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Background: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. Methods: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. Results: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
Role of PTEN in Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in the Liver of Whole-Body Pten Haplodeficient Mice
(2016)
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are frequently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and with an elevated cancer incidence. The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in this context are only partially understood. High blood insulin levels are typical in early T2DM and excessive insulin can cause elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and genomic instability. ROS are important for various cellular functions in signaling and host defense. However, elevated ROS formation is thought to be involved in cancer induction. In the molecular events from insulin receptor binding to genomic damage, some signaling steps have been identified, pointing at the PI3K/AKT pathway. For further elucidation Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (Pten), a tumour suppressor phosphatase that plays a role in insulin signaling by negative regulation of PI3K/AKT and its downstream targets, was investigated here. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was used to detect ROS formation in immortalized human hepatocytes. Comet assay and micronucleus test were performed to investigate genomic damage in vitro. In liver samples, DHE staining and western blot detection of HSP70 and HO-1 were performed to evaluate oxidative stress response. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were detected by immunohistostaining. Inhibition of PTEN with the pharmacologic inhibitor VO-OHpic resulted in increased ROS production and genomic damage in a liver cell line. Knockdown of Pten in a mouse model yielded increased oxidative stress levels, detected by ROS levels and expression of the two stress-proteins HSP70 and HO-1 and elevated genomic damage in the liver, which was significant in mice fed with a high fat diet. We conclude that PTEN is involved in oxidative stress and genomic damage induction in vitro and that this may also explain the in vivo observations. This further supports the hypothesis that the PI3K/AKT pathway is responsible for damaging effects of high levels of insulin.
Hsp90 inhibition ameliorates CD4\(^{+}\) T cell-mediated acute Graft versus Host disease in mice
(2016)
Introduction:
For many patients with leukemia only allogeneic bone marrow transplantion provides a chance of cure. Co‐transplanted mature donor T cells mediate the desired Graft versus Tumor (GvT) effect required to destroy residual leukemic cells. The donor T cells very often, however, also attack healthy tissue of the patient inducing acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGvHD)—a potentially life‐threatening complication.
Methods:
Therefore, we used the well established C57BL/6 into BALB/c mouse aGvHD model to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) would protect the mice from aGvHD.
Results:
Treatment of the BALB/c recipient mice from day 0 to +2 after allogeneic CD4\(^{+}\) T cell transplantation with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17‐(dimethylaminoethylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) partially protected the mice from aGvHD. DMAG treatment was, however, insufficient to prolong overall survival of leukemia‐bearing mice after transplantation of allogeneic CD4\(^{+}\) and CD8\(^{+}\) T cells. Ex vivo analyses and in vitro experiments revealed that DMAG primarily inhibits conventional CD4\(^{+}\) T cells with a relative resistance of CD4\(^{+}\) regulatory and CD8\(^{+}\) T cells toward Hsp90 inhibition.
Conclusions:
Our data, thus, suggest that Hsp90 inhibition might constitute a novel approach to reduce aGvHD in patients without abrogating the desired GvT effect.
Neben Infektionen und Graft-versus-Host-Reaktionen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation, stellen das Rezidiv der Grunderkrankungen und die Transplantatabstoßung die schwerwiegendsten Probleme bei diesem Patientenklientel dar. Um jene frühzeitig zu erkennen, werden Chimärismusanalysen eingesetzt, mit deren Hilfe das Auftauchen kleinster Mengen an Empfängerknochenmarkszellen im peripheren Blut nachgewiesen werden können.
Hierfür stehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten mit unterschiedlichen Sensitivitäten und Anwendungsbereichen zur Verfügung, wie die Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH), die Amplifikation von short tandem repeats (STR) mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) und die allelspezifische quantitative Real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) mittels TaqMan, um die es in dieser Arbeit geht.
Mit Hilfe von speziellen Zielsequenzen auf unterschiedlichen Allelen, die Alizadeh et al. 2002 veröffentlichten, kann in der qRT-PCR bereits eine von 1000 Zellen nachgewiesen werden und somit zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt ein mögliches Rezidiv oder eine Abstoßung erkannt werden.
In dieser Arbeit wurden für die beschriebenen Allele und das SRY-Gen Standardreihen mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationsstufen erstellt, mit Hilfe derer man die Ergebnisse der PCR aus Patientenproben einordnen und den Chimärismus berechnen konnte. Eine zusätzliche Kalibrierung der Proben wurde mit Standardreihen vorbestimmter Konzentrationsstufen des Housekeeping-Gens HCK durchgeführt, das auch bei der Auswertung der Patientenproben zum Einsatz kam.
Somit war es im Rahmen der Etablierung der PCR an der Uniklinik Würzburg möglich, in dieser Arbeit 395 Proben zu bestimmen, von denen 127 Proben von 26 Patienten ausgewertet und mit extern ermittelten STR-PCR-Ergebnissen verglichen werden konnten.
