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Mutations in the oncogenic PIK3CA gene are found in 10-20% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and are associated with poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and agonistic TRAIL death receptor antibodies emerged as promising anti-neoplastic therapeutics, but to date failed to prove their capability in the clinical setting as especially primary tumors exhibit high rates of TRAIL resistance. In our study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance in CRC cells with a mutant PIK3CA (PIK3CA-mut) gene. We show that inhibition of the constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway only partially overcame TRAIL resistance in PIK3CA-mut-protected HCT116 cells, although synergistic effects of TRAIL plus PI3K, Akt or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors could be noted. In sharp contrast, TRAIL triggered full-blown cell death induction in HCT116 PIK3CA-mut cells treated with proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib and MG132. At the molecular level, resistance of HCT116 PIK3CA-mut cells against TRAIL was reflected by impaired caspase-3 activation and we provide evidence for a crucial involvement of the E3-ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) therein. Drugs interfering with the activity and/or the expression of XIAP, such as the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase mimetic BV6 and mithramycin-A, completely restored TRAIL sensitivity in PIK3CA-mut-protected HCT116 cells independent of a functional mitochondrial cell death pathway. Importantly, proteasome inhibitors and XIAP-targeting agents also sensitized other CRC cell lines with mutated PIK3CA for TRAIL-induced cell death. Together, our data suggest that proteasome-or XIAP-targeting drugs offer a novel therapeutic approach to overcome TRAIL resistance in PIK3CA-mutated CRC.
Background: Different parameters have been determined for prediction of treatment outcome in hepatitis c virus genotype 1 infected patients undergoing pegylated interferon, ribavirin combination therapy. Results on the importance of vitamin D levels are conflicting. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of vitamin D levels before and during therapy together with single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in vitamin D metabolism in the context of other known treatment predictors has been performed.
Methods: In a well characterized prospective cohort of 398 genotype 1 infected patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin for 24-72 weeks (INDIV-2 study) 25-OH-vitamin D levels and different single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed together with known biochemical parameters for a correlation with virologic treatment outcome.
Results: Fluctuations of more than 5 (10) ng/ml in 25-OH-vitamin D-levels have been observed in 66 (39) % of patients during the course of antiviral therapy and neither pretreatment nor under treatment 25-OH-vitamin D-levels were associated with treatment outcome. The DHCR7-TT-polymorphism within the 7-dehydrocholesterol-reductase showed a significant association (P = 0.031) to sustained viral response in univariate analysis. Among numerous further parameters analyzed we found that age (OR = 1.028, CI = 1.002-1.056, P = 0.035), cholesterol (OR = 0.983, CI = 0.975-0.991, P<0.001), ferritin (OR = 1.002, CI = 1.000-1.004, P = 0.033), gGT (OR = 1.467, CI = 1.073-2.006, P = 0.016) and IL28B-genotype (OR = 2.442, CI = 1.271-4.695, P = 0.007) constituted the strongest predictors of treatment response.
Conclusions: While 25-OH-vitamin D-levels levels show considerable variations during the long-lasting course of antiviral therapy they do not show any significant association to treatment outcome in genotype 1 infected patients.
