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Eine signifikante Häufung der Druckausgaben in Leipzig lässt auf ein besonderes Interesse an der humanistischen Programmschrift ‚Ad Adolescentes‘ schließen. Die These, dass die Schrift des Kirchenvaters Basilius von Caesarea im inneruniversitären Richtungsstreit um die ‚studia humanitatis‘ instrumentalisiert wurde, wird sowohl durch die Auswertung der Paratexte und des ausführlichen Kommentars des Dozenten Johannes Honorius als auch durch druck- und überlieferungsgeschichtliche Befunde bestätigt.
Die Druckerstädte im deutschen Südwesten, allen voran Augsburg und Straßburg, leisteten einen entscheidenden Beitrag bei der Erschließung antiker Literatur für lateinunkundige Leser. Einer der produktivsten Autoren war Hieronymus Boner, der zahlreiche historiographische Werke des Altertums übersetzte. Der Beitrag untersucht Boners Geschichtsverständnis und seinen Übersetzungsstil, um daraus grundlegende Schlussfolgerungen für das Verhältnis von Volkssprache und Humanismus abzuleiten. Das Beispiel einer übersetzten Episode aus dem ersten Buch von Herodots ‚Historien‘ zeigt, wie die Beschäftigung mit antiken Klassikern zur Ausbildung einer frühneuhochdeutschen Literatur und Literatursprache beitrug. Weil Boners Übersetzungswerk sich sowohl von freieren mittelalterlichen Adaptationen als auch von modernen philologischen Editionen unterscheidet, wird sein Verfahren als erzählendes Übersetzen charakterisiert.
Gemäß den Zielen der Intersektionalitätsforschung untersucht der Beitrag die gesteigerte Diskriminierung derjenigen in Literatur und Film, die mehreren minderprivilegierten Gruppen angehören: die Frauen von Bechelaren, deren narrative Existenz im ‚Nibelungenlied‘ nur gesichert ist, solange sie in einer Relation zu ihrem Ehemann und Vormund stehen. Der Vergleich des mittelhochdeutschen Epos mit den modernen Adaptationen von Thea von Harbou und Fritz Lang zeigt, wie sich die Bedeutung der Ungleichheitskategorien fundamental verschiebt. Am negativsten wirkt sich die Verstärkung der Machtdifferenzen in Thea von Harbous ‚Nibelungenbuch‘ und Fritz Langs Film ‚Die Nibelungen‘ auf Rüdigers Frau Gotelind aus. Für die Markgräfin bleibt in den modernen Adaptationen aufgrund der rassisierenden Überformung der hunnischen Welt kein Platz mehr. Während sie im Epos Repräsentationsaufgaben übernimmt, Herrschaftspflichten erfüllt und großzügige Geschenke verteilt, tritt sie im Buch als Figur nicht in Erscheinung und gerät im Film nicht einmal in der Utopie von Bechelaren in den Blick. Gotelind wird nicht nur marginalisiert, sondern vollständig eliminiert.
Anknüpfend an Joachim Bumkes Beobachtungen zum Produktionszusammenhang von ›Nibelungenlied‹ und ›Nibelungenklage‹ schlägt die Autorin vor, die ›Klage‹ nicht länger als einen weltanschaulichen Gegenentwurf oder ein moralisches Lehrstück, sondern als den Versuch einer Wahrheitssuche zu lesen. Statt die Katastrophe als unvermeidbar hinzunehmen, verfolgten der Erzähler wie die Figuren ein dezidiert rationales Anliegen: sie wollten das Untergangsgeschehen verstehen. Daher sei die ›Klage‹ nicht als simplifizierende Deutung des Epos zu werten, sondern als Entwurf eines hermeneutischen Modells. Diese These wird am Gesprächsverhalten der Frauen von Bechelaren belegt. Der Aufsatz beginnt mit grundsätzlichen Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Hermeneutik und Heldenepik, wobei die mediävistischen Anschlussmöglichkeiten an die Theorien Schleiermachers und Gadamers hervorgehoben werden. Danach wird der Aufenthalt der Boten in Bechelaren analysiert, als Dietlind versucht, die Wahrheit über das Geschehen am Hunnenhof herauszufinden. Interpretiert man Rüdigers Tochter als Modellfigur, lässt sich der hermeneutische Ansatz auf das gesamte Werk übertragen, was zu einer literaturwissenschaftlichen Neubewertung der vielgeschmähten ›Nibelungenklage‹ führt.
Spielregeln für das Überleben: Dietrich von Bern im "Nibelungenlied" und in der "Nibelungenklage"
(2012)
Anknüpfend an Jan Dirk Müllers Studie ‘Spielregeln für den Untergang’ fragt der Beitrag nach jenen Verhaltensweisen im ‘Nibelungenlied’, mit denen die Katastrophe hätte verhindert werden können. Im Zentrum des Beitrags steht Dietrich von Bern, der wiederholt Handlungsalternativen aufzeigt, die eine andere Entwicklung des Geschehens ermöglicht hätten. Seine Spielregeln für ein Überleben funktionieren nur deshalb nicht, weil der Herr der Amelungen in der nibelungischen Welt keine Mitspieler findet, die sich dauerhaft an seine Regeln halten. Nach der Katastrophe werden seine Maximen jedoch bestätigt und anerkannt, wie die zeitgenössischen Reflexionen im Umfeld des Epos zeigen. In der ʻNibelungenklageʼ wird nicht nur rückblickend das Fehlverhalten einzelner Figuren getadelt, sondern ermöglichen die Anweisungen Dietrichs auch ein Weiterleben und die Gestaltung künftigen Geschehens. Um diese These zu stützen, werden zunächst die für Dietrich relevanten Episoden des ‘Nibelungenlieds’ in chronologischer Folge untersucht und die jeweiligen Handlungsmaximen bestimmt, anschließend die Bedeutung und Bewertung seiner Spielregeln in der ‘Klage’ untersucht. Flankierend werden auch die Werke der historischen Dietrichepik herangezogen.
Mittels der basalen narratologischen Kategorie der Handlungsmotivierung wird gezeigt, inwiefern sich antike Tragödientheorien und das moderne Tragikverständnis unterscheiden. Während Aristoteles und Seneca den Sturz ins Unglück kausal begründen und dem Helden selbst die Verantwortung zuschreiben, ist die Katastrophe bei Hegel, aber auch schon bei Boethius final motiviert und kann nicht verhindert werden. Wie verschiedene Erklärungsansätze innerhalb eines frühneuhochdeutschen Prosaromans miteinander konkurrieren, beleuchtet die Autorin an der ‘Melusine’ des Thüring von Ringoltingen. Wird das Unglück der Protagonisten auf das Strukturschema der gestörten Mahrtenehe oder einen Plan Gottes zurückgeführt, erscheint die Handlung final motiviert. Die reuevollen Klagen des Ehemanns, der einen Tabubruch begangen hat und sich selbst eines Fehlverhaltens bezichtigt, weisen jedoch in eine andere Richtung. Vor allem die paradigmatischen Bezüge zu anderen Normverstößen belegen, dass Thüring von Ringoltingen das Unglück hauptsächlich kausal erklärt und wie Seneca auf den Affekt des Zorns zurückführt.
Die Autorin verknüpft die Frage nach der Sympathiesteuerung mit dem Aspekt der Tragik, um auf diese Weise eine neue Perspektive auf den alt vertrauten und viel gedeuteten Erzähltext des 9. Jahrhunderts zu werfen. Indem sie zuerst das Verhältnis von Sympathie und Tragik allgemein bestimmt, dann die Steuerungselemente im ‘Hildebrandslied’ untersucht, die eine tragödienspezifische Wirkung hervorrufen, und sich schließlich mit der Rezeptionsgeschichte des ‘Hildebrandslieds’ auseinandersetzt, kann sie grundlegende Schlussfolgerungen zur Sympathielenkung durch tragisches Handeln ableiten.
