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Personalized oncology is a rapidly evolving area and offers cancer patients therapy options that are more specific than ever. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding transcriptomic similarities or differences of metastases and corresponding primary sites. Applying two unsupervised dimension reduction methods (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP)) on three datasets of metastases (n = 682 samples) with three different data transformations (unprocessed, log10 as well as log10 + 1 transformed values), we visualized potential underlying clusters. Additionally, we analyzed two datasets (n = 616 samples) containing metastases and primary tumors of one entity, to point out potential familiarities. Using these methods, no tight link between the site of resection and cluster formation outcome could be demonstrated, or for datasets consisting of solely metastasis or mixed datasets. Instead, dimension reduction methods and data transformation significantly impacted visual clustering results. Our findings strongly suggest data transformation to be considered as another key element in the interpretation of visual clustering approaches along with initialization and different parameters. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for a more thorough examination of parameters used in the analysis of clusters.
Metastasis is the cause of death in 90% of cancer-related deaths in men. Melanoma and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) are both tumour types with poor prognosis, lacking appropriate therapeutic possibilities, not least because of their high rate of metastasis. Thus understanding the process of metastasis might unravel therapeutic targets for developing further therapeutic strategies. The generation of a transgenic mouse model expressing B-RafV600E in melanocytes, a mutation that is found in about 60% of all melanoma, would result in an ideal tool to study melanoma progression and metastasis. In this work, a doxycycline-inducible system was constructed for expression of B-RafV600E and transgenic animals were generated, but the expression system has to be improved, since this strategy didn’t give rise to any viable, transgene carrying mice. Furthermore, since it was shown in the work of others that the metastatic behavior of tumour cell lines could be reversed by an embryonic microenvironment and the influence of a tumourigenic microenvironment on melanocytes lead to the acquisition of tumour cell-like characteristics, the question arose, whether B-Raf is as important in melanocyte development as it is in melanoma progression. In this work, the embryonal melanocyte development in B-Raf-deficient and wildtype mouse embryos was examined and there were no differences observed in the localization and number of neural crest stem cells as well as in the localization of the dopachrome-tautomerase positive melanoblasts in the embryos and in cultured neural tube explants. The expression of oncogenic C-Raf in lung epithelial cells has yielded a model for NSCLC giving rise to adenomas lacking spontaneous progression or metastasis. The co-expression of c-Myc in the same cells accelerates the tumour development and gives rise to liver and lymphnode metastases. The expression of c-Myc alone in lung epithelial cells leads to late tumour development with incomplete penetrance. A mutation screen in this work resulted in the observation that a secondary mutation in KRas or LKB1 is necessary for tumour formation in the c-Myc single transgenic animals and suggested metastasis as an early event, since the corresponding metastases of the mutation-prone primary lung tumours were negative for the observed mutations. Furthermore, in this work it was shown that the expression of chicken c-Myc in a non-metastatic NSCLC cell line leads to metastatic clones, showing that c-Myc is sufficient to induce metastasis. Additionally a panel of metastasis markers was identified, that might serve as diagnostic markers in the future.
Multiple activities are ascribed to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in health and disease. In particular, TNF was shown to affect carcinogenesis in multiple ways. This cytokine acts via the activation of two cell surface receptors, TNFR1, which is associated with inflammation, and TNFR2, which was shown to cause anti-inflammatory signaling. We assessed the effects of TNF and its two receptors on the progression of pancreatic cancer by in vivo bioluminescence imaging in a syngeneic orthotopic tumor mouse model with Panc02 cells. Mice deficient for TNFR1 were unable to spontaneously reject Panc02 tumors and furthermore displayed enhanced tumor progression. In contrast, a fraction of wild type (37.5%), TNF deficient (12.5%), and TNFR2 deficient mice (22.2%) were able to fully reject the tumor within two weeks. Pancreatic tumors in TNFR1 deficient mice displayed increased vascular density, enhanced infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) but reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells. These alterations were further accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of IL4. Thus, TNF and TNFR1 are required in pancreatic ductal carcinoma to ensure optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and tumor rejection. Exogenous systemic administration of human TNF, however, which only interacts with murine TNFR1, accelerated tumor progression. This suggests that TNFR1 has basically the capability in the Panc02 model to trigger pro-and anti-tumoral effects but the spatiotemporal availability of TNF seems to determine finally the overall outcome.
The Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), also known as CD66a, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. CEACAM1 was shown to be a prognostic marker in patients suffering from cancer. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical evidence linking CEACAM1 to tumorigenicity and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss potential CEACAM1-based mechanisms that may affect cancer biology.
Background:
According to only a handful of historical sources, Osmunda regalis, the royal fern, has been used already in the middle age as an anti-cancer remedy. To examine this ancient cancer cure, an ethanolic extract of the roots was prepared and analysed in vitro on its effectiveness against head and neck cancer cell lines.
Methods:
Proliferation inhibition was measured with the MTT assay. Invasion inhibition was tested in a spheroid-based 3-D migration assay on different extracellular matrix surfaces. Corresponding changes in gene expression were analysed by qRT-PCR array. Induction of apoptosis was measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) with the Annexin V binding method. The plant extract was analysed by preliminary phytochemical tests, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Anti-angiogenetic activity was determined by the tube formation assay.
Results:
O. regalis extract revealed a growth inhibiting effect on the head and neck carcinoma cell lines HLaC78 and FaDu. The toxic effect seems to be partially modulated by p-glycoprotein, as the MDR-1 expressing HLaC79-Tax cells were less sensitive. O. regalis extract inhibited the invasion of cell lines on diverse extracellular matrix substrates significantly. Especially the dispersion of the highly motile cell line HlaC78 on laminin was almost completely abrogated. Motility inhibition on laminin was accompanied by differential gene regulation of a variety of genes involved in cell adhesion and metastasis. Furthermore, O. regalis extract triggered apoptosis in HNSCC cell lines and inhibited tube formation of endothelial cells. Preliminary phytochemical analysis proved the presence of tannins, glycosides, steroids and saponins. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) revealed a major peak of an unknown substance with a molecular mass of 864.15 Da, comprising about 50% of the total extract. Thin layer chromatography identified ferulic acid to be present in the extract.
Conclusion:
The presented results justify the use of royal fern extracts as an anti-cancer remedy in history and imply a further analysis of ingredients.
Background
40–50% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) will develop liver metastases (CRLM) during the course of the disease. One third of these patients will additionally develop pulmonary metastases.
Methods
137 consecutive patients with CRLM, were analyzed regarding survival data, clinical, histological data and treatment. Results were stratified according to the occurrence of pulmonary metastases and metastases resection.
Results
39% of all patients with liver resection due to CRLM developed additional lung metastases. 44% of these patients underwent subsequent pulmonary resection. Patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy showed a significantly better five-year survival compared to patients not qualified for curative resection (5-year survival 71.2% vs. 28.0%; p = 0.001). Interestingly, the 5-year survival of these patients was even superior to all patients with CRLM, who did not develop pulmonary metastases (77.5% vs. 63.5%; p = 0.015). Patients, whose pulmonary metastases were not resected, were more likely to redevelop liver metastases (50.0% vs 78.6%; p = 0.034). However, the rate of distant metastases did not differ between both groups (54.5 vs.53.6; p = 0.945).
Conclusion
The occurrence of colorectal lung metastases after curative liver resection does not impact patient survival if pulmonary metastasectomy is feasible. Those patients clearly benefit from repeated resections of the liver and the lung metastases.
Background: Recent data suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer, as these cells possess enhanced tumor-forming capabilities and are responsible for relapses after apparently curative therapies have been undertaken. Hence, novel cancer therapies will be needed to test for both tumor regression and CSC targeting. The use of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) represents an attractive anti-tumor approach and is currently under evaluation in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether VACV does kill CSCs that are resistant to irradiation and chemotherapy.
Methods: Cancer stem-like cells were identified and separated from the human breast cancer cell line GI-101A by virtue of increased aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity as assessed by the ALDEFLUOR assay and cancer stem cell-like features such as chemo-resistance, irradiation-resistance and tumor-initiating were confirmed in cell culture and in animal models. VACV treatments were applied to both ALDEFLUOR-positive cells in cell culture and in xenograft tumors derived from these cells. Moreover, we identified and isolated CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^+\)ESA\(^+\) cells from GI-101A upon an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These cells were similarly characterized both in cell culture and in animal models.
