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The Atg12-Atg5/Atg16L1 complex is recruited by WIPI2b to the site of autophagosome formation. Atg16L1 is an effector of the Golgi resident GTPase Rab33B. Here we identified a minimal stable complex of murine Rab33B(30-202) Q92L and Atg16L1(153-210). Atg16L1(153-210) comprises the C-terminal part of the Atg16L1 coiled-coil domain. We have determined the crystal structure of the Rab33B Q92L/Atg16L1(153-210) effector complex at 3.47 angstrom resolution. This structure reveals that two Rab33B molecules bind to the diverging alpha -helices of the dimeric Atg16L1 coiled-coil domain. We mutated Atg16L1 and Rab33B interface residues and found that they disrupt complex formation in pull-down assays and cellular co-localization studies. The Rab33B binding site of Atg16L1 comprises 20 residues and immediately precedes the WIPI2b binding site. Rab33B mutations that abolish Atg16L binding also abrogate Rab33B association with the Golgi stacks. Atg16L1 mutants that are defective in Rab33B binding still co-localize with WIPI2b in vivo. The close proximity of the Rab33B and WIPI2b binding sites might facilitate the recruitment of Rab33B containing vesicles to provide a source of lipids during autophagosome biogenesis.
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of skeletal muscle is one of the best-investigated synaptic proteins and often serves as model for the entire family of pentameric ligand gated ion channels (pLGICs). Receptors of this superfamily share a common architecture. After binding the agonist the characteristic C-loop structure closes around the ligand-binding site and triggers a wave of conformational changes that spread through the protein and finally result in the opening of the channel gate. As shown before, high-resolution single channel data can hardly be described by simple kinetic mechanisms (Parzefall et al., 1998, Hallermann et al., 2005). Recent advances in the field of kinetic modelling on receptor currents demonstrate that the introduction of additional short lived shut states in kinetic schemes enhances the quality of estimates of reaction rates. The additional shut states that immediately follow ligand bound states in the mechanism are suggested to resemble the closing movement of the C-loop (Lape et al., 2008; Mukhtasimova et al., 2009). It has not been described yet whether and how the structural differences of the 2 binding sites of the receptor influence the opening behaviour. To address this question, high-resolution single channel recordings, in combination with agonists that are known to exhibit different binding site selectivity, were performed. Thereby, a detailed description of the binding site dependent generation of channel currents is possible. At the embryonic mouse-muscle receptor used in this study the ligand binding sites are located at the α-γ and α-δ subunit interfaces. By allocation of opening characteristics to the α-δ and α-γ sites it is possible to show the binding site dependent activation of distinct kinetic states. Furthermore, it will be shown that the recently introduced short-lived shut states are sufficient to describe high-resolution single channel data. Finally an enhanced kinetic mechanism based on the ‘primed states’ model, published in 2009 by Mukhtasimova et al., will be presented. In this model the structurally diverse α-δ and α-γ binding sites elicit different kinetic channel characteristics. Thus the complex high-resolution kinetic characteristics of the embryonic receptor can be described coherently.