Adoptive Immuntherapien mit allogenen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen sind eine vielversprechende therapeutische Behandlungsstrategie für eine Reihe von hämatologischen Erkrankungen. Im Gegensatz zu konventionellen αβ T-Zellen sind allogene Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen in der Lage Tumorzellen MHC-unabhängig zu lysieren ohne eine „graft-versus-host“ (GvH)-Reaktion zu induzieren.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die in vitro Antileukämieantwort von HLA-inkompatiblen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen gegenüber primären AML-Zellen systematisch untersucht. Die antileukämische Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen wurde in einem durchflusszytometrisch-basierten Zytotoxizitätsassay bestimmt und mit der Oberflächenexpression Killer-aktivierender und inhibierender Liganden (z.B. NKG2D- und DNAM1-Liganden), KIR-Liganden-Inkompatibilität zwischen Patienten und Spender und intrinsischen AML-Merkmalen (Zytogenetik, Immunphänotyp, Chemotherapiesensitivität der AML-Blasten) korreliert. Die beobachtete Zytotoxizität war deutlich heterogen (2.91 %- 56.26 %). 37 % der AML-Zellen waren primär empfindlich bzw. 63 % refraktär gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. Die Suszeptibilität der AML-Blasten gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelierte mit der Oberflächenexpression von ULBP1 und CD112 und monozytärer bzw. monoblastischer AML-Differenzierung. Die antileukämische Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen war dagegen unabhängig vom KIR-Liganden-Status zwischen Patienten und Spendern, zytogenetischem Risiko und Chemotherapiesensitivität der AML-Blasten. Die Vorbehandlung der Leukämiezellen mit Aminobisphosphonaten (Zoledronat) führte, insbesondere bei myelo-monozytär-differenzierten AML-Zellen, zu einer signifikanten dosisabhängigen Steigerung der antileukämischen Aktivität von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. Die Empfindlichkeit von myelo-monozytär-differenzierten Leukämiezellen gegenüber Zoledronat bzw. Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelierte mit der Aktivität des Mevalonatmetabolismus. Dagegen zeigte die Mehrheit myeloblastischer AML-Blasten keine natürliche und nur geringe Aminobisphosphonat-induzierte Suszeptibilität gegenüber Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten biologische Merkmale von AML-Blasten identifiziert werden, die mit der Antileukämieantwort von Vγ9Vδ2 T-Zellen korrelieren.
In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Serumspiegel der antiretroviralen Medikamente Nevirapin, Efavirenz und Lopinavir bei 124 ambulanten HIV-Patienten der HIV-Ambulanz des Bugando Hospitals in Mwanza (Tansania) bestimmt. Sechs Patienten mussten ausgeschlossen werden, so dass letztlich bei 118 Patienten überprüft wurde, welche Serumspiegel sich zu zufällig gewählten Zeitpunkten während einer Routineuntersuchung einstellten und welche Einflussfaktoren sich auf die Serumspiegel auswirkten.
Insgesamt 11 % der Patienten, die NVP und EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Serumspiegel auf, die im subtherapeutischen Bereich lagen. 11 % der Patienten, die EFV eingenommen hatten, wiesen Spiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen. 26 % der Patienten wiesen hohe NVP-Spiegel > 6.000 ng/ml auf, die jedoch aufgrund fehlender Daten für einen oberen cut-off-Wert nicht eindeutig einzuordnen sind. Die Patienten, die LPV eingenommen hatten, wiesen suffiziente Serumspiegel auf. Der Großteil der Patienten lag somit in dem anzustrebenden Bereich der Serumspiegel.
Die häufigsten Gründe für Spiegel außerhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches waren eine eingeschränkte Adhärenz und wahrscheinlich Medikamenteninteraktionen mit Tuberkulostatika.
Die Serumspiegel von NVP waren bei subjektiv angegebener eingeschränkter Adhärenz signifikant niedriger (p=0,026) und auch signifikant häufiger subtherapeutisch (p=0,005) womit gezeigt werden konnte, dass schon eine einmalig vergessene Einnahme zu niedrigeren und sogar subtherapeutischen Spiegeln führen kann. Dieser Zusammenhang unterstreicht die ausgesprochene Wichtigkeit einer guten Adhärenz.
11 % der Patienten wiesen Medikamentenspiegel auf, die oberhalb des therapeutischen Bereiches lagen, welche aber nur selten mit Nebenwirkungen einhergingen. Im Falle von NVP konnte ein marginal signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen hohen NVP-Spiegeln und erhöhten GPT-Werten gezeigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Schwierigkeit, einen klaren therapeutischen Bereich zu definieren, und zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind, um den Nutzen von TDM zur Vermeidung von Nebenwirkungen zu klären.
Zwischen höherem Körpergewicht und niedrigeren EFV-Serumspiegeln konnte eine marginal signifikante negative Korrelation gezeigt werden, so dass bei Patienten mit sehr hohem oder sehr niedrigem Körpergewicht TDM sinnvoll erscheint.
