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There is evidence that pheromones are communicative signals in animals. However, the existence and function of human pheromones are still under discussion. During the last years several substances have been labeled as putative human pheromones and especially 4,16–androstadien-3-one (androstadienone), found in male and female sweat, became subject of intense investigation. In contrast to common odors androstadienone presumably modulates human physiological and psychological reactions. Data suggest that androstadienone might influence the processing of visual cues, specifically faces or affective stimuli, via projections from the fusiform gyrus and the amygdala. Moreover, attentional processes may be modulated, which is supported by explicit and implicit behavioral data. This thesis includes three experimental studies examining effects of androstadienone exposure on behavioral and cortical reactions to visual and emotional stimuli. The main hypotheses were that androstadienone might influence human behavior to and perception of visual cues. The first study sought to clarify androstadienone effects on attention-related reactions as well as on behavioral tendencies. Motoric approach-avoidance reactions in response to happy and angry facial expressions were investigated in 30 women and 32 men. Participants either inhaled androstadienone or a control solution, without knowing the real content, while performing the following task: they had to push away or to pull towards them a joystick as fast as possible in reaction to either an angry or a happy cartoon face, which was presented on a computer screen. Results showed that androstadienone modulated the participant´s task performance by accelerating the reaction speed compared to the control compound. Faster reactions were observed particularly when reacting to angry faces but not when reacting to happy faces. This might be explained by the finding that human body odors, the source of androstadienone, were found to activate the human fear system, i.e. modulating fear-related attentional processes. Therefore, the quicker reaction towards angry faces with exposure to androstadienone could be due to an enhanced allocation of attentional resources towards fear-related cues like angry faces. Results also showed that androstadienone enhanced men´s approach tendency towards faces independent of emotional expressions. This observation might be explained by androstadienone´s former shown ability to improve attractiveness ratings of other persons. In this regard, the endogenous odor might enhance evaluations of faces in men and, thus, might improve their willingness to approach social stimuli. In contrast to men, women already showed in the control condition higher approach tendency towards faces. Therefore, androstadienone might rather maintain than enhance the approach score in women. In the second study event-related brain potentials (ERPs) triggered by social and non-social visual stimuli were investigated by means of electroencephalography. In a double-blind between-subjects design 51 women participated. Twenty-eight women inhaled androstadienone, whereas 23 women inhaled a control solution. Four different picture categories, i.e. real faces, pictures with couples, pictures with social and non-social scenes, each including three different valence categories, i.e. positive, negative and neutral, should clarify the stimulus type or context androstadienone is acting on. The androstadienone compared to the control odor did not influence brain responses significantly. Explorative analyses, however, suggested that androstadienone influences the processing of faces. While in the control group angry faces elicited larger P300 amplitudes than happy faces, the androstadienone group showed similar P300 amplitudes concerning all emotional expressions. This observation tentatively indicates that the endogenous odor might indeed affect the neuronal responses to emotional facial stimuli, especially late components reflecting evaluative processes. However, this observation has to be verified and further investigated, in particular whether androstadienone caused reduced responses to angry faces or enhanced responses to happy faces. The third study investigated androstadienone effects on face processing especially in men. ERPs elicited by happy, angry and neutral cartoon faces, which were presented on a computer screen, were measured while 16 men, not knowing the applicated odor, inhaled either androstadienone or a control solution. Exposure to androstadienone significantly increased later neuronal responses, the P300 amplitude. This belated component of the ERP reflects attention allocation and evaluative processes towards important stimuli. Therefore, androstadienone might facilitate central nervous face processing by enhancing attention towards these stimuli. In sum, the current results corroborate the notion of androstadienone as an active social chemosignal. In minute amounts and not detectable as an odor it influenced cortical and motoric reactions. Therefore, it might be concluded that androstadienone indeed affects cognitive functions like attentional processes and in turn affects our behavior. The current results further support the notion that androstadienone acts like a human modulator pheromone, namely modulating ongoing behavior or a psychological reaction to a particular context, changing stimulus sensitivity, salience and sensory-motor integration. However, these conclusions remain tentative until further replication takes place, best in ecologically valid environments. Furthermore, one has to keep in mind that the current studies could not replicate several previous findings and could not verify some hypotheses assuming communicative effects of androstadienone. Thus, the main assumption of this thesis that androstadienone is an active chemosignal is still challenged. Also, whether the term “pheromone” is indeed suitable to label androstadienone remains open.
Sprachaudiometrische Untersuchungen sind Voraussetzung für die korrekte Verordnung und Anpassung von Hörgeräten und Cochlea-Implantaten sowie der arbeitsmedizinischen Begutachtung von Minderungen der Erwerbsfähigkeit. Um das Kommunikationsvermögen im lärmbelasteten Alltag zu prüfen, eignen sich Sprachverständlichkeitsmessungen im Störschall. In dieser Arbeit sollten mit dem HSM-Satztest Normwerte zum Sprachverstehen im Störlärm an jungen Erwachsenen für Messungen an Hörgeschädigten ermittelt werden. Junge Erwachsene sind i.d.R. maximal konzentrations- und leistungsfähig sowie normal hörend. Ferner wurde überprüft, inwiefern sich das individuelle Antwortverhalten der Probanden und die Position der Satzgruppe auf das Sprachverstehen auswirken. Dreißig Probanden beiderlei Geschlechts im Alter von 20 bis 29 Jahren wurden zwischen beiden Ohren wechselnd digital aufgezeichnete, sinnvolle Sätze in Störschallpegeln von 60 und 80 dB dargeboten. Die getrennte Betrachtung der Ergebnisse bei 60 und 80 dB Störschall zeigte für den Bereich der Sprachverständlichkeitsschwelle ein signifikant besseres Sprachverstehen bei 80 dB Störschall. Hier war ein geringerer Sprachschallpegel zum fünfzigprozentigen Sprachverständnis erforderlich. Außerdem war bei gleichem Signal- Rausch-Abstand das prozentuale Verständnis höher. Die Befunde mit der binaural alternierenden Darbietung des HSM-Tests bestätigen entsprechende Vermutungen früherer Untersuchungen von Hörgeräteträgern und älteren Normalhörenden. Daher wurde nicht ein Artefakt des hier verwendeten Versuchsaufbaus gemessen. Forsches Antwortverhalten zeigte eine leichte, jedoch nicht signifikante Tendenz zu besser bewertetem Sprachverständnis. Unterschiede im Sprachverständnis in Abhängigkeit von der Position der Satzgruppe konnten nicht festegestellt werden. Die Definition der Norm mit diesem Testansatz, der Alltagsbedingungen im Labor simuliert, ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für präzise Diagnostik von Hörstörungen und ihre optimierte Behandlung.