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Der apathogene E. coli Stamm DSM 6601 (E. coli Nissle 1917) kann als Modellorganismus für die Verwendung eines kommensalen Gram-negativen Bakterienstammes als Probiotikum angesehen werden. Dieser E. coli Stamm wurde intensiv erforscht und seine Eigenschaften sind daher gut charakterisiert. Der probiotische Charakter dieses Bakterienstammes ist auf gute Kolonisierungseigenschaften des menschlichen Darms, immunmodulatorische Effekte und antagonistische Wirkungen zurückzuführen. Der E. coli Stamm DSM 6601 wird seit einigen Jahrzehnten zur Behandlung verschiedener gastrointestinaler Erkrankungen eingesetzt und seine therapeutische Wirksamkeit ist wissenschaftlich bewiesen. Daher eignet sich dieser Stamm als Modellstamm für die Entwicklung eines bakteriellen Lebendvektors, der für mukosale Immunisierungen oder die zielgerichtete Lieferung von therapeutischen Molekülen in den Darm eingesetzt werden könnte. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Charakterisierung der kryptischen Plasmide pMUT1 und pMUT2 des probiotischen E. coli Stammes DSM 6601 durch Analyse der DNA-Sequenz. Die Analyse ergab, dass das Plasmid pMUT1 ein Replikationssystem vom ColE1-Typ, ein Mobilisierungssystem sowie eine Stabilitätsregion enthält, während das Plasmid pMUT2 ein ColE2-ähnliches Replikationssystem und ein anderes Mobilisierungssystem besitzt. In beiden Plasmiden konnten keine weiteren offenen Leserahmen mit bekannter Funktion identifiziert werden. Des Weiteren wurde ein spezifisches PCR-Nachweissystem für den E. coli Stamm DSM 6601 etabliert, das auf einer Methode zur direkten DNA-Isolierung aus Stuhlproben und einem optimierten PCR-Protokoll für auf den kryptischen Plasmiden basierende Primerkombinationen beruht. Dadurch konnte eine Sensitivität von 10(3)-10(4) Bakterien/0,1 g Stuhl erreicht werden, die vergleichbar mit den Nachweisgrenzen anderer beschriebener PCR-Nachweissysteme ist. Durch Analysen von Patientenstuhlproben wurde die Spezifität und der diagnostische Nutzen dieses PCR-Nachweissystems bestätigt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine plasmidfreie Variante des E. coli Stammes DSM 6601 hergestellt. Durch funktionelle Untersuchungen dieses Stammes konnten keine Unterschiede im Vergleich zu dem Wildtyp festgestellt werden, wodurch eine mögliche Funktion der beiden kryptischen Plasmide weiterhin unklar bleibt. Diese plasmidfreie Variante kann als Lebendvektor für rekombinante Plasmide auf Basis der Plasmide pMUT1 und pMUT2 verwendet werden. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung von stabilen Klonierungsvektoren für den probiotischen E. coli Stamm DSM 6601. Durch Integration von Antibiotika-Resistenzkassetten in die Plasmide pMUT1 und pMUT2 wurden Klonierungsvektoren konstruiert, die auch nach Insertion weiterer DNA-Fragmente ohne Antibiotika-Selektionsdruck stabil in diesem Stamm beibehalten werden. Zusätzlich wurde durch die stabile Expression von fluoreszierenden Proteinen ein visuelles Nachweissystem etabliert, das bei in vivo Experimenten verwendet werden kann. Dadurch wird die Möglichkeit geboten, Erkenntnisse über Kolonisierungseigenschaften sowie Interaktionen des E. coli Stammes DSM 6601 mit endogenen Mikroorganismen und Zellen des Darmimmunsystems zu erlangen, was zur Aufklärung der Wirkungsweise dieses Stammes beitragen könnte. Im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung eines Lebendvakzins auf der Basis des probiotischen E. coli Stammes DSM 6601 wurden Adhäsine von humanpathogenen enterohämorrhagischen E. coli und von tierpathogenen enterotoxischen E. coli in diesem Stamm exprimiert. Bei ersten Immunisierungsversuchen in Mäusen konnte jedoch keine Induktion einer spezifischen Immunantwort gegen diese Adhäsine nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin wurde die inhibitorische Wirkung des E. coli Stammes DSM 6601 auf die Invasivität von Salmonellen in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Typ 1- und F1C-Fimbrien keine Rolle bei dem inhibitorischen Effekt in vitro spielen und dass durch diesen E. coli Stamm in konventionellen Mäusen keine inhibitorischen Wirkungen nachzuweisen sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bilden durch die Entwicklung von stabilen Klonierungsvektoren und die Etablierung von Nachweissystemen für den probiotischen E. coli Stamm DSM 6601 die Grundlage für den Einsatz dieses Stammes als Lebendvektor und für in vivo Untersuchungen, die zur Aufklärung der Wirkungsmechanismen dieses Stammes beitragen könnten.
