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Kohlenstoffmonoxid ist ein wichtiges kleines Signalmolekül das im menschlichen Körper durch die enzymatische Wirkung von Häm-Oxygenase (HO) auf Häm produziert wird. Für eine thera-peutische Anwendung werden Metallcarbonyl-Komplexe als CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) untersucht, die eine kontrollierte Freisetzung in biologischen Zielstrukturen erlauben. Dafür wird entweder die Ligandenperipherie ("drug sphere") modifiziert oder die CORMs an bio-molekulare Trägersysteme konjugiert.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit stand dabei die lichtinduzierte Freisetzung von Kohlenstoffmonoxid aus Mangan(I)tricarbonyl-Komplexen im Vordergrund. Die oktaedrische Koordinationssphäre des Metallzentrums wurde dabei durch verschiedene faciale tridentate Liganden komplettiert, welche außerdem eine einfache und modulare Verknüpfung mit biologischen Träger-molekülen ermöglichen sollten. Als Chelatoren wurden Derivate von N,N-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amin (bpa) ausgewählt, in denen das zentrale Stickstoffatom mit Alkylaminen unterschiedlicher Kettenlänge funktionalisiert ist, welche über Amid-Bindungen mit Carboxylat-modifizierten Trägermolekülen verknüpft werden können. Diesen bpa-Liganden sollte ein neuartiges Ligandensystem auf der Basis von N-(Phenanthridin-6-ylmethyl)-N-(chinolin-2-ylmethyl)ethan-1,2-diamin (pqen) gegenübergestellt werden, in denen die Phenanthridin-Gruppe interessante photophysikalische und photochemische Eigenschaften erwarten lässt. Die CO-releasing molecules sollten zudem mit den isostrukturellen Rhenium(I)tricarbonyl-Komplexen verglichen werden, die als Marker für die Fluoreszenz-mikroskopie dienen.
The concepts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity have a long history, and countless demonstrations of these phenomena have been made with molecules based on elements from the p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. In contrast, the limited oxidation‐state flexibility of the s‐block metals has long stood in the way of their participation in sophisticated π‐bonding arrangements, and truly antiaromatic systems containing s‐block metals are altogether absent or remain poorly defined. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational techniques, we present herein the synthesis and authentication of a heterocyclic compound containing the alkaline earth metal beryllium that exhibits significant antiaromaticity, and detail its chemical reduction and Lewis‐base‐coordination chemistry.
Twisted boron-based biradicals featuring unsaturated C\(_2\)R\(_2\) (R=Et, Me) bridges and stabilization by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) were recently prepared. These species show remarkable geometrical and electronic differences with respect to their unbridged counterparts. Herein, a thorough computational investigation on the origin of their distinct electrostructural properties is performed. It is shown that steric effects are mostly responsible for the preference for twisted over planar structures. The ground-state multiplicity of the twisted structure is modulated by the σ framework of the bridge, and different R groups lead to distinct multiplicities. In line with the experimental data, a planar structure driven by delocalization effects is observed as global minimum for R=H. The synthetic elusiveness of C\(_2\)R\(_2\)-bridged systems featuring N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was also investigated. These results could contribute to the engineering of novel main group biradicals.
Fluorinated groups are essential for drug design, agrochemicals, and materials science. The bis(trifluoromethyl)amino group is an example of a stable group that has a high potential. While the number of molecules containing perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, and other fluorinated groups is steadily increasing, examples with the N(CF\(_{3}\))\(_{2}\) group are rare. One reason is that transfer reagents are scarce and metal-based storable reagents are unknown. Herein, a set of Cu\(^{I}\) and Ag\(^{I}\) bis(trifluoromethyl)amido complexes stabilized by N- and P-donor ligands with unprecedented stability are presented. The complexes are stable solids that can even be manipulated in air for a short time. They are bis(trifluoromethyl)amination reagents as shown by nucleophilic substitution and Sandmeyer reactions. In addition to a series of benzylbis(trifluoromethyl)amines, 2-bis(trifluoromethyl)amino acetate was obtained, which, upon hydrolysis, gives the fluorinated amino acid N,N-bis(trifluoromethyl)glycine.