Zusammenfassend scheint der routinemäßige Einsatz von TDM auch bei tansanischen Patienten nicht notwendig zu sein. Bei gewissen Patienten kann TDM aber sinnvoll sein, vor allem um subtherapeutische oder toxische Spiegel zu vermeiden. Hilfreich scheint der Einsatz von TDM bei Patienten mit Adhärenzproblemen, einer Komedikation mit Rifampicin und Isoniazid und eventuell bei über- oder unterdurchschnittlichem Körperwicht und EFV-Therapie sowie erhöhten Transaminasen unter NVP-Therapie.
Höheres Alter, Krankheitsprogression, auffällige CD4-Zellzahlen oder eine schon lange andauernde ART scheinen keine eigenständige Indikationen für ein TDM darzustellen, da die meisten Patienten mit diesen Kriterien suffiziente Serumspiegel aufwiesen.
Die signifikant niedrigeren Serumspiegel der eingeschränkt adhärenten Patienten in dieser Untersuchung im Vergleich zu Patienten, die gute Adhärenz angegeben hatten, unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit einer gründlichen Aufklärung der Patienten über die Notwendigkeit einer guten Adhärenz.
Evidence based clinical guidelines are implemented to treat patients efficiently that include efficacy, tolerability but also health economic considerations. This is of particular relevance to the new direct acting antiviral agents that have revolutionized treatment of chronic hepatitis C. For hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 interferon free treatment is already available with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin. However, treatment with sofosbuvir-based regimens is 10-20 times more expensive compared to pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV). It has to be discussed if PegIFN/RBV is still an option for easy to treat patients. We assessed the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2/3 with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting according to the latest German guidelines. Overall, 1006 patients were recruited into a prospective patient registry with 959 having started treatment. The intention-to-treat analysis showed poor SVR (GT2 61%, GT3 47%) while patients with adherence had excellent SVR in the per protocol analysis (GT2 96%, GT3 90%). According to guidelines, 283 patients were candidates for shorter treatment duration, namely a treatment of 16 weeks (baseline HCV-RNA <800.000 IU/mL, no cirrhosis and RVR). However, 65% of these easy to treat patients have been treated longer than recommended that resulted in higher costs but not higher SVR rates. In conclusion, treatment with PegIFN/RBV in a real world setting can be highly effective yet similar effective than PegIFN +/- sofosbuvir/RBV in well-selected naive G2/3 patients. Full adherence to guidelines could be further improved, because it would be important in the new era with DAA, especially to safe resources.
Invasive fungal infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy regimens. Early antifungal treatment is mandatory to improve survival. Today, a number of effective and better-tolerated but more expensive antifungal agents compared to the former gold standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are available. Clinical decision-making must consider results from numerous studies and published guidelines, as well as licensing status and cost pressure. New developments in antifungal prophylaxis improving survival rates result in a continuous need for actualization. The treatment options for invasive Candida infections include fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, as well as echinocandins. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, caspofungin, itraconazole, and posaconazole are available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Additional procedures, such as surgical interventions, immunoregulatory therapy, and granulocyte transfusions, have to be considered. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology here presents its 2008 recommendations discussing the dos and do-nots, as well as the problems and possible solutions, of evidence criteria selection.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is one of the most common pre-malignant disorders. IgG and IgA monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance are precursor conditions of multiple myeloma; light-chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of light-chain multiple myeloma; and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Clonal burden, as determined by bone marrow plasma cell percentage or M-protein level, as well as biological characteristics, including heavy chain isotype and light chain production, are helpful in predicting risk of progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to symptomatic disease. Furthermore, alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients result in an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis, infections, osteoporosis, and bone fractures. In addition, the small clone may occasionally be responsible for severe organ damage through the production of a monoclonal protein that has autoantibody activity or deposits in tissues. These disorders are rare and often require therapy directed at eradication of the underlying plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic clone. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical relevance of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We also give general recommendations of how to diagnose and manage patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
Background: Stimulation of CD40 can augment anti-cancer T cell immune responses by triggering effective activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although CD40 agonists have clinical activity in humans, the associated systemic activation of the immune system triggers dose-limiting side-effects.