Die Relevanz des Buchdrucks kann für Maximilian I. und seine Humanisten nicht hoch genug veranschlagt werden. Gezielt nutzt der Kaiser die Multiplikationsmöglichkeiten, um politische Propaganda zu betreiben und seine Taten dauerhaft im kollektiven Gedächtnis zu verankern. Die Humanisten wiederum setzen das neue Medium ein, um für ihre Ideen zu werben, ihre Herrschernähe zu betonen und ihr Bildungswissen zu präsentieren. Im Medium des Drucks konvergieren die Anliegen und Formen der Humanisten mit denen ihres Kaisers. Sowohl das Ruhmeswerk Maximilians als auch die res publica litteraria werden mit medialen Mitteln nicht nur propagiert, sondern konstituiert.
Das Leiden Christi in Farbe: Zur Funktion der Bühnenanweisungen im ‚Donaueschinger Passionsspiel’.
(2011)
Unter den geistlichen Spielen des späten Mittelalters zeichnet sich das ‚Donaueschinger Passionsspiel’ durch den Umfang und die Detailliertheit seiner Regieanweisungen aus. Sie ergänzen den im Dialog abgefassten Haupttext um epische Partien, die bei der Lektüre das imaginäre Bühnengeschehen illustrieren und bei einer Inszenierung in Bewegung umgesetzt werden. Gebärden und Körperhaltungen der Darsteller werden ebenso beschrieben wie ihre Ausstattung, Kostüme und Requisiten, bis hin zu farblichen Einzelheiten. Anknüpfend an die neuere Forschungsdiskussion über die Medialität geistlicher Spiele fragt die Autorin nach der spezifischen Funktion farblicher Regieanweisungen. Wie die Gattung des Spiels zwischen Textualität und Performativität, Theatralität und Ritualität changiert, kommt auch der Farbe ein eigener medialer Status zu, so die These. Die farblichen Regieanweisungen sollen Leser dazu anregen, zunächst einzelne Details, dann konkrete Bilder und schließlich das gesamte Passionsspiel zu imaginieren.
Der Beitrag stellt das didaktische Konzept und das digitale Produkt eines mediävistischen Lehrprojekts der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt vor. In einem auf zwei Semester angelegten ‚Schreibforschungsseminar‘ setzten sich Studierende wissenschaftlich mit der lokalen Spieltradition im späten Mittelalter auseinander und entwickelten einen Stadtrundgang in zwölf Stationen für eine App, die Geschichten rund um das ‚Frankfurter Passionsspiels‘ von 1493 erzählt. Was bei der Vermittlung fachspezifischer Inhalte an ein fachfremdes Publikum zu beachten ist, wird thematisiert und an der Hörstation zur Frankfurter Nikolaikirche ‚Die Ratsherren und das Letzte Abendmahl‘ exemplarisch vorgeführt.
Thomas Naogeorgs ‘Hamanus’ dokumentiert eindrucksvoll, dass die humanistische Antikenrezeption zur Ausbildung einer eigenen frühneuzeitlichen Poetik führt. Der ‘imitatio veterum’ erteilt Naogeorg eine bewusste Absage und entwickelt eine ‘Tragoedia nova’, indem er mit antiken Gattungskonventionen bricht und komische Elemente in eine Tyrannentragödie integriert. Naogeorg begründet seine konzeptionellen Veränderungen mit dem zeitgenössischen Kontext, in dem sein Werk rezipiert werden soll. Diese Orientierung am Zielpublikum schlägt sich ebenso in der deutschen Übertragung des Johannes Chryseus nieder, der Naogeorgs modifiziertes Tragödienkonzept adaptiert, jedoch ohne die poetischen Spezifika zu würdigen.
The article deals with the notion of internet aggression (cyber aggression). It considers the mentioned term from both psychological and communicative approaches. The paper also provides detailed analyses of the cyber aggression in political discourse. The provided ex-amples are taken from the speeches of politicians during the time of Covid pandemic. The author also identifies several types of cyber aggression.
English language is being taught as a second foreign language in India. For most of the learners in India, English still a foreign language or target language. The study of this language is important to fulfill different kinds of academic and professional requirements. Still, there is a big gulf between demand and supply for which the failure of the system is largely responsible as its main emphasis on to adherence to the foreign curriculum. The government tries to impose this curriculum on English teachers, but, in fact, the curriculum is outdated.
This research paper concentrates on the analysis of the aphoristic potential of G. W. Bush’s presidential rhetoric. Aphorisms are the most ancient laconic forms of expressing original and completed thoughts which reveal the peculiarity of their authors’ world perception and worldview. From this perspective, these units can serve as the means of values codification. Repeatability and widespread use of aphorisms in various communications contribute to transmitting the values and ideas between the generations.
Political aphorisms, which are a combination of aphoristic expressions from political communication and discourse, play an important role in this process. The authors of these expressions are not only politicians, but also philosophers, historians, writers, celebrities of different nationalities and generations. Presidential rhetoric is an integral and significant part of political discourse.
The use of aphorisms as the means of codification of national and common human values in President G. W. Bush’s formal addresses and speeches is intentional. It makes them concise and original, influential and convincing. Aphoristic expressions denoting common human values show the ideas and beliefs of their authors, as well as the politician, about life, justice, equality, freedom, faith, family. Aphorisms defining national values become the means of updating concepts of democracy, unity and diversity, freedom and security, success, and opportunity to fulfill one’s potential in American society. The distinctive feature of G.W. Bush’s rhetoric is the frequent use of aphorisms whose authors are the Founding Fathers.
In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to discuss the need to create Zambian English to address English language variations in Zambia. No language in the world can remain the same after interacting with other languages. The present chapter intends to propose and support the idea of using ‘Zambian English’ for both formal and informal business. Such a measure would create the communicative competence that the majority of the Zambians have always longed for. In Zambia, the purpose of using English language office is to deliberate day to day’s business. On the contrary, this has been found to be an obstacle to those who lack principles of command in the language usage, but are able to construct sentences for communicative purposes yet are deprived in international interactions. The views expressed in this chapter are those of the language experts who were engaged in a conversation with regard to the possibility of creating what would be known as Zambian English (ZamEnglish).
The paper analyses specific characteristics of language that influence the development of culture and societies. The problem of the connection between language and culture has occupied the minds of many famous scientists: some believe that language is a part of the culture as a whole; others think that language is only a form of cultural expression. Undoubtedly, language constitutes a vital component of the cultural background underlying social development. Language is an essential means of communication and interaction. However, language is at the same time sovereign about culture as a whole and can be separate from culture or compared to culture as an equal element (i.e., that language is neither a form nor a component of culture).
Teaching comprises all types of disciplines and teachers need to look outside the confines of English as a Second Language. The acquisition of knowledge comes in a variety of the learners’ educational potential. English as a Second Language in teaching and learning, focuses on active learner’s involvement and reduction of coercion. Indeed, Gibran’s thoughts remain true that “wisdom leads one to discuss his or her potentials. To realize this, teachers in all educational levels have to portray a less dominant classroom role in accord with the importance of classroom interaction in the teaching learning process.
N.A. Flaunders retorted that “in the average classroom someone is talking for two-thirds of the time, two-thirds of the task is direct influence.” What does this mean? Students’ participation or interaction in the classroom has a significant content to enhance their linguistic competence and its core basis is how to use the language as the most important factor in the classroom. Comprehending the information caters one to establish a fair and well-balanced condition that teachers are facilitators, and the learners are to stay in the frontline.