Study of Omp85 Family Proteins YaeT and YtfM and Multidrug Export Machineries in Escherichia coli
(2006)
In this study the Omp85 family proteins YaeT and YtfM of Escherichia coli were investigated by using biochemical and electrophysiological methods as well as bioinformatical and structural analysis. In addition, knock-out strains were constructed to further study the relevance of these proteins in vivo. The prediction that Omp85 proteins are composed of two domains, a periplasmic amino-terminal POTRA (polypeptide translocation associated) domain and a carboxy-terminal domain anchoring these proteins in the outer membrane, was confirmed by the construction of mutants. It could be shown that the carboxy-terminal part of the proteins is able to insert into the outer bacterial membrane, even if the POTRA domain is removed. Furthermore, pore-forming activity in the black-lipid bilayer was observed for both full-length proteins as well as their carboxy-terminal membrane located parts. The channels formed by both proteins in the black lipid bilayer showed variable single channel conductance states rather than a defined value for conductance. In 1M KCl, e.g. YaeT forms pores with a channel conductance of 100 to 600 pS containing a most abundant value at 400 pS. This variability is at least reasonable for YaeT due to a prerequisite flexibility of its channel for OMP insertion. YaeT was identified to form a cation selective, YtfM an anion selective channel, which is less pH dependent than YaeT. Another feature of the YaeT channel is that its selectivity and conductance is influenced by charged detergent molecules indicating an accumulation of these molecules in hydrophobic pockets inside the compact channel. YaeT revealed heat-modifiable mobility in SDS-PAGE which is characteristic for β-barrel OMPs, whereas YtfM did not show this behaviour. This result could be explained by sequence alignment and structural comparison of YaeT and YtfM via CD and FTIR spectra displaying much higher β-strand content for the carboxy-terminal part of YaeT compared to YtfM. Since the carboxy-terminal parts were shown to have pore forming ability and are inserted in the OM in vivo, the substitution of the essential protein YaeT by its carboxy-terminal mutant was attempted in a yaeT knock-out strain. The carboxy-terminal half of YaeT was not sufficient to compensate depletion of the full-length protein indicating an important role of the amino-terminus for cell viability. In contrary, YtfM is shown to be a non-essential protein and lack of YtfM had no effects on the composition and integrity of the OM. However, chromosomal deletion of ytfM remarkably reduced the growth rate of cells. This study provides the first detailed investigation of the structure of YaeT and describes its electrophysiological behaviour, which could be a basis for further studies of YaeT and its substrate proteins. Furthermore, YtfM was characterised and its in vivo function was investigated revealing YtfM as the second Omp85 family protein of importance in E. coli. In a second part of this study assembly and function of multidrug efflux pumps were investigated. Drug efflux pumps are tripartite export machineries in the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria conferring multidrug resistance and therefore causing severe problems for medical treatment of diseases. Protein structures of all three efflux pump components are solved, but the exact interaction sites are still unknown. Assembly of a hybrid exporter system composed of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa channel tunnel OprM, the E. coli adaptor protein AcrA and its associated transporter AcrB could be shown by chemical cross-linking, even though this efflux pump is not functional. Exchange of the hairpin domain of AcrA by the corresponding hairpin from the adaptor protein MexA of P. aeruginosa restored functionality tested by antibiotic sensitivity assays. This shows the importance of the MexA hairpin domain for functional interaction with the OprM channel tunnel. Interestingly, the hybrid protein was also able to assemble with TolC as outer membrane component to form a functional efflux pump indicating a higher flexibility of TolC compared to OprM concerning interaction partners. Based on these results, an interaction model of the hairpin domain and the channel tunnel on molecular level for AcrA and TolC as well as MexA and OprM, respectively, is presented. This model provides a basis for directed mutagenesis to reveal the exact contact sites of the hairpin of the adapter protein and the outer membrane component
