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Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, anhand von theoretischen Inhalten der Handmotorik bei Schülerinnen und Schülern (SuS) mit einer Cerebralparese, Kriterien abzuleiten, um die Handhabbarkeit von Erstrechenmaterialien feststellen zu können. Weiterhin werden theoretische Grundlagen des Erstrechenunterrichts, bezogen auf die mathematische Entwicklung, erläutert. Diese Inhalte werden verknüpft, indem die Bedeutung der Handmotorik für die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen für den Erstrechenunterricht im Kontext empirischer Studien erläutert wird. Die Verbindung der mathematischen Entwicklung mit der Handmotorik bei SuS mit einer Cerebralparese wird in der Folge erläutert.
Es werden geeignete Kriterien erstellt, um ausgewählte Arbeitsmittel des Erstrechenunterrichts der didaktischen Lern- und Forschungsstelle der Universität Würzburg dahingehend zu bewerten, ob sie für SuS mit einer Beeinträchtigung der Handmotorik in Folge einer Cerebralparese handhabbar und somit eigenständig verwendbar sind. Daher richtet sich diese Arbeit speziell an Studierende des Lehramts und (angehende) Lehrkräfte.
Streaming of videos has become the major traffic generator in today's Internet and the video traffic share is still increasing. According to Cisco's annual Visual Networking Index report, in 2012, 60% of the global Internet IP traffic was generated by video streaming services. Furthermore, the study predicts further increase to 73% by 2017. At the same time, advances in the fields of mobile communications and embedded devices lead to a widespread adoption of Internet video enabled mobile and wireless devices (e.g. Smartphones). The report predicts that by 2017, the traffic originating from mobile and wireless devices will exceed the traffic from wired devices and states that mobile video traffic was the source of roughly half of the mobile IP traffic at the end of 2012.
With the increasing importance of Internet video streaming in today's world, video content provider find themselves in a highly competitive market where user expectations are high and customer loyalty depends strongly on the user's satisfaction with the provided service. In particular paying customers expect their viewing experience to be the same across all their viewing devices and independently of their currently utilized Internet access technology. However, providing video streaming services is costly in terms of storage space, required bandwidth and generated traffic. Therefore, content providers face a trade-off between the user perceived Quality of Experience (QoE) and the costs for providing the service.
Today, a variety of transport and application protocols exist for providing video streaming services, but the one utilized depends on the scenario in mind. Video streaming services can be divided up in three categories: Video conferencing, IPTV and Video-on-Demand services. IPTV and video-conferencing have severe real-time constraints and thus utilize mostly datagram-based protocols like the RTP/UDP protocol for the video transmission. Video-on-Demand services in contrast can profit from pre-encoded content, buffers at the end user's device, and mostly utilize TCP-based protocols in combination with progressive streaming for the media delivery.
In recent years, the HTTP protocol on top of the TCP protocol gained widespread popularity as a cost-efficient way to distribute pre-encoded video content to customers via progressive streaming. This is due to the fact that HTTP-based video streaming profits from a well-established infrastructure which was originally implemented to efficiently satisfy the increasing demand for web browsing and file downloads. Large Content Delivery Networks (CDN) are the key components of that distribution infrastructure. CDNs prevent expensive long-haul data traffic and delays by distributing HTTP content to world-wide locations close to the customers. As of 2012, already 53% of the global video traffic in the Internet originates from Content Delivery Networks and that percentage is expected to increase to 65% by the year 2017. Furthermore, HTTP media streaming profits from existing HTTP caching infrastructure, ease of NAT and proxy traversal and firewall friendliness.
Video delivery through heterogeneous wired and wireless communications networks is prone to distortions due to insufficient network resources. This is especially true in wireless scenarios, where user mobility and insufficient signal strength can result in a very poor transport service performance (e.g. high packet loss, delays and low and varying bandwidth). A poor performance of the transport in turn may degrade the Quality of Experience as perceived by the user, either due to buffer underruns (i.e. playback interruptions) for TCP-based delivery or image distortions for datagram-based real-time video delivery.