Methods: To increase the tumor selectivity of CD40 agonist-based therapies, we developed an approach in which soluble trimeric CD40L (sCD40L) is genetically fused to tumor targeting antibody fragments, yielding scFv: CD40L fusion proteins. We hypothesized that scFv: CD40L fusion proteins would have reduced CD40 agonist activity similar to sCD40L but will be converted to a highly agonistic membrane CD40L-like form of CD40L upon anchoring to cell surface exposed antigen via the scFv domain.
Results: Targeted delivery of CD40L to the carcinoma marker EpCAM on carcinoma cells induced dose-dependent paracrine maturation of DCs similar to 20-fold more effective than a non-targeted control scFv: CD40L fusion protein. Similarly, targeted delivery of CD40L to the B cell leukemia marker CD20 induced effective paracrine maturation of DCs. Of note, the CD20-selective delivery of CD40L also triggered loss of cell viability in certain B cell leukemic cell lines as a result of CD20-induced apoptosis.
Conclusions: Targeted delivery of CD40L to cancer cells is a promising strategy that may help to trigger cancer-localized activation of CD40 and can be modified to exert additional anti-cancer activity via the targeting domain.
Background: The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility and safety of an adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical gamma delta T lymphocytes.
Methods: Patients with advanced haematological malignancies who are not eligible for allogeneic transplantation received peripheral blood mononuclear cells from half-matched family donors. For that, a single unstimulated leukapheresis product was incubated with both the anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies conjugated to paramagnetic particles. The depletion procedure was performed on a fully automated CliniMACS (R) device according to the manufacturer's instructions. On average, patients received 2.17 x 10(6)/kg (range 0.9-3.48) γδ T cells with <1% CD4-or CD8-positive cells remaining in the product. All patients received prior lymphopenia-inducing chemotherapy (fludarabine 20-25 mg/m(2) day -6 until day -2 and cyclophosphamide 30-60 mg/kg day -6 and -5) and were treated with 4 mg zoledronate on day 0 and 1.0x10(6) IU/m(2) IL-2 on day +1 until day +6 for the induction of gamma delta T cell proliferation in vivo.
Results: This resulted in a marked in vivo expansion of donor γδ T cells and, to a lower extent, natural killer cells and double-negative αβ T cells (mean 68-fold, eight-fold, and eight-fold, respectively). Proliferation peaked by around day +8 and donor cells persisted up to 28 days. Although refractory to all prior therapies, three out of four patients achieved a complete remission, which lasted for 8 months in a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. One patient died from an infection 6 weeks after treatment.
Conclusion: This pilot study shows that adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of haploidentical γδ T lymphocytes is feasible and suggests a potential role of these cells in the treatment of haematological diseases.
INTRODUCTION:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine care, and to monitor changes in daily practice since the introduction of RTX therapy.
METHODS:
This was a multicentre, prospective, non-interventional study conducted under routine practice conditions in Germany. Efficacy was evaluated using Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI). Safety was assessed by recording adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Physician and patient global efficacy and tolerability assessments were also evaluated.
RESULTS:
Overall, 2,484 patients (76.7% female, mean age 56.4 years, mean disease duration 11.7 years) received RTX treatment (22.7% monotherapy). The total observation period was approximately six-years (median follow-up 14.7 months). RTX treatment led to improvements in DAS28 and HAQ-DI that were sustained over multiple courses. DAS28 improvements positively correlated with higher rheumatoid factor levels up to 50 IU/ml. Response and tolerability were rated good/very good by the majority of physicians and patients. Mean treatment intervals were 10.5 and 6.8 months for the first and last 400 enrolled patients, respectively. Infections were the most frequently reported ADRs (9.1%; 11.39/100 patient-years); approximately 1% of patients per course discontinued therapy due to ADRs.
CONCLUSIONS:
Prolonged RTX treatment in routine care is associated with good efficacy and tolerability, as measured by conventional parameters and by physicians' and patients' global assessments. Rheumatoid factor status served as a distinct and quantitative biomarker of RTX responsiveness. With growing experience, physicians repeated treatments earlier in patients with less severe disease activity.
Objectives: Since diastolic abnormalities are typical findings of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), we hypothesized that speckle-tracking-imaging (STI) derived longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (LSRdias) could predict outcome in CA patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF >50%).