In this study pore forming proteins of the gram-negative bacteria B. burgdorferi, B. duttonii and E.coli were investigated. Therefore the study is subdivided into three parts. In the first part outer membrane preparation of three relapsing fever Borrelia were investigated. In the second part the putative TolC homologue BB0124 of B. burgdorferi, the Lyme borreliosis agent, was studied. In the last part the influence of point mutants within the greasy slide of the maltose specific porin (LamB) of E. coli were shown. In the first part of this study outer membrane preparations of three Borrelia relapsing fever strains have been studied for pore-forming activity in the black lipid bilayer assay. Histograms of conductance fluctuations were obtained from single-channel experiments with outer membrane preparations of B. hermsii, B. recurentis and B. duttonii. All strains had a different conductance fluctuation pattern with a broad range of single-channel conductance values varying from 0.5 nS – 11 nS. Common for all three strains was a high pore-forming activity at around 0.5 nS. Furthermore the proteins of the outer membrane of B. duttonii were separated by chromatographic methods. Some eluate fractions contained a channel-forming protein, which was forming stable channels with a single-channel conductance of 80 pS in 1 M KCl. Characterization of this channel showed that it is slightly anionic selective and voltage independent. The small single-channel conductance suggests that it is a specific pore. However, a substrate specificity could not be determined. In the second part, for the B. burgdorferi HB19 and p66 knock out strain HB19/K02, their outer membrane preparations were characterized in the black lipid bilayer assay. Comparing the histograms of single-channel conductions fluctuations of both strains showed no single-channel activity at 11.5 nS for the p66 knock out strain. This verifies earlier studies that P66 is a pore-forming protein in B. burgdorferi. Furthermore, one fraction obtained by anion exchange chromatography of the p66 knock out outer membrane protein preparation showed a uniform channel-forming activity with a single channel conductance of 300 pS. The electrophysically characterization of the 300 pS channel showed that it is not ionselective or voltage dependent. By mass spectrometry using peptide mass finger prints, BB0142 could be identified as the sole channel forming candidate in the active fraction. A BLAST search and a conserved domain search showed that BB0142 is a putative TolC homologue in B. burgdorferi. Furthermore the location of the bb0142 gene within the chromosome is in an operon encoding a multidrug efflux pump. In this study the expression of an outer membrane component of a putative drug efflux system of B. burgdorferi was shown for the first time. In the third part functional studies of the maltooligosaccharide-specific LamB channel were performed. The 3D-structure of LamB suggests that a number of aromatic residues (Y6, Y41, W74, F229, W358 and W420) within the channel lumen is involved in carbohydrate and ion transport. All aromatic residues were replaced by alanine (A) scanning mutagenesis. Furthermore, LamB mutants were created in which one, two, three, four and five aromatic residues were replaced to study their effects on ion and maltopentaose transport through LamB. The purified mutant proteins were reconstituted into lipid bilayer membranes and the single-channel conductance was studied. The results suggest that all aromatic residues provide some steric hindrance for ion transport through LamB. Highest impact is provided by Y6 and Y41, which are localized opposite to Y118, which forms the central constriction of the LamB channel. Stability constants for binding of maltopentaose to the mutant channels were measured using titration experiments with the carbohydrate. The mutation of one or several aromatic amino acids led to a substantial decrease of the stability constant of binding. The highest effect was observed when all aromatic amino acids were replaced by alanine because no binding of maltopentaose could be detected in this case. However, binding was again possible when Y118 was replaced by tryptophane (W). The carbohydrate-induced block of the channel function could also be used for the study of current noise through the different mutant LamB-channels. The analysis of the power density spectra of some of the mutants allowed the evaluation of the on- and off-rate constants (k1 and k-1) of carbohydrate binding to the binding-site inside the channels. The results suggest that both on- and off-rate constants were affected by the mutations. For most mutants k1 decreased and k-1 increased.