In order to overcome QoE degradations due to insufficient network resources, content provider have to consider adaptive video streaming. One possibility to implement this for HTTP/TCP streaming is by partitioning the content into small segments, encode the segments into different quality levels and provide access to the segments and the quality level details (e.g. resolution, average bitrate). During the streaming session, a client-centric adaptation algorithm can use the supplied details to adapt the playback to the current environment. However, a lack of a common HTTP adaptive streaming standard led to multiple proprietary solutions developed by major Internet companies like Microsoft (Smooth Streaming), Apple (HTTP Live Streaming) and Adobe (HTTP Dynamic Streaming) loosely based on the aforementioned principle. In 2012, the ISO/IEC published the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) standard. As of today, DASH is becoming widely accepted with major companies announcing their support or having already implemented the standard into their products. MPEG-DASH is typically used with single layer codecs like H.264/AVC, but recent publications show that scalable video coding can use the existing HTTP infrastructure more efficiently. Furthermore, the layered approach of scalable video coding extends the adaptation options for the client, since already downloaded segments can be enhanced at a later time.
The influence of distortions on the perceived QoE for non-adaptive video streaming are well reviewed and published. For HTTP streaming, the QoE of the user is influenced by the initial delay (i.e. the time the client pre-buffers video data) and the length and frequency of playback interruptions due to a depleted video playback buffer. Studies highlight that even low stalling times and frequencies have a negative impact on the QoE of the user and should therefore be avoided. The first contribution of this thesis is the identification of QoE influence factors of adaptive video streaming by the means of crowd-sourcing and a laboratory study.
MPEG-DASH does not specify how to adapt the playback to the available bandwidth and therefore the design of a download/adaptation algorithm is left to the developer of the client logic. The second contribution of this thesis is the design of a novel user-centric adaption logic for DASH with SVC. Other download algorithms for segmented HTTP streaming with single layer and scalable video coding have been published lately. However, there is little information about the behavior of these algorithms regarding the identified QoE-influence factors. The third contribution is a user-centric performance evaluation of three existing adaptation algorithms and a comparison to the proposed algorithm. In the performance evaluation we also evaluate the fairness of the algorithms. In one fairness scenario, two clients deploy the same adaptation algorithm and share one Internet connection. For a fair adaptation algorithm, we expect the behavior of the two clients to be identical. In a second fairness scenario, one client shares the Internet connection with a large HTTP file download and we expect an even bandwidth distribution between the video streaming and the file download. The forth contribution of this thesis is an evaluation of the behavior of the algorithms in a two-client and HTTP cross traffic scenario.
The remainder of this thesis is structured as follows. Chapter II gives a brief introduction to video coding with H.264, the HTTP adaptive streaming standard MPEG-DASH, the investigated adaptation algorithms and metrics of Quality of Experience (QoE) for video streaming. Chapter III presents the methodology and results of the subjective studies conducted in the course of this thesis to identify the QoE influence factors of adaptive video streaming. In Chapter IV, we introduce the proposed adaptation algorithm and the methodology of the performance evaluation. Chapter V highlights the results of the performance evaluation and compares the investigated adaptation algorithms. Section VI summarizes the main findings and gives an outlook towards QoE-centric management of DASH with SVC.
This thesis investigates the impact of the country-of-origin effect on Chinese luxury brands which intend to enter the German luxury goods market. By means of a questionnaire and a quantitative analysis, possible threats to Chinese newcomers that derive from an unfavorable country image are illustrated. In fact, the Chinese origin of luxury goods has an impact on German consumers' perception.
The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal gene repeat is an increasingly important phylogenetic marker whose RNA secondary structure is widely conserved across eukaryotic organisms. The ITS2 database aims to be a comprehensive resource on ITS2 sequence and secondary structure, based on direct thermodynamic as well as homology modelled RNA folds. Results: (a) A rebuild of the original ITS2 database generation scripts applied to a current NCBI dataset reveal more than 60,000 ITS2 structures. This more than doubles the contents of the original database and triples it when including partial structures. (b) The end-user interface was rewritten, extended and now features user-defined homology modelling. (c) Other possible RNA structure discovery methods (namely suboptimal and shape folding) prove helpful but are not able to replace homology modelling. (d) A use case of the ITS2 database in conjunction with other tools developed at the department gave insight into molecular phylogenetic analysis with ITS2.