In today’s classroom setting, the adoption-adaption of teaching strategies focuses on the learners’ ability to have a strong command or fluency of the language. ESL is learned around the globe and the learners’ interests are the primary goals in the teaching and learning process. Colin Blakemore once said that “True knowledge, as Plato argues, must be within us all, and learning consists of solely of discussing what we already know.”
In an ESL classroom, discovery of knowledge is not a new game. Teachers do perform their tasks and the learners serve not as passive listeners but as active recipients in the transformation-sharing of all the five macro skills namely speaking, reading, writing, listening, and viewing. In fact, if commitment, knowledge of subject-matter for independent learning, and management of learning are packaged in one big box, both the teachers and the learners will operate a mutual process of generating a lively culture and quality of educational life.
With the aforementioned views I had experienced in teaching ESL, the teacher’s passion for teaching and attitude in dealing with the learners create a strong impact on the learners cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
To reopen educational institutions and return to the classroom, we all need to modify how we act to successfully face the challenges of the new normal resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and entailing our insights into and the after-effects of the pandemic. More specifically, the new normal might encompass online education we are getting used to during the pandemic and the age-old onsite education as well. Thoughtfully integrated, online and onsite learning combine to create blended learning. However, the pertinent literature reveals that English as a foreign language (EFL) students and teachers differently perceive and react to blended learning in diverse contexts. This study was designed to explore student and teacher perceptions of and reactions to blended learning in the Department of English, Jahangirnagar University in the new normal. Fifty undergraduates of EFL and eight teachers of the department participated in the study. To collect data from them, the Student Questionnaire and the Teacher Questionnaire were used. And the data were processed by applying the SPSS programme module. The findings revealed that the majority of the students and the teachers had mostly positive perceptions of blended learning, although the former did not have sufficient exposure to online learning and the latter lacked adequate insights into online teaching. Further, both the students and the teachers expressed mostly positive reactions to blended learning in the new normal, though the former deemed online examinations inadequately smooth and reliable, and the latter had insufficient experience of online instruction and assessment. The study categorically recommends reforming the curriculum, adopting relevant instructional strategies, developing suitable materials, customizing the assessment, integrating and installing technology, training the teachers, upskilling the students for blended learning, improving the infrastructure, and adjusting the management.
A Case Study of the Basic Learners’ Struggles in Guessing from Context to Retain Words Learned
(2022)
Guessing meaning from context is a challenging strategy for Second Language Learners (SLLs). In using the strategy, research found that poor students or low proficiency learners struggled in their attempts to use it. Mainly, it was reported that it was due to their vocabulary knowledge was limited. In another aspect, retaining vocabulary learnt is also important. Such is essential since learning vocabulary does not mean knowing the definition only. Yet, learners must also be able to use the vocabulary as they engage in language skills such as reading, writing, speaking and listening. The study aims at finding the hindrances faced among poor students’ using contextual clues in retaining vocabulary. The study employed a case study to collect data from two basic students studying at a tertiary level. The study found that their hindrances in guessing meaning contexts were due to their being confused in guessing meaning when reading a sentence. Also, it was found that they were not able to find clues since they lacked vocabulary to guess correctly. The study implied that guessing meaning from context required sizeable vocabulary knowledge. Therefore, more training is necessary to assist basic learners in being successful in guessing from contexts.
Spray‐drying is a scalable process enabling one to assemble freely chosen nanoparticles into supraparticles. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) allows for controlled thin film deposition of a vast variety of materials including exotic ones that can hardly be synthesized by wet chemical methods. The properties of coated supraparticles are defined not only by the nanoparticle material chosen and the nanostructure adjusted during spray‐drying but also by surface functionalities modified by ALD, if ALD is capable of modifying not only the outer surfaces but also surfaces buried inside the porous supraparticle. Simultaneously, surface accessibility in the porous supraparticles must be ensured to make use of all functionalized surfaces. In this work, iron oxide supraparticles are utilized as a model substrate as their magnetic properties enable the use of advanced magnetic characterization methods. Detailed information about the structural evolution upon individual ALD cycles of aluminium oxide, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are thereby revealed and confirmed by gas sorption analyses. This demonstrates a powerful and versatile approach to freely designing the functionality of future materials by combination of spray‐drying and ALD.
Wie wirkt sich die Konfessionalisierung auf die religiöse Lektüre in der Volkssprache aus? Diese Frage wird am Beispiel der im deutschen Sprachraum im 16. Jahrhundert erschienenen Drucke des griechischen Kirchenvaters Basilius von Cäsarea untersucht. An der Umdeutung der asketischen Schriften von der traditionell monastischen zu einer allgemein christlichen Lesart wird ebenso die theologische Überzeugung des Übersetzers sichtbar wie an den polemisch-apologetischen Bemerkungen mehrerer Textausgaben. Sowohl in der innerreformatorischen als auch in der interkonfessionellen Auseinandersetzung um den wahren Glauben wird Basilius eingesetzt. Im Kampf gegen das Interim soll seine Standhaftigkeit als Vorbild dienen, die Reformation zu verteidigen, wohingegen ihn die katholischen Übersetzer als Zeugen der Alten Kirche und Beleg für die Rechtgläubigkeit der römischen Kirche anführen. Neben konfessionellen Unterschieden lassen sich auch Gemeinsamkeiten aufzeigen. Vertreter unterschiedlicher Religionsparteien übersetzen die Moralhomilien des Kirchenvaters, um Anweisungen für eine christliche Lebensführung zu erteilen. Aus konfessionskultureller Perspektive betrachtet, präsentieren die deutschen Übertragungen des Basilius Magnus somit ein breites Spektrum, das von konfessioneller Indoktrination bis hin zu konfessionsübergreifender Rezeption reicht.
Die erste deutsche Homer-Übersetzung zeugt nicht nur von der typisch humanistischen Wertschätzung antiker Autoren, sondern stellt einen genuinen Beitrag zur Entwicklung frühneuzeitlicher Poetologie dar. Durch die Verwendung rhetorischer und metrischer Mittel sowie durch die logische Begründung kausaler und temporaler Zusammenhänge setzt Simon Schaidenreisser eigene Akzente, die die deutsche Odyssee von der lateinischen Vorlage und dem griechischen Prätext unterscheiden. Das in der Vorrede angegebene Ziel seiner Übersetzung, die deutsche Sprache und Literatur zu bereichern, hat Schaidenreisser zweifellos erreicht.
Untersucht wird der Gebrauchswandel der Schrift ‚Ad adolescentes‘ des griechischen Kirchenvaters Basilius von Caesarea und das komplexe Spannungsverhältnis ihrer öffentlichen und privaten Rezeption im 15./16. Jahrhundert. Als humanistische Programmschrift war sie Gegenstand öffentlicher Vorlesungen an der Universität Leipzig, deren Wirkung jedoch regional begrenzt war. Als Teil der ‚Opera omnia‘ wurde sie international erhältlich, blieb aber auf die private Lektüre angewiesen.
Durch die globale Organisation von Lebensmittelwarenketten steht Konsument*innen heute ein vielfältiges, ganzjährig nahezu gleichbleibendes Angebot an frischem Obst und Gemüse im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel zur Verfügung. Damit einher geht eine erhöhte Komplexität beim Lebensmitteleinkauf und ein verändertes Wissen von Konsument*innen, über die Waren: Das eigene Erfahren der Lebensmittelproduktion ist im Alltag heute nicht mehr möglich. Statt praktischem Wissen gewinnt damit explizites und objektiviertes Wissen über die Waren, z.B. in Form von Siegeln an Bedeutung. Viele Produkt- und Produktionseigenschaften entziehen sich zudem der Kenntnis der Konsument*innen, während gleichzeitig das Bewusstsein für Fragen sozialer und ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit steigt.
