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Schriftenreihe
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Beans, roots and leaves
(2001)
The author presents the first detailed review of the pharmacological therapy of parkinsonism from ancient times until the near present (1980). It is not clear whether parkinsonism as it is now defined – a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the basal ganglia characterized by sharply reduced striatal dopamine levels, particularly in the striatum – has always affected a significant minority of aged persons, but suggestive evidence to this effect in the older literature is reviewed. The major discussion commences, however, with the administration of various plant alkaloids to parkinsonian patients in the second half of the 19th century. Antiparkinsonian therapy since this time may be divided into a number of phases: 1. The employment of alkaloids derived from solanaceous plants: initially hyoscyamine, then hyoscine/scopolamine and atropine. The discovery and characterization of these alkaloids, and the gradual recognition that other pharmacologically useful solanaceous alkaloids (such as duboisine) were identical with one or other of these three compounds, is discussed. 2. With the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica following the First World War, parkinsonian patient numbers increased dramatically, leading to a multiplicity of new directions, including the use of another solanaceous plant, stramonium, of extremely high atropine doses, and of harmala alkaloids. 3. The so-called “Bulgarian treatment” was popularized in western Europe in the mid-1930s. It was also a belladonna alkaloid-based therapy, but associated with greater efficacy and fewer side effects. This approach, whether as actual plant extracts or as defined combinations of belladonna alkaloids, remained internationally dominant until the end of the 1940s. 4. Synthetic antiparkinsonian agents were examined following the Second World War, with the aim of overcoming the deficiencies of belladonna alkaloid therapy. These agents fell into two major classes: synthetic anticholinergic (= antimuscarinic) agents, such as benzhexol, and antihistaminergic drugs, including diphenhydramine. These agents were regarded as more effective than plant-based remedies, but certainly not as cures for the disease. 5. A complete change in direction was heralded by the discovery in 1960 of the striatal dopamine deficit in parkinsonism. This led to the introduction of L-DOPA therapy for parkinsonism, the first approach directed against an identified physiological abnormality in the disorder. 6. Subsequent developments have thus far concentrated on refinement or supplementation of the L-DOPA effect. Recent attempts to develop neuroprotective or -restorative approaches are also briefly discussed. The thesis also discusses the mechanisms by which the various types of antiparkinsonian agent achieved their effects, and also the problems confronting workers at various periods in the design and assessment of novel agents. The impact of attitudes regarding the etiology and nature of parkinsonism, particularly with regard to symptomatology, is also considered. Finally, the history of antiparkinsonian therapy is discussed in context of the general development of both clinical neurology and fundamental anatomical, physiological and biochemical research. In particular, the deepening understanding of the neurochemical basis of central nervous system function is emphasized, for which reason the history of dopamine research is discussed in some detail. This history of antiparkinsonian therapy also illustrates the fact that the nature of experimental clinical pharmacology has markedly changed throughout this period: No longer the preserve of individual physicians, it is now based firmly on fundamental laboratory research, the clinical relevance of which is not always immediately apparent, and which is only later examined in (large scale) clinical trials. It is concluded that antiparkinsonian therapy was never irrational or without basis, but has always been necessarily rooted in current knowledge regarding neural and muscular function. The achievements of L-DOPA therapy, the first successful pharmacological treatment for a neurodegenerative disorder, derived from the fruitful union of the skills and contributions of different types by laboratory scientists, pharmacologists and clinicians.
Azbukividnek slovinskij : Einleitung, transliterierter Text, Wortindex, glagolitischer Faksimiletext
(2003)
Rafael Levakovics religiöse Schriften stellen einen Meilenstein in der Geschichte der kroatischen Sprache dar, da in ihnen die Beschlüsse zu Sprache und Schrift der kirchlichen Bücher, die die Congregatio de Propaganda Fide am 9. November 1626 und am 17. Dezember 1627 gefasst hatte, verwirklicht werden. Azbukividnek slovinskij, Rom 1629, wurde als Schrift zur Unterweisung der Gläubigen im Zuge der Gegenreformation kostenlos an das "puk slovinski" verteilt. Eine kyrillische Ausgabe kam offensichtlich nicht mehr zu Stande.
No abstract available
Shopping Center sind eine Gruppe von Geschäften, die als Einheit geplant, gebaut und gemanagt wird. Lage, Zahl und Art der Geschäfte sind abhängig von der Größe des Einzugsgebiets, das es versorgt. Die ersten Shopping Center wurden in den USA in den 1920er Jahren gebaut, aber zunächst nur an relativ wenigen Orten kopiert. Erst seit den 1950er Jahren eröffneten in rascher Folge immer mehr Shopping Center, die zudem auch immer größer wurden. Standort war vor allem der suburbane Raum. Ende der 1990er Jahre gab es in den USA ca. 44.000 Shopping Center in denen mehr als die Hälfte des Einzelhandelsumsatzes des Landes erwirtschaftet wurde.
Im Laufe der Jahrzehnte mussten sich die Shopping Center ständig dem Markt anpassen, um dem enormen Konkurrenzdruck und den sich wandelnden Ansprüchen der Konsumenten gerecht zu werden. Seit Mitte der 1970er Jahre sind völlig neue Typen von Shopping Centern, wie Factory Outlet Center, Value Center, Power Center, Urban Entertainment Center und Hybrid Center entstanden. Die neuen Typen von Shopping Centern stehen im Mittelpunkt des Bandes.
Außerdem wird hinterfragt, ob die US-amerikanische Entwicklung zeitversetzt auch in Deutschland stattfinden wird. Auch hier müssen sich die Shopping Center dem Markt anpassen, allerdings sind die Rahmenbedingungen andere. Da derzeit bei uns die Ansiedlung von Factory Outlet Centern nach amerikanischen Vorbild konträr diskutiert wird, schenkt die Autorin diesen und ihrem hiesigen Entwicklungspotenzial besondere Aufmerksamkeit.