Background: Diastolic abnormalities including altered early filling are typical findings and are related to outcome in CA patients. Reduced longitudinal systolic strain (LSsys) assessed by STI predicts increased mortality in CA patients. It remains unknown if LSRdias also related to outcome in these patients.
Methods: Conventional echocardiography and STI were performed in 41 CA patients with preserved LVEF (25 male; mean age 65±9 years). Global and segmental LSsys and LSRdias were obtained in six LV segments from apical 4-chamber views.
Results: Nineteen (46%) out of 41 CA patients died during a median of 16 months (quartiles 5–35 months) follow-up. Baseline mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE, 6±2 vs. 8±3 mm), global LSRdias and basal-septal LSRdias were significantly lower in non-survivors than in survivors (all p<0.05). NYHA class, number of non-cardiac organs involved, MAPSE, mid-septal LSsys, global LSRdias, basal-septal LSRdias and E/LSRdias were the univariable predictors of all-cause death. Multivariable analysis showed that number of non-cardiac organs involved (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–3.26, P = 0.010), global LSRdias (HR = 7.30, 95% CI 2.08–25.65, P = 0.002), and E/LSRdias (HR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.54–5.79, P = 0.001) remained independently predictive of increased mortality risk. The prognostic performance of global LSRdias was optimal at a cutoff value of 0.85 S−1 (sensitivity 68%, specificity 67%). Global LSRdias <0.85 S−1 predicted a 4-fold increased mortality in CA patients with preserved LVEF.
Conclusions: STI-derived early diastolic strain rate is a powerful independent predictor of survival in CA patients with preserved LVEF.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the pathogenesis of acute GVHD, it has been established that donor-derived T-cells activated in the recipient play a major role in GVHD in initiation and maintenance within an inflammatory cascade. To reduce the risk of GVHD, intensification of GVHD prophylaxis like T-cell depletion is effective, but it inevitably increases the risk of infectious diseases and abrogates beneficial graft-versus-leukemia effects. Although various cytokines are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GVHD, GVHD initiation is such a complex process that cannot be prevented by means of single inflammatory cytokine inhibition. Thus, efficient methods to control the whole inflammatory milieu both on cellular and humoral view are needed. In this context, infectious diseases can theoretically contribute to an elevation of inflammatory cytokines after allogeneic HSCT and activation of various subtypes of immune effector cells, which might in summary lead to an aggravation of acute GVHD. The appropriate treatments or prophylaxis of bacterial infection during the early phase after allogeneic HSCT might be beneficial to reduce not only infectious-related but also GVHD-related mortality. Here, we aim to review the literature addressing the interactions of bacterial infections and GVHD after allogeneic HSCT.
The impact of imatinib dose on response rates and survival in older patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase has not been studied well. We analyzed data from the German CML-Study IV, a randomized five-arm treatment optimization study in newly diagnosed BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Patients randomized to imatinib 400 mg/day (IM400) or imatinib 800 mg/day (IM800) and stratified according to age (≥65 years vs. <65 years) were compared regarding dose, response, adverse events, rates of progression, and survival. The full 800 mg dose was given after a 6-week run-in period with imatinib 400 mg/day. The dose could then be reduced according to tolerability. A total of 828 patients were randomized to IM400 or IM800. Seven hundred eighty-four patients were evaluable (IM400, 382; IM800, 402). One hundred ten patients (29 %) on IM400 and 83 (21 %) on IM800 were ≥65 years. The median dose per day was lower for patients ≥65 years on IM800, with the highest median dose in the first year (466 mg/day for patients ≥65 years vs. 630 mg/day for patients <65 years). Older patients on IM800 achieved major molecular remission and deep molecular remission as fast as younger patients, in contrast to standard dose imatinib with which older patients achieved remissions much later than younger patients. Grades 3 and 4 adverse events were similar in both age groups. Five-year relative survival for older patients was comparable to that of younger patients. We suggest that the optimal dose for older patients is higher than 400 mg/day. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00055874
Despite evidence that deregulated Notch signalling is a master regulator of multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, its contribution to myeloma bone disease remains to be resolved. Notch promotes survival of human MM cells and triggers human osteoclast activity in vitro. Here, we show that inhibition of Notch through the γ-secretase inhibitor XII (GSI XII) induces apoptosis of murine MOPC315.BM myeloma cells with high Notch activity. GSI XII impairs murine osteoclast differentiation of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. In the murine MOPC315.BM myeloma model GSI XII has potent anti-MM activity and reduces osteolytic lesions as evidenced by diminished myeloma-specific monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)-A serum levels and quantitative assessment of bone structure changes via high-resolution microcomputed tomography scans. Thus, we suggest that Notch inhibition through GSI XII controls myeloma bone disease mainly by targeting Notch in MM cells and possibly in osteoclasts in their microenvironment. We conclude that Notch inhibition is a valid therapeutic strategy in MM.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Epidemiology, Clinical Course, Investigation, and Treatment
(2014)
Background: The global obesity epidemic has increased the prevalence of fatty liver disease. At present, 14% to 27% of the general population in the industrialized world has non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Methods: We review pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search of the PubMed database for the years 1995 to 2013.