Die vorliegende Studie geht vor diesem Hintergrund am Beispiel des Einkaufs von frischem Obst und Gemüse der Frage nach, welche Bedeutung die Herkunftsangabe als Hinweis auf die Geographien der Waren für die Bewertung von frischem Obst und Gemüse hat und welches Wissen Konsument*innen über Waren und deren Biographien haben. Es wird zudem aufgezeigt, welche Rolle Nichtwissen beim Lebensmittelkonsum spielt.
Die Studie liefert Erkenntnisse für die bislang im deutschsprachigen Raum noch vergleichsweise wenig repräsentierte Konsumgeographie und macht Konzepte aus der Wissens- und Organisationssoziologie für die wirtschaftsgeographische Forschung fruchtbar. Aus einer Praxisperspektive bietet sie Anschlusspunkte für Fragen des nachhaltigen Konsums sowie des Verbraucherschutzes.
Time-to-Live (TTL) caches decouple the occupancy of objects in cache through object-specific validity timers. Stateof- the art techniques provide exact methods for the calculation of object-specific hit probabilities given entire cache hierarchies with random inter-cache network delays. The system hit probability is a provider-centric metric as it relates to the origin offload, i.e., the decrease in the number of requests that are served by the content origin server. In this paper we consider a user-centric metric, i.e., the response time, which is shown to be structurally different from the system hit probability. Equipped with the state-of-theart exact modeling technique using Markov-arrival processes we derive expressions for the expected object response time and pave a way for its optimization under network delays.
In scientific research, the independent reproduction of experiments is the source of trust. Detailed documentation is required to enable experiment reproduction. Reproducibility awards were created to honor the increased documentation effort. In this work, we propose a novel approach toward reproducible research—a structured experimental workflow that allows the creation of reproducible experiments without requiring additional efforts of the researcher. Moreover, we present our own testbed and toolchain, namely, plain orchestrating service (pos), which enables the creation of such experimental workflows. The experiment is documented by our proposed, fully scripted experiment structure. In addition, pos provides scripts enabling the automation of the bundling and release of all experimental artifacts. We provide an interactive environment where pos experiments can be executed and reproduced, available at https://gallenmu.github.io/single-server-experiment.
Globale Wertschöpfungsketten stellen nicht nur hochkomplexe Beziehungsgefüge dar, sondern unterliegen auch einem ständigen Wandlungsprozess. Ein zentraler Treiber dieser Wandlungsprozesse ist der technologische Fortschritt. Moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, insbesondere die Phänomene der Digitalisierung und des Online-Handels, sind derzeit von besonderer Bedeutung für Wertschöpfungsketten, da unterschiedliche Fortschritte in der Digitalisierung nicht nur zu wirtschaftlichen Vor- und Nachteilen von Unternehmen führen können, sondern auch zu Up- bzw. Downgradingprozessen innerhalb der Wertschöpfungsketten.
In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Fokus auf den handels- bzw. konsumentennahen Teil von Wertschöpfungsketten gelegt, um die Folgen der Digitalisierung für Hersteller, Händler und Konsumenten näher zu betrachten. Als konkretes Forschungsbeispiel dient die deutsche Schuhbranche, da sich diese gegenwärtig – von Industrie bis Handel – in einem umfassenden Strukturwandel befindet. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich die Komplexität von Wertschöpfungsketten im Zuge der Digitalisierung deutlich erhöht (hat). In der Schuhbranche drängen neue Akteure auf den Markt, bestehende Akteure müssen sich anpassen. Direkte Folgen sind nicht nur eine neue Akteurskonstellation, sondern auch ein sich neu bildendes Machtgefüge. Es kommt somit zur Restrukturierung bisheriger Wertschöpfungsketten.
Shannon channel capacity estimation, based on large packet length is used in traditional Radio Resource Management (RRM) optimization. This is good for the normal transmission of data in a wired or wireless system. For industrial automation and control, rather short packages are used due to the short-latency requirements. Using Shannon’s formula leads in this case to inaccurate RRM solutions, thus another formula should be used to optimize radio resources in short block-length packet transmission, which is the basic of Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLCs). The stringent requirement of delay Quality of Service (QoS) for URLLCs requires a link-level channel model rather than a physical level channel model. After finding the basic and accurate formula of the achievable rate of short block-length packet transmission, the RRM optimization problem can be accurately formulated and solved under the new constraints of URLLCs. In this short paper, the current mathematical models, which are used in formulating the effective transmission rate of URLLCs, will be briefly explained. Then, using this rate in RRM for URLLC will be discussed.
Utilizing multiple access technologies such as 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi within a coherent framework is currently standardized by 3GPP within 5G ATSSS. Indeed, distributing packets over multiple networks can lead to increased robustness, resiliency and capacity. A key part of such a framework is the multi-access proxy, which transparently distributes packets over multiple paths. As the proxy needs to serve thousands of customers, scalability and performance are crucial for operator deployments. In this paper, we leverage recent advancements in data plane programming, implement a multi-access proxy based on the MP-DCCP tunneling approach in P4 and hardware accelerate it by deploying the pipeline on a smartNIC. This is challenging due to the complex scheduling and congestion control operations involved. We present our pipeline and data structures design for congestion control and packet scheduling state management. Initial measurements in our testbed show that packet latency is in the range of 25 μs demonstrating the feasibility of our approach.
Future mobile communication networks, such as 5G and beyond, can benefit from Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) when deployed on cloud infrastructures to achieve elasticity and scalability. However, new challenges arise as to managing states of Network Functions (NFs). Especially control plane VNFs, which are mainly found in cellular core networks like the 5G Core (5GC), received little attention since the shift towards virtualizing NFs. Most existing solutions for these core networks are often complex, intrusive, and are seldom compliant with the standard. With the emergence of 5G campus networks, UEs will be mainly machine-type devices. These devices communicate more deterministically, bringing new opportunities for elaborated state management. This work presents an emulation environment to perform rigorous measurements on state access patterns. The emulation comes with a fully parameterized Markov model for the UE to examine a wide variety of different devices. These measurements can then be used as a solid base for designing an efficient, simple, and standard conform state management solution that brings us further towards stateless core networks.
Tactile Internet aims at allowing perceived real-time interactions between humans and machines. This requires satisfying a stringent latency requirement of haptic data streams whose data rates vary drastically as the results of perceptual codecs. This introduces a complex problem for the underlying network infrastructure to fulfill the pre-defined level of Quality of Service (QoS). However, novel networking hardware with data plane programming capability allows processing packets differently and opens up a new opportunity. For example, a dynamic and network-aware resource management strategy can help satisfy the QoS requirements of different priority flows without wasting precious bandwidth. This paper introduces virtual queues for service differentiation between different types of traffic streams, leveraging protocol independent switch architecture (PISA). We propose coordinating the management of all the queues and dynamically adapting their sizes to minimize packet loss and delay due to network congestion and ensure QoS compliance.
