Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2)
Year of publication
- 2004 (2) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
Keywords
- B-Lymphozyt (2) (remove)
BOB.1/OBF.1 ist ein Lymhozyten-spezifischer transkriptioneller Koaktivator. Er bindet an die Oct1 und Oct2 Transkriptionsfaktoren und verstärkt deren transkriptionelles Potential. Die Untersuchung BOB.1/OBF.1- defizienter Mäuse ergab, dass BOB.1/OBF.1 eine entscheidende Funktion hat in verschiedenen BZellentwicklungsstadien. Überraschenderweise zeigte die Analyse BOB.1/OBF.1-defizienter Mäuse eine weitgehend normale Expression von Genen, welche ein Oktamer-Motiv in ihren regulatorischen Regionen enthalten wie z. B. die Immunglobulingene. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle von BOB.1/OBF.1 für oktamerabhängige Transkription in einer aus BOB.1/OBF.1-defizienten Mäusen etablierten B-Zelllinie untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Promotoren, die von einem funktionellen Oktamer-Motiv abhängen, gänzlich inaktiv sind in BOB.1/OBF.1-defizienten B-Zellen. Mittels eines in diesen Zellen stabil exprimierten, regulierbaren BOB.1/OBF.1-Fusionsproteins konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieser transkriptionelle Defekt eine direkte Folge des Fehlens des Koaktivators BOB.1/OBF.1 ist. Dies gilt für einen synthetischen Oktamer- Promotor-regulierten Reporter ebenso wie für einen Immunglobulin-k-Promoter-regulierten Reporter. Diese Ergebnisse zeigten, dass BOB.1/OBF.1 selbst ein nicht-redundantes Protein in B-Zellen ist und absolut notwendig ist für oktamerabhängige transkriptionelle Aktivität. Zahlreiche in B-Zellen exprimierte Gene enthalten ein Oktamer-Motiv in ihrer regulatorischen Region, jedoch wurden erst wenige beschrieben, deren Expression von BOB.1/OBF.1 reguliert wird. Um die molekulare Basis der Funktion von BOB.1/OBF.1 für die B-Zellentwicklung zu verstehen, wurde im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit mit verschiedenen Methoden nach BOB.1/OBF.1-regulierten Zielgenen gesucht. Mit der cDNA-RDA-Methode konnte MLC1A als ein in präB-Zellen durch BOB.1/OBF.1 indirekt reguliertes Gen identifiziert werden. Affymetrix-Genchip-Experimente identifizierten sowohl durch BOB.1/OBF.1 heraufregulierte Gene, wie Ahd2like, Rbp1, Creg als auch herabregulierte Gene, wie Id3. Eine Klassifizierung der potentiellen Zielgene nach ihrer Funktion legt eine Funktion von BOB.1/OBF.1 nahe für verschieden Aspekte der B-Zellphysiologie wie Zellmetabolismus, Zelladhäsion und Zelldifferenzierung. BOB.1/OBF.1 hat also sehr wahrscheinlich eine sehr weitgefächerte Funktion in verschiedenen regulatorischen Mechanismen von B-Zellentwicklung und -funktion. Das Fehlen von Immunglobulin-Expression in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg-Zellen (HRS-Zellen) des klassischen Hodgkin-Lymphoms wurde ursprünglich erklärt durch inaktivierende Mutationen im Promotor oder in kodierenden Sequenzen des Gens. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass in HRS-Zellen weder BOB.1/OBF.1 noch Oct2 exprimierte werden. Durch Transfektion von Reportern, die durch Oktamer- Motive oder durch einen Immunglobulin-Promotor reguliert werden, in HRS-Zelllinien konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Fehlen dieser Proteine sehr wahrscheinlich maßgeblich am Defekt der Immunglobulin-Transkription in HRS-Zellen beteiligt ist.
