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Talcott Parsons' Version einer Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Medien soll hier rekonstruiert werden, indem die Rolle der Medien als integrativer Mechanismen innerhalb seiner Theorie systemischer Differenzierung untersucht wird. Da Medien durch die ihnen zugedachte Aufgabe, sowohl Interaktion als auch Austausch zu vermitteln, überfordert werden, bleibt die Stimmigkeit der Theorie prekär: Die Konkurrenz von Geldmodell, das den Austauschaspekt, und Sprachmodell, das den Interaktionsaspekt erfassen soll, scheint zwar durch Einordnung des Geldmediums in das Sprachmodell gelöst; de facto findet aber eine monetäre Umdeutung der Sprache statt. Bei der Anwendung auf konkrete Vorgänge im Gesellschaftssystem scheitert jedoch auch die Geldanalogie. Für die Defizite der Theorie scheint das von Parsons nicht ausreichend geklärte Verhältnis zwischen Medien und Sprache verantwortlich zu sein.
No abstract available
Primary infection of HEp-2 cells with rubella virus resulted in non-cytophatic longterm persistent infection. During four years of persistence the virus was produced in sufficient quantities (up to 6 logs PFU/ml) and did not differ from the parental variant in its pathogenicity for BHK-21 or RK-13 cells, or hemagglutinating activity, but formed smaller plaques. Persistent virus preserved the original antigenicity as judged from reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibition or plaque reduction-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera. Both original and persistent rubella viruses were thermoresistant (T 56° C) and sligthly temperature-sensitive. Clonal analysis revealed presence of ts-mutants among both original and persistent virus clones with different degrees of plating efficiency at 40°/34° C. RNA fingerprinting showed only minor changes in persistent rubella virus.
No abstract available.
No abstract available.
We investigated the role of bacterial mannose-resistant fimbriation of S fimbriae (Firn), mannose-resistant hemagglutination (S-Mrh), and hemolysin (Hiy) production by an Escherichitl coli parent and genetically cloned strains as regards (i) their eß'ect on histamine release from rat mast ceUs and (ii) generation of the chemiluminescence response, leukotriene, and enzyme release from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. These mediators are involved in the induction of inftammatory disease processes and Iead, e.g., to the enhancement of vascular permeability, chemotaxis, aggregation of granulocytes (leukotriene 8 4), lysosomal enzyme release, and smooth-muscle contraction (leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4). The content of azurophilic and specific granules in polymorphonuclear granulocytes consists of highly reactive enzymes which amplify inflammatory reactions. Washed bacteria (E. coli 764 my:t:, E. coli 21085 Hly:t:, E. coli 536 Hly:t: Firn:~: Mrh:t:), as weil as their culture supernatants, were analyzed at various times during their growth cycle. No differences exist between parent and cloned or mutant strains with respect to their outer . membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharide pattern. Washed bacteria [E. coli 764 and 21085(pANN202-312)] which produced hemolysin, unlike my- strains, induced high Ievels of histamine release from rat mast ceUs and led to a significant chemiluminescence response and enzyme and leukotriene release from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Bacterial culture supernatants from Hly+ and secreting strains showed similar results with the exception of E. coli 21085(pANN202-312), which is a hemolysin-producing bot not a secretory strain. Our data soggest a potent role for hernolysin as a stimulus for noncytotoxic mediator release from various cells. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of Firn and S Mrh potentiales mediator release. The simultaneous presence of Mrh and Firn [E. coli 535/2l(pANN801-4)] increased mediator release compared with Mrh+ Firn- strains [E. coli 536/21(pANN801-1)]. E. coli 536/21 (Msh- Mrh- Firn- Hly-) did not induce mediator release. Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin is a protein that causes in vitro Iysis of erythrocytes from several species of animals (6, 12, 1~18, 23). Hemolysin-producing E. coli strains occur only infrequently in the normal fecal ftora of humans but are often isolated from patients with extraintestinal infections such as urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and septicemia (13, 22, 25, 36-38, 46-48). The high percentage of Hly+ E. coli strains among isolates from patients with urinary tract infections suggested that hemolysin contributes to the virulence of E. coli strains. The role of hemolysin as a virulence factor has been recently demonstrated by using various animal models and cell cultures. Alpha-hemolysin is one of the very few proteins produced by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae that is released extracellulary. The genetic control of alpha-hemolysin production, transport, and release from cells is complex (24, 26, 30). At least four genes located on the bacterial chromosome or on ]arge transmissible plasmids are required to elicit a cell-free hemolytic phenotype. Bobach and Snyder (6) suggested that the existence of alpha-hemolysin complexed with lipopolysaccharide may have important implications in the understanding of its biological effects. In addition to hemolysin production, a variety of factors, e.g., fimbriae, expression of specific hemagglutination, and • Corresponding author. 886 0 and K antigens, may contribute to the vi
Thirty-two 4-year-olds and thirty-two 6-year-olds were tested for free and cued recall following either play-and-remember or sort-and-remember instructions and assessed for their metamemory of the efficacy of conceptual and perceptual sorting strategies. The younger children recalled significantly more items under sort-and-remember than under play-and-remember instructions, whereas no significant recall differences between instructional conditions were found for the older children. However, 6-year-olds showed higher levels of recall than 4-year-olds in both instructional conditions. Category cues were much more effective than color cues, regardless of age. In addition, clustering scores indicated that conceptual organization at both encoding and retrieval increased with age and with instruction. These results show that from 4 to 6 years of age children are learning to spontaneously employ memory strategies. In addition, they highlight the increasing importance of conceptual organization to retention of young children. Finally, the metamemory data suggest that there may be a lag between children’s articulated declarative knowledge about the usefulness of conceptual organization and their procedural use of it.