In time-sensitive networks (TSN) based on 802.1Qbv, i.e., the time-aware Shaper (TAS) protocol, precise transmission schedules and, paths are used to ensure end-to-end deterministic communication. Such resource reservations for data flows are usually established at the startup time of an application and remain untouched until the flow ends. There is no way to migrate existing flows easily to alternative paths without inducing additional delay or wasting resources. Therefore, some of the new flows cannot be embedded due to capacity limitations on certain links which leads to sub-optimal flow assignment. As future networks will need to support a large number of lowlatency flows, accommodating new flows at runtime and adapting existing flows accordingly becomes a challenging problem. In this extended abstract we summarize a previously published paper of us [1]. We combine software-defined networking (SDN), which provides better control of network flows, with TSN to be able to seamlessly migrate time-sensitive flows. For that, we formulate an optimization problem and propose different dynamic path configuration strategies under deterministic communication requirements. Our simulation results indicate that regularly reconfiguring the flow assignments can improve the latency of time-sensitive flows and can increase the number of flows embedded in the network around 4% in worst-case scenarios while still satisfying individual flow deadlines.
This paper gives an overview of our recent activities in the field of satellite communication networks, including an introduction to geostationary satellite systems and Low Earth Orbit megaconstellations. To mitigate the high latencies of geostationary satellite networks, TCP-splitting Performance Enhancing Proxies are deployed. However, these cannot be applied in the case of encrypted transport headers as it is the case for VPNs or QUIC. We summarize performance evaluation results from multiple measurement campaigns. In a recently concluded project, multipath communication was used to combine the advantages of very heterogeneous communication paths: low data rate, low latency (e.g., DSL light) and high data rate, high latency (e.g., geostationary satellite).
Today’s advanced Internet-of-Things applications raise technical challenges on cloud, edge, and fog computing. The design of an efficient, virtualized, context-aware, self-configuring orchestration system of a fog computing system constitutes a major development effort within this very innovative area of research. In this paper we describe the architecture and relevant implementation aspects of a cloudless resource monitoring system interworking with an SDN/NFV infrastructure. It realizes the basic monitoring component of the fundamental MAPE-K principles employed in autonomic computing. Here we present the hierarchical layering and functionality within the underlying fog nodes to generate a working prototype of an intelligent, self-managed orchestrator for advanced IoT applications and services. The latter system has the capability to monitor automatically various performance aspects of the resource allocation among multiple hosts of a fog computing system interconnected by SDN.
The increased occurrence of Software-Defined-Networking (SDN) not only improves the dynamics and maintenance of network architectures, but also opens up new use cases and application possibilities. Based on these observations, we propose a new network topology consisting of a star and a ring topology. This hybrid topology will be called wheel topology in this paper. We have considered the static characteristics of the wheel topology and compare them with known other topologies.
This article focuses on the mediality of the Donaueschinger passion play, oscillating between textuality and performativity, rituality and theatrality. It argues that the play is composed as a reading text, regarding the speech, style and the narrative, poetological and exegetical character of its stage directions. In spite of its being intended to be read the passion play exhibits theatralic and liturgical elements, that allow to identify its literary genre. The detailed description of décor and actions on stage and even of the audience helps to imagine a performance, that exceeds the textual status of the manuscript. The text's performative dimension invites the reader to participate in contemplating Christ's passion and in worshiping him.
Der erste deutsche Homer-Übersetzer, Simon Schaidenreisser, wurde oft dafür kritisiert, dass er die antike Welt verchristlicht und an die bürgerliche Stadtkultur des 16. Jahrhunderts angepasst hat. Dagegen zeigt ein Vergleich mit der lateinischen Rezeption, dass sich Schaidenreissers Übersetzungsmethode, sein Homerbild und seine Interpretation des Epos kaum von gelehrten Humanisten unterschied. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich die erste deutsche ‚Odyssea‘ (1537/38) als ein genuin humanistisches Werk verstehen.
Ein spätmittelalterliches Passionsspiel als tragisch zu bezeichnen, widerspricht nicht nur den Konventionen der Fachliteratur, sondern wirkt geradezu anachronistisch. Tragik im Mittelalter könne es nicht geben, lautet die communis opinio, da das christliche Weltbild keinen Raum dafür lasse. Das vollständige Fehlen der Gattung der Tragödie scheint diese These zu bestätigen. Dennoch beruht sie nicht auf einer Auseinandersetzung mit den theoretischen Aussagen oder den literarischen Spielen der Zeit, sondern auf dem in Deutschland seit dem 19. Jahrhundert dominierenden metaphysischen Tragikkonzept. Wird der Blick hingegen von der Philosophie des Tragischen wieder zu einer Poetologie der Tragödie gerichtet, können tragische Handlungsstrukturen in der Literatur des Mittelalters sichtbar werden, wie am ‚Frankfurter Passionsspiel’ von 1493 unter Berücksichtigung der Wirkung, der Handlungskonstellation und der Figurenkonzeption gezeigt wird. Compassio und Schrecken der Zuschauer, die Hamartia des Judas und der Antagonismus zwischen göttlicher und menschlicher Natur Jesu erlauben, die Passion Christi als tragisches Spiel zu verstehen.
Übersetzungen sind Teil der Geschlechtergeschichte. An frühneuzeitlichen Antikenübersetzungen lässt sich nicht nur ablesen, welche Beiträge Männer und Frauen bei der Erschließung und Vermehrung von Wissen leisten konnten. Vielmehr zeigen Übersetzungen auch, wie Geschlechtskonzepte neu konfiguriert und an die Ideale der Zielkultur angepasst werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird am Beispiel der Mythen von Europa und Alkyone untersucht, wie sich in Johannes Sprengs deutscher ‚Metamorphosen‘-Übersetzung genderspezifische Machtrelationen verschieben. Durch eine vergleichende Analyse legt die Autorin offen, mit welchen sprachlichen und literarischen Techniken Ovids Heroinen in frühneuzeitliche Hausfrauen verwandelt werden. Abschreckung und Idealisierung sind zentrale Deutungsstrategien, um den Kultur- und Ideologietransfer von der Antike zur Frühen Neuzeit zu bewältigen und genderspezifische Normen zu vermitteln.
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie Gendervorstellungen, Geschlechtsidentitäten und Körperkonzepte in dem altfranzösischen Roman performativ konstruiert werden. Anknüpfend an die Gender- und Queertheorie Judith Butlers wird gezeigt, dass das vermeintlich natürliche Geschlecht der Protagonistin nicht essentialistisch, sondern als kulturelle Kategorie zu verstehen ist.
