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Der Kontakt humaner T-Zellen mit dem MV Glykoproteinkomplex interferiert mit der CD3/CD28 stimulierten Aktivierung von PI3/Akt-Kinase Signalwegen. Damit verbunden ist der ineffiziente Transport PH-Domänen-enthaltender Proteine in Membran-rafts, wie der Akt-Kinase und Vav, den Guaninnukleotid-Austauschfaktor von Rho GTPasen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass infolge des MV-Kontaktes die CD3/CD28 stimulierte Aktivität der Rho GTPasen Cdc42 und Rac1 inhibiert ist. Dagegen war in MV-behandelten Zellen eine leichte RhoA Aktivierung festzustellen. Rho GTPasen spielen eine kritische Rolle in der Regulation von Zytoskelettorganisation von T-Lymphozyten. Übereinstimmend damit wurde gezeigt, dass der Kontakt mit MV die CD3/CD28 costimulierte Aktivierung und Polymerisation des F-Aktins inhibiert. Damit verbunden ist die reduzierte Fähigkeit MV-behandelter T-Zellen auf Fibronektin- und mit CD3/CD28 Antikörpern-beschichteten Objektträgern zu polarisieren. Die Ausbildung F-Aktin-getriebener morphologischer Veränderungen, wie Filopodien, Lamellipodien und Uropodien, ist drastisch reduziert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Auf-nahmen zeigten in nicht-stimulierten und CD3/CD28 costimulierten MV-behandelten T-Zellen einen nahezu kompletten Verlust an Mikrovilli und Lamellipodien. Die Bindung von MV induziert die Dephosphorylierung des F-Aktin–bindenden Proteins Cofilin und der ERM-Proteine. Es konnte demonstriert werden, dass der MV-Kontakt die Ausbildung einer reifen immunologischen Synapse stört. Trotz der morphologischen Veränderungen konjugieren MV-behandelte T-Zellen mit DCs. Die Anzahl MV-behandelter T-Zellen, die mit DCs inter-agieren, ist vergleichbar mit der mock-behandelter T-Zellen. Allerdings zeigt die 3-dimensionale Rekonstruktion der DC/T-Zell-Kontaktzone, dass in MV-behandelten T-Zellen die zentrale Akkumulation und Clusterbildung des CD3-Moleküls gestört ist und keine monozentrische Synapse ausbildet wird. Desweiteren erfolgt die Relokalisation des MTOC in T-Zellen in Richtung der DC unvollständig. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass der MV Glykoproteinkomplex mit essentiellen Schritten einer erfolgreichen T-Zell-Aktivierung während der APC/T-Zell-Interaktion interferiert.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are small lipophilic compounds that mediate a plethora of biological effects by binding to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) which, in turn, translocates to the nucleus and directly or indirectly regulates gene transcription. GCs remain the cornerstone in the treatment for a number of hematological malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Extensive literature suggests that the efficacy of GCs stems from their ability to mediate apoptosis. Despite the enormous strides made in our understanding of regulated cell death, the exact mechanism by which GCs cause apoptosis is still unknown. The data obtained so far provide strong evidence that gene transactivation by the GR underlies the initiation phase of GC-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, the multicatalytic proteasome, several members of the Bcl-2 family, changes in calcium flux as well as caspases have been identified as important players in the execution phase of GC-mediated cell death. However, the exact sequence of events in this process still remains elusive. A major problem of the current discussion arises from the fact that different cell types, such as thymocytes, peripheral T cells and lymphoma cells are compared without acknowledging their different characteristics and gene expression profiles. Although it is generally assumed that GCs induce apoptosis via a conserved mechanism, this is not supported by any data. In other words, it is possible that thymocytes, peripheral T cells and lymphoma cells may undergo cell death along different pathways. We therefore wondered whether a unique signal transduction pathway is engaged by GCs to initiate and execute cell death in all types of T lymphocytes or whether distinct pathways exist. Therefore, we compared the role of the proteasome, various caspases, the lysosomal compartment and other factors in GC-induced apoptosis of murine thymocytes and peripheral T cells as well as T-ALL lymphoma cells. Our findings show that the initiation phase of GC-induced apoptosis is similar irrespective of the differentiation state of the cell. Apoptosis in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells is mediated by the GR and depends on gene transcription. In contrast, the execution phase significantly differs between thymocyte and peripheral T cells in its requirement for a number of signal transduction components. Whilst in thymocytes, the proteasome, caspases 3, 8 and 9 as well as cathepsin B play an important role in GC-induced apoptosis, these factors are dispensable for the induction of cell death in peripheral T cells. In contrast, changes in the expression and intracellular location of Bcl-2 family members do not appear to contribute to GC-induced apoptosis in either cell type. Importantly, our observation that GC treatment of thymocytes leads to an activation of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B and that this is an essential step in the induction of cell death by GCs, is the first indication that a lysosomal amplification loop is involved in this process. Analysis of GC-induced apoptosis in several T-ALL cell lines further indicates that the signaling pathway induced by GCs in thymocytes but not in peripheral T cells is shared by all lymphoma cell-types analyzed. Given the therapeutic importance of high-dose GC-therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies, this finding could potentially form a basis for new anti-cancer strategies in the future, which specifically target tumor cells whilst leaving peripheral T cells of patients untouched.