A number of novel alkynyl-functionalized diarylbis(dimethylamino)diboranes(4) are prepared by salt metathesis, and the appended alkynyl groups are subjected to hydroboration. Their reactions with monohydroboranes lead to discrete boryl-appended diborane(4) species, while dihydroboranes induce their catenation to oligomeric species, the first known examples of well-characterized macromolecular species with B−B bonds. The oligomeric species were found to comprise up to ten repeat units and are soluble in common organic solvents. Some of the oligomeric species have good air stability and all were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography techniques.
A case study on the effect of the employment of two different NHC ligands in complexes [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)] (NHC=\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\) 1\(^{Me}\), Mes\(_{2}\)Im 2) and their behavior towards alkynes is reported. The reaction of a mixture of [Ni\(_{2}\)(\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\))\(_{4}\)(μ-(η\(^{2}\) : η\(^{2}\))-COD)] B/ [Ni(\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\))\(_{2}\)(η\(^{4}\)-COD)] B’ or [Ni(Mes\(_{2}\)Im)\(_{2}\)] 2, respectively, with alkynes afforded complexes [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)(η\(^{2}\)-alkyne)] (NHC=\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\): alkyne=MeC≡CMe 3, H\(_{7}\)C\(_{3}\)C≡CC\(_{3}\)H\(_{7}\) 4, PhC≡CPh 5, MeOOCC≡CCOOMe 6, Me\(_{3}\)SiC≡CSiMe\(_{3}\) 7, PhC≡CMe 8, HC≡CC\(_{3}\)H\(_{7}\) 9, HC≡CPh 10, HC≡C(p-Tol) 11, HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)) 12, HC≡CCOOMe 13; NHC=Mes\(_{2}\)Im: alkyne=MeC≡CMe 14, MeOOCC≡CCOOMe 15, PhC≡CMe 16, HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)) 17, HC≡CCOOMe 18). Unusual rearrangement products 11 a and 12 a were identified for the complexes of the terminal alkynes HC≡C(p-Tol) and HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)), 11 and 12, which were formed by addition of a C−H bond of one of the NHC N-\(^{i}\)Pr methyl groups to the C≡C triple bond of the coordinated alkyne. Complex 2 catalyzes the cyclotrimerization of 2-butyne, 4-octyne, diphenylacetylene, dimethyl acetylendicarboxylate, 1-pentyne, phenylacetylene and methyl propiolate at ambient conditions, whereas 1\(^{Me}\) is not a good catalyst. The reaction of 2 with 2-butyne was monitored in some detail, which led to a mechanistic proposal for the cyclotrimerization at [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)]. DFT calculations reveal that the differences between 1\(^{Me}\) and 2 for alkyne cyclotrimerization lie in the energy profile of the initiation steps, which is very shallow for 2, and each step is associated with only a moderate energy change. The higher stability of 3 compared to 14 is attributed to a better electron transfer from the NHC to the metal to the alkyne ligand for the N-alkyl substituted NHC, to enhanced Ni-alkyne backbonding due to a smaller C\(_{NHC}\)−Ni−C\(_{NHC}\) bite angle, and to less steric repulsion of the smaller NHC \(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\).
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synthese, Funktionalisierung und Reaktivität von 1,4,2,3-Diazadiborininen untersucht. Zu Beginn sollten Bis(dimethylamino)-substituierte Diazadiborinine mit unterschiedlichen Resten an den Stickstoffatomen dargestellt werden, deren weitere Funktionalisierung später im Fokus stand. Die Synthese erfolgte durch Reduktion von 1,4-Diazabutadienen mit elementarem Lithium und anschließender Salzeliminierungsreaktion mit B2(NMe2)2Cl2. Dadurch ließen sich die monocyclischen vier N,N’-Diaryl-substituierten Diazadiborinine sowie ein Alkyl-substituiertes Diazadiborinin darstellen. Durch etablierte Methoden der Diboran(4)-Chemie wurden diese in ihre Halogenderivate (Cl, Br, I) überführt. Aus diesen konnten drei 2,3-Diazido-1,4,2,3-diazadiborinine durch Umsetzung mit TMSN3 aus den Dihalogenderivaten dargestellt werden. Diese stellen hierbei die ersten isolierten Diboran(4)azidverbindugen dar. Ebenso gelang die Synthese eines bicyclischen Naphthalinisosters, welches erneut erfolgreich in seine Halogenderivate sowie das Diazdidoderivat überführt werden konnte. Einen Einblick in den Mechanismus der 1,4,2,3-Diazadiborininbildung ermöglichte die Isolierung eines Diazadiboretidinintermediats, welches durch doppelte Salzeliminierung entsteht. Dieses erwies sich jedoch als metastabil und lagerte zum Sechsring Diazadiborinin um. Quantenchemische Berechnungen unterstutzten die experimentellen Befunde. Über Kommutierungsreaktionen konnte eine Vielzahl an B,B‘-unsymmetrisch substituierten Diazadiborininen dargestellt und isoliert werden, wobei je nach verwendeten Startmaterialien entweder Gleichgewichtsreaktionen oder quantitative Umsetzungen beobachtet wurden.