Fertilität und Macht: Die Reproduktionspflicht mittelalterlicher Herrscherinnen und Herrscher
(2021)
Fertility was a key theme of medieval rulership. To conceive and give birth to sons – and thus to ensure the succession to the throne – was one of the foremost duties of medieval kings and queens. But what happened when a male child died in infancy, no male child was born, or no pregnancy ever came about? Barrenness could have dramatic consequences in the Middle Ages, for example expulsion, divorce or conflicts over royal succession. Against this historical background, it seems logical that the fate of the childless ruler would be recounted in the form of a ‘Passion narrative’. In the German literature of the Middle Ages, however, there are also interpretative models of a contrary vein to be found. In the year 1220, for instance, Ebernand of Erfurt construed the wedded life of the imperial couple Henry and Kunigunde as a tale of resistance against the royal obligation to reproduce. In his versified legend, composed in the vernacular, the couple secretly agrees not to fulfil society’s expectations, but to lead a chaste marriage. Yet above and beyond legend, childless rulers were also subject to the impact of multifarious legal, religious, medical, narrative and discursive factors. Taking Michel Foucault as a point of departure, this contribution shows how fertility became a field of power on which hierarchies between rulers and subjects, men and women were negotiated, while also shedding light on how religious and secular ideals clashed in the assessment of infertility.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive autonomy loss and need for care. This does not only affect patients themselves, but also the patients’ informal caregivers (CGs) in their health, personal and professional lives. The big efforts of this multi-center study were not only to evaluate the caregivers' burden and to identify its predictors, but it also should provide a specific understanding of the needs of ALS patients' CGs and fill the gap of knowledge on their personal and work lives. Using standardized questionnaires, primary data from patients and their main informal CGs (n = 249) were collected. Patients' functional status and disease severity were evaluated using the Barthel Index, the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and the King’s Stages for ALS. The caregivers' burden was recorded by the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Comorbid anxiety and depression of caregivers were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additionally, the EuroQol Five Dimension Five Level Scale evaluated their health-related quality of life. The caregivers' burden was high (mean ZBI = 26/88, 0 = no burden, ≥24 = highly burdened) and correlated with patients' functional status (r\(_p\) = −0.555, p < 0.001, n = 242). It was influenced by the CGs' own mental health issues due to caregiving (+11.36, 95% CI [6.84; 15.87], p < 0.001), patients' wheelchair dependency (+9.30, 95% CI [5.94; 12.66], p < 0.001) and was interrelated with the CGs' depression (r\(_p\) = 0.627, p < 0.001, n = 234), anxiety (r\(_p\) = 0.550, p < 0.001, n = 234), and poorer physical condition (r\(_p\) = −0.362, p < 0.001, n = 237). Moreover, female CGs showed symptoms of anxiety more often, which also correlated with the patients' impairment in daily routine (r\(_s\) = −0.280, p < 0.001, n = 169). As increasing disease severity, along with decreasing autonomy, was the main predictor of caregiver burden and showed to create relevant (negative) implications on CGs' lives, patient care and supportive therapies should address this issue. Moreover, in order to preserve the mental and physical health of the CGs, new concepts of care have to focus on both, on not only patients but also their CGs and gender-associated specific issues. As caregiving in ALS also significantly influences the socioeconomic status by restrictions in CGs' work lives and income, and the main reported needs being lack of psychological support and a high bureaucracy, the situation of CGs needs more attention. Apart from their own multi-disciplinary medical and psychological care, more support in care and patient management issues is required.
Nachwort
(2008)
In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten expandierten Supermarktketten aus dem Globalen Norden in Länder des Globalen Südens. Insbesondere Länder mit einem raschen wirtschaftlichen Wachstum und damit neuen Marktpotentialen waren dabei Expansionsziele. Zugleich zeigt sich innerhalb der Länder des Globalen Südens eine Ausbreitung von regionalen Supermarktketten. Mittlerweile gehört frisches Obst und Gemüse fast immer zum Sortiment dieser Einzelhandelsunternehmen.
Bisher untersuchte eine Reihe von Studien die Auswirkungen der Kooperation mit den Einzelhändlern auf die landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden. Weniger ist dagegen bekannt, welche Liefersysteme und Intermediäre für die Verbindung zwischen landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden und Supermarktketten in Ländern des Globalen Südens bestehen und sich entwickeln. Insbesondere für leicht verderbliche Frischeprodukte (Obst und Gemüse) ist die Herausbildung dieser Intermediäre eine große Herausforderung. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der räumlichen und zeitlichen Ausbreitung von Supermärkten und der Etablierung von Liefersystemen sowie Intermediären am Beispiel von Kenia und Tansania.
Natural walking in virtual reality games is constrained by the physical boundaries defined by the size of the player’s tracking space. Impossible spaces, a redirected walking technique, enlarge the virtual environment by creating overlapping architecture and letting multiple locations occupy the same physical space. Within certain thresholds, this is subtle to the player. In this paper, we present our approach to implement such impossible spaces and describe how we handled challenges like objects with simulated physics or precomputed global illumination.
Immersive virtual environments provide users with the opportunity to escape from the real world, but scripted dialogues can disrupt the presence within the world the user is trying to escape within. Both Non-Playable Character (NPC) to Player and NPC to NPC dialogue can be non-natural and the reliance on responding with pre-defined dialogue does not always meet the players emotional expectations or provide responses appropriate to the given context or world states. This paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing to generate dynamic human-like responses within a themed virtual world. Each thematic has been analysed against humangenerated responses for the same seed and demonstrates invariance of rating across a range of model sizes, but shows an effect of theme and the size of the corpus used for fine-tuning the context for the game world.
Modern immersive multimodal technologies enable the learners to completely get immersed in various learning situations in a way that feels like experiencing an authentic learning environment. These environments also allow the collection of multimodal data, which can be used with artificial intelligence to further improve the immersion and learning outcomes. The use of artificial intelligence has been widely explored for the interpretation of multimodal data collected from multiple sensors, thus giving insights to support learners’ performance by providing personalised feedback. In this paper, we present a conceptual approach for creating immersive learning environments, integrated with multi-sensor setup to help learners improve their psychomotor skills in a remote setting.
Immersive, sensor-enabled technologies such as augmented and virtual reality expand the way human beings interact with computers significantly. While these technologies are widely explored in entertainment games, they also offer possibilities for educational use. However,their uptake in education is so far very limited. Within the ImTech4Ed project, we aim at systematically exploring the power of interdisciplinary, international hackathons as a novel method to create immersive educational game prototypes and as a means to transfer these innovative technical prototypes into educational use. To achieve this, we bring together game design and development, where immersive and interactive solutions are designed and developed; computer science, where the technological foundations for immersive technologies and for scalable architectures for these are created; and teacher education, where future teachers are educated. This article reports on the concept and design of these hackathons.
This paper analyzes the mental development of the main character Salvador in the Spanish movie Los girasoles ciegos (2008) by José Luis Cuerda, based on the camera perspective and focalization, as well as the three-instance model according to Sigmund Freud. For this purpose, screen captures from the movie are examined to see how Salvador’s loss of control is pictured. This is applied to Freud’s three-instance model to prove the takeover of the Id. Throughout the whole movie, the inner conflict between his Ego and Id, i.e. his life as a deacon versus his life as a soldier, is present. The whole process of the breakdown of his mental state is revealed through the camera perspective and visual focalization.
The present article aims to examine images of the Mediterranean Sea in Jean-Daniel Pollet’s essay film Méditerranée (1963), with a particular focus on its representation as a multifaceted space of cultural memory. After some preliminary observations on the relation between the essay film as a genre and images of the Mediterranean, I shall, on the one hand, have a look at the semantic processes through which the film builds up a recognizable image of the Great Sea. On the other hand, however, I will argue that, at the same time, Méditerranée calls this signifying process into question by representing the sea as a space of cultural memory understood as a space of becoming and of deferral of meaning.
To this day, Lorca’s most popular plays, the Trilogía dramática de la tierra española, are considered to be among the most widely read texts of twentieth century Spanish literature. By combining elements from Antiquity with classic and modern features of Spanish theatre and placing them in new functional contexts, the author succeeds in creating an innovative theatre of sociocritical nature in times of political repression. This article analyses several of these innovations and aims to demonstrate the influence Lorca’s Tragedias rurales still have on today’s literature and culture. Simon Stone’s play Yerma (2017) and the Netflix series Las Chicas del Cable (2017-2020) are approached here with this purpose.
This article deals with discursive and argumentative strategies used by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro to bring science in discredit during the 2020’s COVID-19-pandemic. Based on official statements and Tweets launched over the crisis the Discourse-Historical Approach is applied to make strategies brought into play by Bolsonaro visible. While the President declares scientific advice such as distancing and quarantine as ineffective, he recommends the use of hydroxychloroquine as well as old fashioned prayers for staying safe and healthy. He evokes that there are «fake news» and «partners of paralysis», to which he responds by demasking and bringing the one and only truth towards «the people». The analysis points out that Bolsonaro is downplaying the virus and the risk of transmission and puts the economy ahead of health. His supporters as a consequence tend to ignore the
WHO recommendations how to behave during the pandemic.