Results: We demonstrated for the first time that the oncolytic VACV GLV-1h68 strain replicated more efficiently in cells with higher ALDH1 activity that possessed stem cell-like features than in cells with lower ALDH1 activity. GLV-1h68 selectively colonized and eventually eradicated xenograft tumors originating from cells with higher ALDH1 activity. Furthermore, GLV-1h68 also showed preferential replication in CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^+\)ESA\(^+\) cells derived from GI-101A upon an EMT induction as well as in xenograft tumors originating from these cells that were more tumorigenic than CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^-\)ESA\(^+\) cells.
Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that GLV-1h68 efficiently replicates and kills cancer stem-like cells. Thus, GLV-1h68 may become a promising agent for eradicating both primary and metastatic tumors, especially tumors harboring cancer stem-like cells that are resistant to chemo and/or radiotherapy and may be responsible for recurrence of tumors.
Nectin‐2 is an adhesion molecule that has been reported to play a role in tumor growth, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we investigated Nectin‐2 in ovarian cancer patients and in cell culture. Tumor as well as peritoneal biopsies of 60 ovarian cancer patients and 22 controls were dual stained for Nectin‐2 and CD31 using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of Nectin‐2 was quantified by real‐time PCR and differences analyzed in relation to various tumor characteristics. In the serum of patients, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was quantified by ELISA. Effect of VEGF on Nectin‐2 expression as well as permeability was investigated in HUVEC. In tumor biopsies, Nectin‐2 protein was mainly localized in tumor cells, whereas in peritoneal biopsies, clear colocalization was found in the vasculature. T3 patients had a significantly higher percentage of positive lymph nodes and this correlated with survival. Nectin‐2 was significantly upregulated in tumor biopsies in patients with lymph node metastasis and with residual tumor >1 cm after surgery. Nectin‐2 expression was significantly suppressed in the peritoneal endothelium of patients associated with significantly increased VEGF serum levels. In cell culture, VEGF stimulation led to a significant downregulation of Nectin‐2 which was reversed by VEGF‐inhibition. In addition, Nectin‐2 knockdown in endothelial cells was associated with significantly increased endothelial permeability. Nectin‐2 expression in ovarian cancer may support tumor cell adhesion, leading to growth and lymph node metastasis. In addition, VEGF‐induced Nectin‐2 suppression in peritoneal endothelium may support an increase in vascular permeability leading to ascites production.
Myc coordinates transcription and translation to enhance transformation and suppress invasiveness
(2015)
c‐Myc is one of the major human proto‐oncogenes and is often associated with tumor aggression and poor clinical outcome. Paradoxically, Myc was also reported as a suppressor of cell motility, invasiveness, and metastasis. Among the direct targets of Myc are many components of the protein synthesis machinery whose induction results in an overall increase in protein synthesis that empowers tumor cell growth. At present, it is largely unknown whether beyond the global enhancement of protein synthesis, Myc activation results in translation modulation of specific genes. Here, we measured Myc‐induced global changes in gene expression at the transcription, translation, and protein levels and uncovered extensive transcript‐specific regulation of protein translation. Particularly, we detected a broad coordination between regulation of transcription and translation upon modulation of Myc activity and showed the connection of these responses to mTOR signaling to enhance oncogenic transformation and to the TGFβ pathway to modulate cell migration and invasiveness. Our results elucidate novel facets of Myc‐induced cellular responses and provide a more comprehensive view of the consequences of its activation in cancer cells.