Ebenso wurde die Reaktivität der neuartigen Diazidodiborane(4) gegenüber Lewis-Basen untersucht. Sowohl das monocyclische Diazadiborinin, als auch das Benzodiazadiborinin konnten mit NHC-Basen zu den fünf verschiedenen Addukten umgesetzt werden. Unter thermischer Belastung wurde bei den monocyclischen Addukten eine Staudinger-artige Reaktion beobachtet, die unter Freisetzung von N2 zur Bildung von Guanadin-substituierten Diborane(4) führte. Die Benzodiazadiborininaddukte zeigten jedoch eine gänzlich andere Reaktivität. Hier fand eine Ringverkleinerungsreaktion unter Bildung von Diazaborolen statt, welche unter Wanderung einer Azidfunktion auf das NHC-stabilisierte Boratom gebildet wurden. Auf diese Weise konnten drei 1,1-Diamino-2,2-diazidodiborane(5) isoliert werden. Während bei der Umsetzung des Naphtalenderivats mit cAAC keine selektive Reaktion beobachtet wurde, reagierte das monocyclische Diazadiborinin mit zwei Äquivalenten cAAC. Hier bedingte das erste Carbon eine Staudinger-artige Reaktion, die unter Distickstofffreisetzung zu einem Formamidin führte. Die zweite Azidgruppe wurde am $\gamma$-Stickstoffatom von einem weiteren Äquivalent cAAC koordiniert.
In weiteren Reaktivitätsstudien wurde die Generierung von transienten Iminoboranen aus Diazidodiazadiborininen untersucht. Die Diazide zeigten bei Temperaturen von über 150 °C ein sehr selektives Reaktionsverhalten und gingen unter Freisetzung von Distickstoff zu 1,3,2,4-Diazadiboretidin über, wobei dies über die Dimerisierung eines intermediär gebildeten siebengliedrigen, endocyclischen Iminoborans verlief. Der Mechanismus zur Bildung der transienten Iminoborane wurde anhand zweier möglicher Bildungswege mit quantenchemischen Methoden untersucht.
Im letzten Kapitel wurde die Reaktivität des Dihydrodiazadiborinins gegenüber
NHC- und cAAC-Lewis-Basen untersucht. Die Umsetzung mit cAAC führte zu einer B–H-Bindungsaktivierung durch das Carbenkohlenstoffatom, die vermutlich über eine Adduktspezies verläuft. Mit dem gesättigten NHC SIMes wurde ebenfalls keine Adduktbildung beobachtet, auch wenn ein derartiges Intermediat vermutlich durchlaufen wird. Als Produkt der Umsetzung wurde indes ein bicyclisches Molekül identifiziert, welches durch doppelte Ringerweiterung gebildet wurde. Mit ungesättigten NHCs wurden drei Addukte isoliert, welche jedoch nur metastabil waren und beim Erwärmen in bicyclische Verbindungen umlagerten. Die Umlagerungsprodukte konnten weiterhin durch Koordination eines weiteren Äquivalents IMe an die B–H-Funktionalität erneut zu Addukten umgesetzt werden.
Die Bildung der zweier bicyclischer Verbindungen wurde ebenfalls mit quantenchemischen Methoden untersucht, wobei ein vierstufiger Prozess durchlaufen wird. Nach der Bildung des NHC-Addukts erfolgt die Übertragung eines Hydrids auf das Carbenkohlenstoffatom. Durch Insertion eines Boratoms in die NC-Bindung des Carbenrings wird eine Spiroverbindung gebildet und im letzten Schritt folgt die Spaltung der BB-Bindung durch Insertion des ehemaligen Carbenkohlenstoffatoms, was zur Bildung der Bicyclen führt.