The present article examines the narrative modes in which Lebanese author Amin Maalouf investigates his roots in Origines a hybrid work which stands in contrast with his previous essays and fictions as to its (auto)biographical dimension. Resembling what Dominique Viart and Bruno Vercier in their analysis of predominant themes and narrative strategies in contemporary French literature name «récit de filiation», Maalouf’s quest for his familial past explores the concept of intergenerational transmission of memory. However, despite this individual postmemorial approach, Maalouf’s intimate writing is intrinsically linked with the complex history of the Ottoman Empire and therefore with collective narratives of war, diasporic identities, and migration relating to the present time or the recent past.
France, Italy, and Spain are three Romance-speaking countries which – at least in Europe – have been affected to a very high degree by the consequences of the Corona pandemic. This paper examines discursive strategies on social media (Twitter and Facebook) by the three heads of government/state of the aforementioned countries – namely Emmanuel Macron (France), Giuseppe Conte (Italy), and Pedro Sánchez (Spain)- from a corpuslinguistic point of view. For this purpose, a corpus was created which contains all Twitter and Facebook messages posted by these heads of government/state from the beginning of February until the end of April 2020. By applying corpus-linguistic methods we find that all three politicians consciously use social media to sensitize, inform, and – in view of a dramatic pandemic situation – unite their respective populations behind them.
With her famous suggestion to «give her [the woman] a room of her own and five hundred a year, let her speak her mind» from 1929, Virginia Woolf verbalized a core issue of female
writing by hinting at the socioeconomic circumstances and domestic obligations of most women – valid at her times, but still today. Both Elena Ferrante and Annie Ernaux discuss, in their respective novels, the topics of being women in the particular sociocultural landscape (in Italy and, respectively, in France) after World War II and up to these days, the themes of marriage and motherhood, employment and especially (female) authorship. This article aims to show in a close reading of both Ferrante and Ernaux that the two writers play with the literary form of the (auto-)biography on a diegetic, but also extradiegetic level, while formulating at the same time a collective work that embraces the experience of womanhood but circumvents the hazard of a merely subjective and sensitive writing, as female writing has sometimes been claimed to be.
Die Arten des Schweizer Ranunculus-auricomus-Komplexes sind nur zu einem Teil bekannt. Zur vollständigeren Erfassung des Komplexes wurden Exkursionen in die südwestliche und östliche Schweiz unternommen. Es wurden sieben neue Arten entdeckt, die hier beschrieben und abgebildet sind. Ihre Taxonomie und Gefährdung wird diskutiert. R. chalarocarpus W. Koch ex Dunkel ist bereits bei Koch provisorisch erwähnt, R. clavicornis Dunkel wird nun gültig beschrieben. Beide Arten sind aufgrund ihres Vorkommens in Auwäldern und feuchten Laubwäldern stark gefährdet, R. clavicornis sogar fast ausgestorben. Der neu beschriebene R. thurgoviae kommt im Osten der Schweiz vor (Kanton Thurgau). Die bislang bekannte Verbreitung von R. allobrogorum Dunkel, R. crenulatus Dunkel, R. genevensis Dunkel und R. lineatus ist fast vollständig auf den Kanton Genf beschränkt. Die Arten des Ranunculus auricomus-Komplexes sind ein sensibler Indikator für Veränderungen der Vegetation und Umwelt und sollten diesbezüglich deutlich mehr Gewicht bekommen.
In recent years, cloud gaming has become a popular research topic and has claimed many benefits in the commercial domain over conventional gaming. While, cloud gaming platforms have frequently failed in the past, they have received a new impetus over the last years that brought it to the edge of commercial breakthrough. The fragility of the cloud gaming market may be caused by the high investment costs, offered pricing models or competition from existing "à la carte" platforms. This paper aims at investigating the costs and benefits of both platform types through a twofold approach. We first take on the perspective of the customers, and investigate several cloud gaming platforms and their pricing models in comparison to the costs of other gaming platforms. Then, we explore engagement metrics in order to assess the enjoyment of playing the offered games. Lastly, coming from the perspective of the service providers, we aim to identify challenges in cost-effectively operating a large-scale cloud gaming service while maintaining high QoE values. Our analysis provides initial, yet still comprehensive reasons and models for the prospects of cloud gaming in a highly competitive market.
The recently published ITU-T Recommendation G1.032 proposes a list of factors that may influence cloud and online gaming Quality of Experience (QoE). This paper provides two practical evaluations of proposed system and context influence factors: First, it investigates through an online survey (n=488) the popularity of platforms, preferred ways of distribution, and motivational aspects including subjective valuations of characteristics offered by today's prevalent gaming platforms. Second, the paper evaluates a large dataset of objective metrics for various gaming platforms: game lists, playthrough lengths, prices, etc., and contrasts these metrics against the gamers' opinions. The combined data-driven approach presented in this paper complements in-person and lab studies usually employed.
This article exemplifies Gunter Grimm’s concept of productive reception by analyzing César Fernández García’s young adult novel La última bruja de Trasmoz (2009) and the episode Tiempo de hechizos (2017) of the TV series El ministerio del tiempo as two modern works which artistically and creatively deal with Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s Cartas desde mi celda (1864). The study is based on the core assumption that the choice of genre greatly influences the treatment of motives such as the perception of nature and the idea of dreams, as well as the image of the witch. While Bécquer’s letters, which focus on the rural people’s superstition, present the witch of Aragonese folklore, the modern examples portray two of her fantastic counterparts: the novel depicts its magical protagonist as an evil supernatural being, whereas the TV episode of the science fiction series shows the witch as a time traveller and a victim.
When it comes to linguistic norms in France, one standard will be immediately evoked – le bon usage. This version of traditional French is taught at school and has been serving as a model ever since the French Revolution. Yet – and maybe as a counter-reaction to such strict and prescriptive norm – there exists a multitude of alternative forms, especially with regard to the lexis, which are marked by different registers or styles. Thus, the French language is characterized by lexical doublets in the transition area between standard and familier. A varied terminology in the description of styles in dictionaries as well as a stigmatisation of the nonstandard lead to speaker insecurities and to a general devaluation of the parallel vocabulary. What are the consequences of this in speech behaviour? Is there a remarkable difference between speech behaviour and prescriptive norm? Do speakers show any sign of linguistic insecurity when using nonstandard structures? The research issue will be addressed by means of a qualitative analysis of videoblogs from French YouTubers.
This article is dedicated to the analysis of the body, which is staged as sick and painful. El último cuerpo de Úrsula by Peruvian author Patricia de Souza is characterized by the connection between body, pain perception and eroticism. Illness and paralysis play a fundamental role in the narrative because they cause the recomposition of the ego, which leads the protagonist, Úrsula Res, to perceive and reflect the fragmentation of her identity and the increasing distance from her body. Through approaches to pain and disability, the expressiveness of the narrativized eroticism of this text, based on an obedient relationship to the body, is revealed.
This article focuses on selected Latin American female rap artists (Anita Tijoux, Rebeca Lane, and the duo Krudas Cubensi), and the way they perform feminism, autobiography and testimony through their lyrics and performances. The analysis concentrates on the synergies between the texts themselves, the official music videos shared on YouTube and the background music. It aims to demonstrate that only such a synergistic approach to rap allows a profound understanding of its particularities and its contributions to feminist discourses and spaces for feminist testimony in the current rise of both right-wing politics and feminist movements on the continent.