In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie wurde das Metastasierungsverhalten von Mundhöhlenkarzinomen des Krankengutes der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie der Universität Würzburg aus den Jahren 1985 bis 1999 bei unterschiedlichen Therapiekonzepten untersucht. 774 Patienten wurden in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten betrug 59 Jahre. Das Verhältnis von männlichen zu weiblichen Patienten lag bei 4:1. 36,3 Prozent (280) der Tumoren lagen im Bereich des Mundbodens, 15,9 Prozent (123) in der Unterlippe, 13,7 Prozent (106) im Bereich des Oropharynx, 12,4 Prozent (96) im Unterkiefer-Alveolarfortsatz, 10,2 Prozent (79) in der Zunge, 7,1 Prozent (55) in Oberkiefer und Gaumen, 3,1 Prozent (24) in der Wangenschleimhaut und 1,2 Prozent (9) in der Oberlippe. Eine alleinige chirurgische Tumorresektion wurde bei 60,1 Prozent (465) der Patienten durchgeführt. Eine chirurgische Therapie mit präoperative Radiatio (40 Gy) erhielten 1,3 Prozent (10) der Patienten, eine chirurgische Therapie mit kombinierter präoperativer Radio-Chemo-Therapie (40 Gy) erhielten 25,5 Prozent (197). 7,4 Prozent (57) der Patienten erhielten eine alleinige Radio-Chemo-Therapie, 4,9 Prozent (38) eine Radiatio solo. Postoperativ wurde eine Bestrahlung bei 5,0 Prozent (39) und eine Chemotherapie bei 0,3 Prozent (2) der Patienten durchgeführt. 21,0 Prozent (163) aller Patienten erhielten eine ipsilaterale Lymphknotenausräumung, 22,4 Prozent (173) eine bilaterale Lymphbahnausräumung. 50,6 Prozent (170) der Patienten, deren Halsweichteile ausgeräumt wurden, erhielten ipsilateral eine radikale Neck dissection, 21,4 Prozent (72) eine konservierende Neck dissection, 28,0 Prozent (94) eine suprahyoidale Ausräumung. 72,5 Prozent (561) der Patienten blieben innerhalb der Nachbeobachtungszeit (durchschnittlich 2,9 Jahre) rezidiv- bzw. metastasenfrei. Ein Lokalrezidiv entwickelten 14,9 Prozent (115) der Patienten. Metastasen entwickelten innerhalb der Nachbeobachtungszeit 16,5 Prozent (128) der Patienten: 68,8 Prozent (88) regionäre Metastasen, 31,2 Prozent (40) Fernmetastasen. Einen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss (p<0,05) auf die Metastasenhäufigkeit hatte die Lokalisation des Primärtumors (26,3 Prozent Metastasen bei Tumoren im Bereich der Wangenschleimhaut, 24,3 Prozent bei Mundbodenkarzinomen, 23,6 Prozent bei Oropharynxkarzinomen, 20,0 Prozent bei Oberkieferkarzinomen, 15,9 Prozent bei Zungenkarzinomen, 13,4 Prozent bei Karzinomen des Unterkiefer-Alveolarfortsatzes, 7,0 Prozent bei Lippenkarzinomen und 0,0 Prozent Metastasen bei Oberlippenkarzinomen). Wurde eine alleinige Tumorresektion durchgeführt, traten bei 9,7 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen auf. Wurde die Behandlung durch eine präoperative Radio-Chemo-Therapie erweitert, traten bei 35,0 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen auf. Wurde zusätzlich noch eine postoperative Radiatio durchgeführt, entwickelten 38,5 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen. Nach Durchführung einer alleinigen Radiatio mit 70 Gy traten bei 11,1 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen auf, nach kombinierter Radio-Chemo-Therapie (70 Gy) bei 20,5 Prozent der Patienten. Histologisch positive Resekatränder erhöhten die Metastasenwahrscheinlichkeit statistisch signifikant von 17,0 Prozent auf 45,7 Prozent. Von der Art der Lymphbahnausräumung (ohne Berücksichtigung adjuvanter Therapien) ist die Metastasenwahrscheinlichkeit statistisch signifikant abhängig. Nach Durchführung einer alleinigen ipsilateralen radikalen Neck dissection zeigte sich eine Metastasierungsrate von 25,6 Prozent. Wurde statt dessen eine konservierende Neck dissection durchgeführt, traten bei 40,0 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen auf. Wurde die ipsilaterale radikale Neck dissection mit einer kontralateralen suprahyoidalen Ausräumung kombiniert, traten bei 37,1 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen auf. Nach ipsilateraler konservierender Neck dissection und kontralateraler suprahyoidaler Ausräumung zeigten sich bei 55,3 Prozent der Patienten Metastasen. Die Inzidenz kontralateraler Metastasen lag bei alleiniger ipsilateraler Behandlung bei 34,3 Prozent, bei zusätzlicher kontralateraler suprahyoidaler Ausräumung bei 30,2 Prozent (trotz der hier zumeist vorliegenden ungünstigeren Prognose durch größere Primärtumoren oder deren Lage im Bereich der Körpermedianen).