Organoboron compounds are important building blocks in organic synthesis, materials science, and drug discovery. The development of practical and convenient ways to synthesize boronate esters attracted significant interest. Photoinduced borylations originated with stoichiometric reactions of arenes and alkanes with well-defined metal-boryl complexes. Now photoredox-initiated borylations, catalyzed either by transition-metal or organic photocatalysts, and photochemical borylations with high efficiency have become a burgeoning area of research. In this chapter, we summarize research in the field of photocatalytic C-X borylation, especially emphasizing recent developments and trends, based on transition-metal catalysis, metal-free organocatalysis and direct photochemical activation. We focus on reaction mechanisms involving single electron transfer (SET), triplet energy transfer (TET), and other radical processes.
We developed a highly selective photocatalytic C-F borylation method that employs a rhodium biphenyl complex as a triplet sensitizer and the nickel catalyst [Ni(IMes)2] (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene) for the C-F bond activation and defluoroborylation process. This tandem catalyst system operates with visible (400 nm) light and achieves borylation of a wide range of fluoroarenes with B2pin2 at room temperature in excellent yields and with high selectivity. Direct irradiation of the intermediary C-F bond oxidative addition product trans-[NiF(ArF)(IMes)2] leads to fast decomposition when B2pin2 is present. This destructive pathway can be bypassed by indirect excitation of the triplet states of the nickel(II) complex via the photoexcited rhodium biphenyl complex. Mechanistic studies suggest that the exceptionally long-lived triplet excited state of the Rh biphenyl complex used as the photosensitizer allows for efficient triplet energy transfer to trans-[NiF(ArF)(IMes)2], which leads to dissociation of one of the NHC ligands. This contrasts with the majority of current photocatalytic transformations, which employ transition metals as excited state single electron transfer agents. We have previously reported that C(arene)-F bond activation with [Ni(IMes)2] is facile at room temperature, but that the transmetalation step with B2pin2 is associated with a high energy barrier. Thus, this triplet energy transfer ultimately leads to a greatly enhanced rate constant for the transmetalation step and thus for the whole borylation process. While addition of a fluoride source such as CsF enhances the yield, it is not absolutely required. We attribute this yield-enhancing effect to (i) formation of an anionic adduct of B2pin2, i.e. FB2pin2-, as an efficient, much more nucleophilic {Bpin-} transfer reagent for the borylation/transmetalation process, and/or (ii) trapping of the Lewis acidic side product FBpin by formation of [F2Bpin]- to avoid the formation of a significant amount of NHC-FBpin and consequently of decomposition of {Ni(NHC)2} species in the reaction mixture.
We reported a highly selective and general photo-induced C-Cl borylation protocol that employs [Ni(IMes)2] (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazoline-2-ylidene) for the radical borylation of chloroarenes. This photo-induced system operates with visible light (400 nm) and achieves borylation of a wide range of chloroarenes with B2pin2 at room temperature in excellent yields and with high selectivity, thereby demonstrating its broad utility and functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the borylation reactions proceed via a radical process. EPR studies demonstrate that [Ni(IMes)2] undergoes very fast chlorine atom abstraction from aryl chlorides to give [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and aryl radicals. Control experiments indicate that light promotes the reaction of [NiI(IMes)2Cl] with aryl chlorides generating additional aryl radicals and [NiII(IMes)2Cl2]. The aryl radicals react with an anionic sp2-sp3 diborane [B2pin2(OMe)]- formed from B2pin2 and KOMe to yield the corresponding borylation product and the [Bpin(OMe)]•- radical anion, which reduces [NiII(IMes)2Cl2] under irradiation to regenerate [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and [Ni(IMes)2] for the next catalytic cycle.
A highly efficient and general protocol for traceless, directed C3-selective C-H borylation of indoles with [Ni(IMes)2] as the catalyst was achieved. Activation and borylation of N-H bonds by [Ni(IMes)2] is essential to install a Bpin moiety at the N-position as a traceless directing group, which enables the C3-selective borylation of C-H bonds. The N-Bpin group which is formed is easily converted in situ back to an N-H group by the oxidiative addition product of [Ni(IMes)2] and in situ-generated HBpin. The catalytic reactions are operationally simple, allowing borylation of of a variety of substituted indoles with B2pin2 in excellent yields and with high selectivity. The C-H borylation can be followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the C-borylated indoles in an overall two-step, one-pot process providing an efficient method for synthesizing C3-functionalized heteroarenes.