This article explores the construction of Catalan masculinity and Catalan identity in literature on the Spanish-Moroccan War of 1859/60. During the war, an immense amount of patriotic literature in Catalan language was published in Catalonia, in which the authors glorified the deeds of the Catalan general Joan Prim i Prats and of the Catalan volunteers who fought in the war. The article aims to illustrate, on the basis of the analysis of poems, theatre plays, patriotic songs, reports and chronicles written by Catalan authors, the importance of the First Spanish-Moroccan War for the development of Catalan identity. It attempts as well to demonstrate that the authors used the literature about the war to diffuse a specific Catalan ideal of masculinity and to stylize General Prim and the volunteers into national heroes, who embodied the strength of the Catalan cultural nation, since the Catalan community needed new idols after a long time of political and cultural decline caused by the centralist policies of the Spanish state. The Catalan ideal of masculinity was utilized to differentiate the Catalans from the other Spaniards whose masculinity was considered to be in decadence by the other European nations.
This contribution deals with the phonetic heterogeneity of spoken Spanish in Andalusia in the sector of public auditory media, specifically in the program ¡Anda Levanta! of Canal Fiesta Radio. First, we take into consideration Article 10 of the Statute of the Autonomy of Andalusia, which enhances the protection, promotion, study, and prestige of the Andalusian modalities and its respective variety (cf. Parlamento de Andalucía 2007: 13). Second, we refer to the Libro de Estilo, a mandatory guide for presenters of public audiovisual media in Andalusia since 2014. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate divergences between the presenters and their audience with regard to their use of phonetic characteristics typical of the Andalusian varieties: where the presenters tend to avoid the salient aspects of the varieties, the audience employs a range of phonetic characteristics typical for Andalusian varieties, including some of the characteristics that are considered less prestigious.
Investigations focusing on the social criticism in La Regenta (1884-1885) by Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» have constantly referred to the unmasking of society’s hypocrisy and provincialism through the implementation of satire and irony in the novel. This observation, though, has to be defined more clearly. Vetustan society, specifically the bourgeoisie, is characterized primarily by the incessant exhibition of supposed wisdom and intelligentsia in public to generate social prestige and power. By analyzing the narrative strategies which are related to the composition of the secondary characters, the role of two specific public venues (Casino and Theatre of Vetusta) and the (de)construction of P. Ronzal, P. Guimarán and S. Bermúdez in the novel, this article illustrates how false wisdom and pseudo-intelligentsia become central motifs regarding social criticism in La Regenta.
This paper deals with the taxonomical position and the nomenclature of two taxa belonging to the genus Sedum (Crassulaceae), today treated as Phedimus, namely Sedum middendorffianum Maxim var. diffusum Praeger and Sedum oppositifolium Sims. The correct taxonomical application of names is based on the nomenclatural types designated here.
Für das Vorkommen einer Ranunculus auricomus-Sippe im Oberen Inntal bei Innnsbuck, Nordtirol, Österreich, existieren belegte Nachweise seit 135 Jahren. Diese Sippe sammelte L. Sarnthein am 08.06.1884, J. Murr 1887 bei Flaurling. Von beiden Aufsammlungen befinden sich Belege im Tiroler Landesmuseum (Herbarium Ferdinandeum Innsbruck; IBF). Trotz Trockenlegung der Sumpfwiesen und Eutrophierung des Biotops kommt die Art noch aktuell in einem kleinen Nasswiesenrest vor. Sie wird hier als R. sarntheinianus Dunkel beschrieben, abgebildet und ihre Taxonomie wird diskutiert. Der mutmaßlich letzte Wuchsort ist vom Aussterben bedroht. Eine graphische Darstellung soll bei Artbestimmung und Auffinden neuer Wuchsorte behilflich sein.
Eine Liste der 205 Arten und 1561 Unterarten der Gattung Hieracium s. l. , die in Deutschland, aufgeschlüsselt nach Bundesländern vorkommen, wird vorgestellt. Da die meisten infraspezifischen Namen unter Hieracium publiziert wurden und um die Zahl der invaliden Namen unter Pilosella in der Liste zu minimieren, wird auf eine Aufteilung in Hieracium und Pilosella verzichtet. Durch Farbmarkierungen wird gekennzeichnet, welche Unterart ursprünglich aus einem Bundesland beschrieben wurde bzw. ob ein Syntypus aus einem Bundesland stammt.
Besides external characteristics and reading a piece of DNA (barcode), the DNA weight per nucleus (genome size) via flow cytometry is a key value to detect species and hybrids and determine ploidy. In addition, the DNA weight appears to be related to various properties, such as the size of the cell and the nucleus, the duration of mitosis and meiosis and the generation time. Sometimes it is even possible to distinguish between groups or sections, which can lead to new classification of the genera. The variation in DNA weight is also useful to analyze biodiversity, genome evolution and relationships between related taxa. Moreover, it is important to know how large a genome is before one determines the base sequence of the DNA of a plant. Flow cytometry is also important for understanding fundamental processes in plants such as growth and development and recognizing chimeras. In the literature, DNA weight measurements are usually limited to one genus and often only locally (Siljak et al. 2010; Bai et al. 2012). In this study, however, it was decided to investigate all vascular plants from one country. This can also contribute to the protection of rare plants. This study is the first flora in the world whose weight of DNA per nucleus and peak patterns has been determined. More than 6400 plants, representing more than 2350 (sub)species (more than 90%) have been collected, thanks to the help of almost 100 volunteers of Floristisch Onderzoek Nederland (Floron). Multiple specimens of many species have therefore been measured, preferably from different populations, in some cases more than fifty. For 1370 species, these values were not previously published. Moreover, a good number of the remaining 45% are new for The Netherlands. In principle, each species has a fixed weight of DNA per nucleus. It has also been found that, especially between the genera, there are strong differences in the number of peaks that determine the DNA weight, from one to five peaks. This indicates that in a plant or organ there are sometimes nuclei with multiples of its standard DNA weight (multiple ploidy levels). It is impossible to show graphs of more than 2350 species. Therefore, we have chosen to show the peak pattern in a new way in a short formula. Within most genera there are clear differences in the DNA weights per nucleus between the species, in some other genera the DNA weight is hardly variable. Based on about twenty genera that were previously measured completely in most cases (‘t Hart et al. 2003: Veldkamp and Zonneveld 2011; Soes et al. 2012; Dirkse et al. 2014, 2015; Verloove et al. 2017; Zonneveld [et al.] 2000−2018), it can be noted that even if all species of a genus have the same number of chromosomes, there can still be a difference of up to three times in the weight of the DNA. Therefore, a twice larger DNA weight does not have to indicate four sets of chromosomes. Finally, this research has also found clues to examine further the current taxonomy of a number of species or genera.
In the wake of the general tendency towards slow cinema which has been evolving in Mexican cinema, cinematographic devices have gained importance not only with regard to the construction of a persuasive narrative but also in terms of the aesthetic constitution of the movie itself. Not only is this observation evident in the absence of camera movements but also in the semiotic depth of mise en scène resulting from this circumstance. Natalia Almada’s movie Todo lo demás (2016) provides an impressive example of both the repercussions of this technique in the representation of loneliness as well as the suggestive power of the scenographical composition. Hence, the ensuing analysis of those scenes referring to water is to elucidate the semiotics of mise en scène and its influence on the representation of the main character and the repetitive routine constricting her freedom.
The normative use of past tenses is supposed to be a big challenge for learners of Spanish. Although they might understand the grammatical chapter in theory, adequate past tense use in spontaneous oral production is not guaranteed. Morphological errors, overgeneralizations of tenses and interferences with other languages characterize the interlanguage of the learners. Based on two corpuses, we analyse how the past tense use differs between secondary school students from Austria and Romance polyglots. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that polyglot speakers surpass the secondary school students in some areas such as the distinction of verbal aspect. However, the students tend less to use the perfecto compuesto in an inadequate way in narration.
No abstract available.
No abstract available.