Die hieraus gewonnenen Daten wurden mit den von Alizadehet al.[59] veröffentlichten Daten verglichen bezüglich der Anwendbarkeit der allelspezifischen PCR auf das Patientenkollektiv der Uniklinik Würzburg und der Auswertung ihrer Sensitivität sowie klinischen Verwendbarkeit.
50
Um die ermittelten Chimärismen in einen klinischen Zusammenhang zu stellen, erfolgte die Zuordnung zu vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Prozentspannen, bei denen unterschiedliche Szenarien in der klinischen Bewertung durchgespielt wurden.
Die Schwächen der etablierten PCR bestanden vor allem darin, dass 12,5% der Proben dieser Methode nicht zugänglich waren und angenommen werden muss, dass der Assay z.T. zu sensitiv war. Gerade in einem Bereich von > 5%igen Chimärismen stimmten die erhobenen Daten nicht mehr mit den Kontrollen überein, sondern gaben möglicherweise falsch hohe Chimärismen an.
Fehlende prospektive Daten machten es nicht möglich, in der Arbeit unstimmige Werte durch Beobachtung des weiteren klinischen Verlaufs auf ihre Richtigkeit zu prüfen.
Für die weitere Bewertung des Assays wäre es wichtig, dies in zukünftige Untersuchungen mit einzubeziehen.
Background
A phase I/II study and subsequent phase III study (MPACT) reported significant correlations between CA19-9 decreases and prolonged overall survival (OS) with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (nab-P + Gem) treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). CA19-9 changes at week 8 and potential associations with efficacy were investigated as part of an exploratory analysis in the MPACT trial.
Patients and methods
Untreated patients with MPC (N = 861) received nab-P + Gem or Gem alone. CA19-9 was evaluated at baseline and every 8 weeks.
Results
Patients with baseline and week-8 CA19-9 measurements were analyzed (nab-P + Gem: 252; Gem: 202). In an analysis pooling the treatments, patients with any CA19-9 decline (80%) versus those without (20%) had improved OS (median 11.1 versus 8.0 months; P = 0.005). In the nab-P + Gem arm, patients with (n = 206) versus without (n = 46) any CA19-9 decrease at week 8 had a confirmed overall response rate (ORR) of 40% versus 13%, and a median OS of 13.2 versus 8.3 months (P = 0.001), respectively. In the Gem-alone arm, patients with (n = 159) versus without (n = 43) CA19-9 decrease at week 8 had a confirmed ORR of 15% versus 5%, and a median OS of 9.4 versus 7.1 months (P = 0.404), respectively. In the nab-P + Gem and Gem-alone arms, by week 8, 16% (40/252) and 6% (13/202) of patients, respectively, had an unconfirmed radiologic response (median OS 13.7 and 14.7 months, respectively), and 79% and 84% of patients, respectively, had stable disease (SD) (median OS 11.1 and 9 months, respectively). Patients with SD and any CA19-9 decrease (158/199 and 133/170) had a median OS of 13.2 and 9.4 months, respectively.
Conclusion
This analysis demonstrated that, in patients with MPC, any CA19-9 decrease at week 8 can be an early marker for chemotherapy efficacy, including in those patients with SD. CA19-9 decrease identified more patients with survival benefit than radiologic response by week 8.
Donor CD4\(^+\)Foxp3\(^+\) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT allo-HCT]). Current clinical study protocols rely on the ex vivo expansion of donor T reg cells and their infusion in high numbers. In this study, we present a novel strategy for inhibiting GvHD that is based on the in vivo expansion of recipient T reg cells before allo-HCT, exploiting the crucial role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in T reg cell biology. Expanding radiation-resistant host T reg cells in recipient mice using a mouse TNFR2-selective agonist before allo-HCT significantly prolonged survival and reduced GvHD severity in a TNFR2-and T reg cell-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of transplanted T cells against leukemia cells and infectious pathogens remained unaffected. A corresponding human TNFR2-specific agonist expanded human T reg cells in vitro. These observations indicate the potential of our strategy to protect allo-HCT patients from acute GvHD by expanding T reg cells via selective TNFR2 activation in vivo.
Hintergrund
In Südafrika sind ca. 30 % aller schwangeren Frauen mit HIV infiziert. Physiologische Veränderungen in der Schwangerschaft alterieren die Metabolisierung der antiretroviralen Medikamente, was subtherapeutische oder toxische Serumspiegel zur Folge haben kann. Konsequenzen ergeben sich in Form einer Risikoerhöhung einer Mutter-Kind-Übertragung und Resistenzentwicklung einerseits sowie toxischer Wirkungen andererseits. Über die Pharmakokinetik antiretroviraler Substanzen bei Schwangeren ist bislang wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden deshalb im Setting der routinemäßigen Patientenversorgung Nevirapin (NVP)- und Efavirenz (EFV)-Serumkonzentrationen bei antiretroviral behandelten Schwangeren gemessen.