Compared to other countries, China was particularly early in developing a comprehensive set of policies to promote electric mobility (e-mobility). The aim of this study is to examine how China’s e-mobility development – through changes in formal institutions as well as market forces – has affected German passenger car manufacturers and their competitive environment and positions. The study is guided by two strands of research: new institutional economics and strategic management literature. A holistic multiple-case design is used to analyze five German case study firms. Qualitative interview data are collected through interviews and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The results show that the electric transformation in China has been shaped by changes in formal institutions at the macro, meso, and micro levels. Interestingly, the case study firms were affected not only by changes in China’s formal institutions but also by disparities between institutions in China and Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest that German car manufacturers are facing an increasingly competitive environment in China: at least four forces in Porter’s five-forces model seem to have intensified in recent years. The extent to which the case study firms have been affected by these developments may depend on the industry segments in which they are positioned. However, it can be argued that the electric transition has blurred the lines between traditional segments of the car industry to some extent. The interview data do not provide evidence that any of the German car brands have substantially changed their positioning, but they do suggest that some of the case study companies did not have an adequate offering for the Chinese market at the time of the interviews. In addition, the study finds that China’s transition to e-mobility has led to changes in various parts of the German automakers’ value chains, including production, sales, marketing, services, research and development, and procurement. Whether these changes will ultimately result in competitive advantage, parity, or disadvantage remains to be seen.
Deutschland will die Kohleverstromung bis spätestens 2038 endgültig beenden. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den dadurch aufgeworfenen europarechtlichen Problemen. Behandelt werden zunächst kompetenzrechtliche Fragestellungen, bevor sich umfassend dem EU-Beihilferecht gewidmet wird. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den Entschädigungen für die Kohlekraftwerksbetreiber. Während die Europäische Kommission das Ausschreibungssystem für den Steinkohleausstieg bereits als mit den beihilferechtlichen Vorgaben und dem europäischen Binnenmarkt vereinbar erklärt hat, steht eine entsprechende Genehmigung für die Stilllegung der Braunkohlekraftwerke noch aus. Auch Fragen betreffend den unions- und völkerrechtlichen Investitionsschutz werden geprüft. Wegen gedrosselter Gaslieferungen aus Russland sollen insbesondere Kohlekraftwerke befristet wieder stärker zum Einsatz kommen. Dies betrifft auch Steinkohlekraftwerke, für die infolge des Kohleausstiegs in den Jahren 2022 und 2023 ein Verbot der Kohleverfeuerung wirksam werden würde und unterliegt aus beihilferechtlicher Perspektive der fortlaufenden Überprüfung durch die Kommission.
Hauptgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Phänomens der mündlichen Ver-wendung von im Chat gebräuchlichen akronymischen Kurzformen wie lol und omg im Deut-schen. Da die Chatkommunikation trotz ihrer schriftlichen Realisierung einige Merkmale mündlicher Kommunikation aufweist, scheint eine Integration der zunächst rein graphischen Kürzungen in die gesprochene Sprache außerhalb des Chats nicht abwegig. Darüber hinaus lassen sich in jüngster Zeit sowohl eine Flexibilisierung der Verwendungsweise der Kürzel als auch Wortbildungsprozesse mithilfe der entsprechenden Formen konstatieren. Es handelt sich dabei um ein jugendsprachliches Phänomen; dies gilt vor allem für den Bereich der Wortbildung. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Erhebung der Relevanz sechs gängiger Kürzel und abgeleiteter Formen vorgestellt und interpretiert. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Bestandsaufnahme aller analysierten Formen in Standardnachschlagewerken und diversen Wörterbüchern zu den Soziolekten der Jugend- und Internetsprache.
