, identifying plasma-breakdown as the fundamental limit of high-density high-harmonic generation. Harmonics up to the 27th order were observed for optimally laser-prepared water droplets. To control the high-harmonic generation process by the application of shaped laser light fields a laser-pulse shaper based on a deformable membrane mirror was built. Pulse-shape optimization resulted in increased high-harmonic generation efficiency --- but more importantly the qualitative shape of the spectral response could be significantly modified for high-harmonic generation in waveguides. By adaptive optimization employing closed-loop strategies it was possible to selectively generate narrow (single harmonics) and broad bands of harmonic emission. Tunability could be demonstrated both for single harmonic orders and larger regions of several harmonics. Whereas any previous experiment reported to date always produced a plateau of equally intense harmonics, it has been possible to demonstrate ``untypical'' harmonic soft x-ray spectra exhibiting ``switched-off'' harmonic orders. The high degree of controllability paves the way for quantum control experiments in the soft x-ray spectral region. It was also demonstrated that the degree of control over the soft x-ray shape depends on the high-harmonic generation geometry. Experiments performed in the gas jet could not change the relative emission strengths of neighboring harmonic orders. In the waveguide geometry, the relative harmonic yield of neighboring orders could be modified at high contrast ratios. A simulation based solely on the single atom response could not reproduce the experimentally observed contrast ratios, pointing to the importance of propagation (phase matching) effects as a reason for the high degree of controllability observed in capillaries, answering long-standing debates in the field. A prototype experiment was presented demonstrating the versatility of the developed soft x-ray shaping technique for quantum control in this hitherto unexplored wavelength region. Shaped high-harmonic spectra were again used in an adaptive feedback loop experiment to control the gas-phase photodissociation reaction of SF$_6$ molecules. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for the detection of the ionic fragments. The branching ratios of particular fragmentation channels could be varied by optimally shaped soft x-ray light fields. Although in one case only slight changes of the branching ratio were possible, an optimal solution was found, proving the sufficient technical stability of this unique coherent soft-x-ray shaping method for future applications in optimal control. Active shaping of the spectral amplitude in coherent spectral regions of $\sim$10~eV bandwidth was shown to directly correspond to shaping the temporal features of the emerging soft x-ray pulses on sub-femtosecond time scales. This can be understood by the dualism of frequency and time with the Fourier transformation acting as translator. A quantum-mechanical simulation was used to clarify the magnitude of temporal control over the shape of the attosecond pulses produced in the high-harmonic-generation process. In conjunction with the experimental results, the first attosecond time-scale pulse shaper could thus be demonstrated in this work. The availability of femtosecond pulse shapers opened the field of adaptive femtosecond quantum control. The milestone idea of closed-loop feedback control to be implemented experimentally was expressed by Judson and Rabitz in their seminal work titled ``Teaching lasers to control molecules''. This present work extends and turns around this statement. Two fundamentally new achievements can now be added, which are ``Teaching molecules to control laser light conversion'' and ``Teaching lasers to control coherent soft x-ray light''. The original idea thus enabled the leap from femtosecond control of molecular dynamics into the new field of attosecond control of electron motion to be explored in the future. The \emph{closed}-loop approach could really \emph{open} the door towards fascinating new perspectives in science. Coming back to the introduction in order to close the loop, let us reconsider the analogy to the general chemical reaction. Photonic reaction control was presented by designing and engineering effective media (catalysts) and controlling the preparation of educt photons within the shaped laser pulses to selectively produce desired photonic target states in the soft x-ray spectral region. These newly synthesized target states in turn could be shown to be effective in the control of chemical reactions. The next step to be accomplished will be the control of sub-femtosecond time-scale electronic reactions with adaptively controlled coherent soft x-ray photon bunches. To that end a time-of-flight high-energy photoelectron spectrometer has recently been built, which will now allow to directly monitor electronic dynamics in atomic, molecular or solid state systems. Fundamentally new insights and applications of the nonlinear interaction of shaped attosecond soft x-ray pulses with matter can be expected from these experiments.