Methoden
Die Untersuchungen erfolgten im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Internationalen Graduiertenkollegs IRTG1522, einem Partnerprojekt der Universitäten Stellenbosch und Kapstadt/Südafrika und Würzburg, prospektiv im Tygerberg Academic Hospital in Kapstadt. Bei 108 HIV-infizierten Schwangeren, die mindestens seit 4 Wochen eine NVP- (n=52) oder EFV-Medikation (n=56) erhielten, wurden Serumproben entnommen. Die Messung der NVP- und EFV-Serumkonzentrationen erfolgte im TDM-Labor der Infektiologie am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg mittels einer etablierten Gaschromatographie bzw. Hochflüssigkeitschromatographie-Methode.
Ergebnisse
Nur 28 Proben (54%) der NVP-Konzentrationen lagen im therapeutischen Bereich (3.000 - 8.000 ng/ml) 36 Proben (64%) der EFV-Konzentrationen lagen im therapeutischen Bereich (1.000 - 4.000 ng/ml). Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter negativer Zusammenhang zwischen EFV-Konzentrationen und einem BMI >25.
In den univariaten Regressionen der einzelnen Variablen gab es einen signifikanten negativen Zusammenhang zwischen NVP-Konzentrationen und der Anzahl an Schwangerschaftswochen sowie einen signifikant positiven Zusammenhang zwischen NVP-Konzentrationen bei einer Begleitmedikation mit Valproat.
Es konnte ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen NVP-Konzentrationen <3.000 ng/ml und einem virologischen Versagen nachgewiesen werden. Bei EFV konnte dieser signifikante Zusammenhang zu Konzentrationen <1.000 ng/ml gefunden werden.
Mittels Therapeutischem Drug Monitoring konnten 6 NVP- und 4 EFV-Serumspiegel detektiert werden, die eine unzureichende Medikamenteneinnahme der Patientinnen widerspiegelten. Bei einer Patientin fand eine vertikale Transmission statt.
Mit dieser Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine große Anzahl an schwangeren Frauen Serumspiegel außerhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches aufwiesen. Die pharmakokinetischen Veränderungen im Laufe der Schwangerschaft waren am ehesten Ursache für subtherapeutische Serumspiegel. Weiterhin zeigten sich subtherapeutische Konzentrationen als Auslöser von virologischem Versagen.
Schlussfolgerungen
Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung legen nahe, dass ein Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring integraler Bestandteil der antiretroviralen Therapie von schwangeren Frauen im dritten Trimenon in Südafrika sein sollte.
Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates and are mostly caused by the opportunistic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Immune responses against these fungi are still not fully understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial players in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against fungal infections. The immunomodulatory effects of fungi were compared to the bacterial stimulus LPS to determine key players in the immune response to fungal infections. A genome wide study of the gene regulation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) confronted with A. fumigatus, C. albicans or LPS was performed and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was identified as the only transcription factor that was down-regulated in DCs by both fungi but induced by stimulation with LPS. Downstream analysis demonstrated the influence of KLF4 on the interleukine-6 expression in human DCs. Furthermore, KLF4 regulation was shown to be dependent on pattern recognition receptor ligation. Therefore KLF4 was identified as a controlling element in the IL-6 immune response with a unique expression pattern comparing fungal and LPS stimulation.
Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) is a suitable target to develop an immunotherapeutic approach against high risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly their relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). As an intracellular protein traversing between nucleus and cytoplasm, recombinant expression of WT1 is difficult. Therefore, an induction of WT1-specific T-cell responses is mostly based on peptide vaccination as well as dendritic cell (DC) electroporation with mRNA encoding full-length protein to mount WT1-derived peptide variations presented to T cells. Alternatively, the WT1 peptide presentation could be broadened by forcing receptor-mediated endocytosis of DCs.
In this study, antibody fusion proteins consisting of an antibody specific to the human DEC205 endocytic receptor and various fragments of WT1 (anti-hDEC205-WT1) were generated for a potential DC-targeted recombinant WT1 vaccine. Anti-hDEC205-WT1 antibody fusion proteins containing full-length or major parts of WT1 were not efficiently expressed and secreted due to their poor solubility and secretory capacity. However, small fragment-containing variants: anti-hDEC205-WT110-35, anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were obtained in good yields.
Since three of these fusion proteins contain the most of the known immunogenic epitopes in their sequences, the anti-hDEC205-WT191-138, anti-hDEC205-WT1223-273, and anti-hDEC205-WT1324-371 were tested for their T-cell stimulatory capacities. Mature monocyte-derived DCs loaded with anti-hDEC205-WT191-138 could induce ex vivo T-cell responses in 12 of 16 blood samples collected from either healthy or HSC transplanted individuals compared to included controls (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these T cells could kill WT1-overexpressing THP-1 leukemia cells in vitro after expansion.
In conclusion, alongside proving the difficulty in expression and purification of intracellular WT1 as a vaccine protein, our results from this work introduce an alternative therapeutic vaccine approach to improve an anti-leukemia immune response in the context of allogeneic HSCT and potentially beyond.