Although the role of B-cells in autoimmunity is not completely understood, their importance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has been more appreciated in the past few years. It is now well known that they have roles in addition to (auto) antibody production and are involved by different mechanisms in the regulation of T-cell mediated autoimmune disorders. The evolution of an autoimmune disease is a dynamic process, which takes a course of years during which complex immunoregulatory mechanisms shape the immune repertoire until the development of clinical disease. During this course, the B-cell repertoire itself is influenced and a change in the distribution of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes can be observed. B-cell depletive therapies have beneficial effects in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), highlighting also the central role of B-cells in the pathogenesis of this disease. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action is unclear. It has been hypothesised that B-cell depletion is able to reset deviated humoral immunity. Therefore we wanted to investigate if transient B-cell depletion results in changes of the peripheral B-cell receptor repertoire. To address this issue, expressed immunoglobulin genes of two patients suffering from RA were analysed; one patient for the heavy chain repertoire (patient H), one patient for the light chain repertoire (patient L). Both patients were treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes peripheral CD20+ B-cells for several months. The B-cell repertoire was studied before therapy and at the earliest time point after B-cell regeneration in both patients. A longer follow-up (up to 27 months) was performed in patient H who was treated a second time with rituximab after 17 months. Heavy chain gene analysis was carried out by nested-PCR on bulk DNA from peripheral B-cells using family-specific primers, followed by subcloning and sequencing. During the study, patient H received two courses of antibody treatment. B-cell depletion lasted 7 and 10 months, respectively and each time was accompanied by a clinical improvement. Anti-CD20 therapy induced two types of changes in this patient. During the early phase of B-cell regeneration, we noticed the presence of an expanded and recirculating population of highly mutated B-cells. These cells expressed very different immunoglobulin VH genes compared before therapy. They were class-switched and could be detected for a short period only. The long-term changes were more subtle. Nevertheless, characteristic changes in the VH2 family, as well as in specific mini-genes like VH3-23, 4-34 or 1-69 were noticed. Some of these genes have already been reported to be biased in autoimmune diseases. Also in autoimmune diseases, in particular in RA, clonal B-cells have been frequently found in the repertoire. B-cell depletion with anti-CD20 antibody resulted in a long term loss of clonal B-cells in patient H. Thus, temporary B-cell depletion induced significant changes in the heavy chain repertoire. For the light chain gene analysis, the repertoire changes were analysed separately for naive (CD27-) and memory (CD27+) B-cells. Individual CD19+ B-cells were sorted into CD27- and CD27+ cells and single cell RT-PCR was performed, followed by direct sequencing. During the study, patient L received one course of antibody treatment. B-cell depletion lasted 10 months and the light chain repertoire was studied before and after therapy. Before therapy, some differences in the distribution of VL and JL genes were observed between naive and memory B-cells. In particular, the predominant usage of Jk-proximal Vk genes by the CD27- naive B-cells indicated that the receptor editing was less frequent in this population compared to memory cells. In VlJl rearrangements also, some evidence for decreased receptor editing was noticed, with the overrepresentation of the Jl2/3 gene segments. The CDR3 regions of naive and memory cells showed different characteristics: the activity of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and exonuclease in Vl(5’) side was greater in memory cells. Also in the light chain repertoire, we observed some changes induced by the B-cell depletive therapy. There was a tendency of a less frequent usage of Jk-proximal Vk genes in the naive population. Some Vl genes, previously described in autoimmune diseases and connected to rheumatoid factor activity, such as 3p, 3r, 1g, were not found after therapy. The different characteristics of the CDR3 regions of VlJl rearrangements were not observed anymore. Very significantly, the ratio Vk to Vl was shifted toward a greater usage of Vk genes in the naive population after therapy. Taken together, these results indicate that therapeutic transient B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibody therapy modulates the immunoglobulin gene repertoire in the two RA patients studied. Measurable changes were observed in the heavy chain as well as in the light chain repertoire, which may be relevant to the course of the disease. This also supports the notion that the composition of the B-cell repertoire is influenced by the disease and that B-cell depletion can reset biases that are typically found in autoimmune diseases.