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- Institut für Psychologie (bis Sept. 2007) (34) (remove)
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Nonverbal communicative behaviours are associated with affective states in a way specific to the individual. This result emerged from longitudinal studies on depressed patients. From the analysis of various nonverbal behaviours it can be concluded that the depressed state is indicated by nonverbal elements in a logical "or-" rather than "and-connection" or in a hierarchical way. It is maintained that the relationship of psychological relevant states (mood) and nonverbal behaviour needs to be studied by intra-individual comparisons to reveal the specifically close relationships effective in everyday communication. With regard to the pragmatic aspect of communication, elements in the nonverbal signalling system seem to possess different levels of generality. However, from decoding studies it can be shown that even very subtle behavioural differences can be detected by an observer. Thus specific signals can become effective in interaction given a familiarity with the idiosyncratic usage.
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Jura non in singulas personas, sed generaliter constituuntur. Doch es ist zu ergänzen: Urteile sind im Einzelfall zu treffen. Nicht ganz unähnlich wäre auch der wissenschaftlich diagnostizierende Psychologe zu mahnen. Psychologische Diagnostik zielt auf den Einzelfall ab, obwohl die Entscheidungen über ihn auf der Basis von allgemeingültigen Gesetzen der empirisch-psychologischen Wissenschaft herbeizuführen sind (Tack, 1982). Im folgenden wird dazu zuerst der Sonderstatus der Forensischen Diagnostik herausgestellt, wobei zur Untermauerung die besonderen Leitziele der forensisch-psychologischen Diagnostik angeführt werden. Die folgenden Abschnitte widmen sich dann einerseits dem Nutzen der psychometrischen Integration von Kriterien, andererseits geht es um die psychometrische Gewinnung von Befunden über Einzelkriterien, wozu auf mehrere Beispiele verwiesen wird.
Traditionally psychological research had assisted (de lege lata and de lege ferenda) jurisdiction, legislation, and law enforcement. However, the fol1owing three examp1es support the thesis that certain areas of psycho1ogica1 research gain new concepts and hypotheses by considering re1ated juristic thought. First, a developmenta1 study on the judgment about neg1igent damages suggested a three-step deve10pment of the evaluation of neg1igence. That threestep development wou1d contradict Heider's sequence of responsibi1ity levels. Second, a cognitive algebra approach to asses the chi1d's understanding of the duty to compensate the victim for his 1055 caused by a culpab1e actor suggested a two-step deve10pment of understanding that duty. The chi1d of the first deve10pment a1 step wou1d regard giving on1y half compensation of the 10ss as doing his duty to repair damages. Third, the concept of cul pa and the "Strafzumes sungs 1 ehre" in the German juri 5 ti c thought are d i scussed as key concepts for innovating psycho1ogica1 research on a moral algebra. Insofar juristic thought proved to assist psycho1ogica1 theory bui1ding what would make the relation of juristic thought and psycho1ogy a relation of interdependence.
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