Unzählige junge Menschen zeigen großes Interesse an den Jugendfreiwilligendiensten "Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr" und "Freiwilliges Ökologisches Jahr" als berufliche und persönliche Orientierungsangebote. Gleichzeitig haben gemeinnützige Institutionen großes Interesse an Freiwilligen zur Verrichtung von gemeinnützigen Arbeiten. Inwiefern Jugendfreiwilligendienste bloß gemeinnützig gesellschaftliche Aufgabenfelder bedienen oder ob sie tatsächlich auch Bildungsort für die an einem FSJ oder FÖJ Teilnehmenden darstellen können, ist zentraler Gegenstand der folgenden Ausführungen. Nach einer historischen und systematischen Bestandsaufnahme der bisher etablierten Jugendfreiwilligendienste FSJ und FÖJ, wird das Augenmerk auf Fragen wie die der TeilnehmerInnenstruktur von Jugendfreiwilligendiensten gelegt, sowie gesellschaftliche und persönliche Motive erläutert und kritisch diskutiert. Daran anknüpfend wird das Verhältnis von Bildung und gemeinnützigem Dienst in zweierlei Hinsicht bildungsphilosophisch untersucht: Erstens werden Jugendfreiwilligendienste in Anschluss an Foucaults Gedanken der Heterotopien auf ihre Besonderheiten hin untersucht und inwiefern sie als "andere Orte" wirken. In einem zweiten Schritt wird geprüft, inwiefern Jugendfreiwilligendienste gleichzeitig Momente der Sorge um sich und um andere im antiken Sinne umfassen. Abschließend folgt eine kritische Applikation unter der grundlegenden Fragestellung, ob gemeinnützige Arbeit gesellschaftlich ein Muss darstellt oder ob es nicht auch gute Gründe zum Nicht-Engagement gibt. Chancen der Jugendfreiwilligendienste als Bildungsgelegenheiten werden ebenso diskutiert wie deren Grenzen. Diese Grenzen gilt es einerseits zu überwinden und zu überschreiten, andererseits können sie im Sinne von Jugendfreiwilligendiensten als eine "Mittelschichtsveranstaltung" nicht überwunden werden.
Schafe leben seit einigen Jahrtausenden mit Menschen zusammen und mit ihnen durchwandert ihre Wolle unsere Kulturen und Gesellschaften. Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der gegenwärtig geringe monetäre Wert von Schafwolle, der in den letzten dreißig Jahren in Deutschland stark gesunken ist.
Basierend auf ethnografischen Methoden der Feldforschung, teilnehmende Beobachtung und Interviews, verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit Spuren von Schafwolle und fragt dabei nach den Berührungs- und Kontaktpunkten, die im Alltag zwischen Schafen, Menschen und Wolle entstehen. Menschen, die mit Schafen leben, werfen verschiedene Perspektiven auf die sogenannte Nutztierhaltung sowie auf ländliches Wirtschaften und Leben.
Schafe und Schafwolle werden hier als Miterzählende und Mitgestaltende im Prozess der Entstehung von Schaf-Woll-Geschichten betrachtet. Besonders die Perspektiven auf Schafwolle regen an, tierliche Materialitäten im Allgemeinen neu zu denken und zu reflektieren. So lädt die vorliegende Arbeit dazu ein, Menschen, Tiere und Materialitäten stärker in den Wissensgenerierungsprozess zu integrieren sowie nach dem besonderen Wissen zu suchen, das eben jene mehr-als-menschliche Akteur*innen mit uns teilen.
China’s emerging second-tier cities attract more and more foreign companies that are looking for business opportunities. Although much has been written about companies’ internationalization strategies, including companies’ market entry decisions and market entry mode strategies, research on the relationship between a city’s degree of internationalization and foreign companies’ market entry decisions and market entry mode strategies in second-tier cities in China is still relatively scarce. Thus, the central research question of this study is: Why and how does a second-tier city’s degree of internationalization influence foreign companies’ market entry decisions and market entry mode strategies in second-tier China? This study is based on a qualitative research approach; an embedded multiple-case study is applied and interviews with two different target groups are conducted. The first target group consists of foreign companies having established business operations in China’s second-tier cities directly and have had no previous business operations in first-tier cites. The second group is made up of foreign companies that initially operated in first-tier China, and then moved to second-tier cities. The company sample compromises small- and medium-sized foreign companies with various industry backgrounds and market entry modes in Chengdu and Chongqing. Since 2015, Maxxelli has been publishing its China International City Index (CICI) on a yearly basis in which it measures and compares China’s cities’ degree of internationalization. Because Maxxelli revised this year’s CICI methodology comprehensively, this study also aims at feedback to improve the overall CICI. This study concludes that a second-tier city’s degree of internationalization is particularly important to foreign companies having first set up in Chinese first-tier cities. Companies having established themselves in second-tier cities directly, do not pay a lot of direct attention to a city’s degree of internationalization and tend to base their market entry decisions more on business opportunities they identify in a city. In addition, this study argues that in most cases a city’s degree of internationalization does not influence the type of market entry mode companies choose to enter second-tier China.