Persistent room-temperature phosphorence from purely organic molecules and multi-component systems
(2021)
Recently, luminophores showing efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have gained tremendous interest due to their numerous applications. However, most phosphors are derived from transition metal complexes because of their intrinsic fast intersystem crossing (ISC) induced by strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants of the heavy metal.
Metal-free RTP materials are rare and have become a promising field because they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes organic molecular materials with long triplet lifetimes at room temperature from the perspective of whether they stem from a molecular or multi-component system. Among purely organic phosphors, heteroatoms are usually introduced into the backbone in order to boost the singlet–triplet ISC rate constant.
In multi-component systems, useful strategies such as host–guest, polymer matrix, copolymerization, and supramolecular assembly provide a rigid matrix to restrict nonradiative pathways thus realizing ultralong RTP.
The 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazolate anion 1 was obtained in high yield from lithium imidazolate and B(CN)\(_3\)−pyridine adduct. Anion 1 is chemically very robust and thus allowed the isolation of the corresponding H\(_5\)O\(_2\)\(^+\) salt. Furthermore, monoanion 1 served as starting species for the novel dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion 3 that acts as ditopic ligand via the carbene center and the cyano groups at boron. First reactions of this new NHC 3 with methyl iodide, elemental selenium, and [Ni(CO)\(_4\)] led to the methylated imidazolate ion 4, the dianionic selenium adduct 5, and the dianionic nickel tricarbonyl complex 6. These NHC derivatives provide a first insight into the electronic and steric properties of the dianionic NHC 3. Especially the combination of properties, such as double negative charge, different coordination sites, large buried volume and good σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, make NHC 3 a unique and promising ligand and building block.
In this communication, we demonstrate a novel approach to prepare a discrete dimer of chiral phthalocyanine (Pc) by exploiting the flexible molecular geometry of helicenes, which enables structural interlocking and strong aggregation tendency of Pcs. Synthesized [7]helicene-Pc hybrid molecular structure, zinc-[7]helicenocyanine (Zn-7HPc), exclusively forms a stable dimeric pair consisting of two homochiral molecules. The dimerization constants were estimated to be as high as 8.96×10\(^6\) M\(^{−1}\) and 3.42×107 M\(^{−1}\) in THF and DMSO, respectively, indicating remarkable stability of dimer. In addition, Zn\(^{-7}\)HPc exhibited chiral self-sorting behavior, which resulted in preferential formation of a homochiral dimer also in the racemic sample. Two phthalocyanine subunits in the dimeric form strongly communicate with each other as revealed by a large comproportionation constant and observation of an IV-CT band for the thermodynamically stable mixed-valence state.
Based on the strand‐like coordination polymer (CP) type \(^{1}\)\(_{∞}\)[Ln(BSB)\(_{3}\)(py)\(_{2}\)], [BSB]−=bis‐salicylatoborate anion, mixed Eu/Tb‐containing compounds of the constitution \(^{1}\)\(_{∞}\)[Eu\(_{x}\)Tb\(_{1-x}\)(BSB)\(_{3}\)(py)\(_{2}\)] were synthesised ionothermally for a phase width of (x=0.25–0.75) and characterized regarding structure and optical properties. Previously, known only for other lanthanides, the mixed 1D−Eu/Tb‐CPs show excellent options for statistic replacement of the Ln‐cations during synthesis yielding solid solutions. The products are highly luminescent, with the chromaticity being a direct function of the amount of the respective Ln‐ions. Corresponding to an overall addition of emission intensities, the green Tb\(^{3+}\) emission and the red Eu\(^{3+}\) emission allow for a chromaticity control that also includes yellow emission. Control of the luminescence colour renders them suitable examples of the versatility of statistic replacement of metal ions in coordination chemistry. In addition, crystallization of [EMIm]\(_{2}\)[YCl\(_{5}\)(py)] illuminates possible other products of the ionothermal reactions of [EMIm][BSB] with LnCl\(_{3}\) constituted by components not being part of the main CPs.