Results: The term “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease” covers cases of a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from bland fatty liver without any inflammation and with little or no tendency to progress all the way to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammatory reactions and hepatocyte damage, with or without fibrosis. Some 5% to 20% of patients with NAFLD develop NASH, which undergoes a further transition to higher-grade fibrosis in 10% to 20% of cases. In fewer than 5% of cases, fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis. These approximate figures lead to an estimate of 0.05% to 0.3% for the prevalence of cirrhosis in the general population. About 2% of all cirrhosis patients per year develop hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of fatty liver disease can be suspected initially on the basis of abnormally high aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. The positive predictive value of an ultrasonographic study for mild steatosis is 67% at most. The NAFLD fibrosis score, which is computed on the basis of multiple parameters (age, body-mass index, diabetes status, ASAT, ALAT, platelet count, and albumin level), has a positive predictive value of 82% to 90% and a negative predictive value of 88% to 93%. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis but should be performed sparingly in view of its rare but sometimes life-threatening complications, such as hemorrhage. The treatment of NAFLD and NASH consists mainly of changes in lifestyle and nutrition.
Conclusion: NAFLD can, in principle, be reversed. This is only possible with weight reduction by at least 3% to 5%.
Background
The management of rectal cancer (RC) has substantially changed over the last decades with the implementation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, adjuvant therapy and improved surgery such as total mesorectal excision (TME). It remains unclear in which way these approaches overall influenced the rate of local recurrence and overall survival.
Methods
Clinical, histological and survival data of 658 out of 662 consecutive patients with RC were analyzed for treatment and prognostic factors from a prospectively expanded single-institutional database. Findings were then stratified according to time of diagnosis in patient groups treated between 1993 and 2001 and 2002 and 2010.
Results
The study population included 658 consecutive patients with rectal cancer between 1993 and 2010. Follow up data was available for 99.6% of all 662 treated patients. During the time period between 2002 and 2010 significantly more patients underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (17.6% vs. 60%) and adjuvant chemotherapy (37.9% vs. 58.4%). Also, the rate of reported TME during surgery increased. The rate of local or distant metastasis decreased over time, and tumor related 5-year survival increased significantly with from 60% to 79%.
Conclusion
In our study population, the implementation of treatment changes over the last decade improved the patient’s outcome significantly. Improvements were most evident for UICC stage III rectal cancer.
CCN family member 1 (CCN1), also known as cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), belongs to the extracellular matrix-associated CCN protein family. The diverse functions of these proteins include regulation of cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and survival/apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis and cellular senescence. Their functions are partly overlapping, largely non-redundant, cell-type specific, and depend on the local microenvironment. To elucidate the role of CCN1 in the crosstalk between stromal cells and myeloma cells, we performed co-culture experiments with primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent myeloma cell line INA-6. Here we show that INA-6 cells display increased transcription and induction of splicing of intron-retaining CCN1 pre-mRNA when cultured in contact with MSC. Protein analyses confirmed that INA-6 cells co-cultured with MSC show increased levels of CCN1 protein consistent with the existence of a pre-mature stop codon in intron 1 that abolishes translation of unspliced mRNA. Addition of recombinant CCN1-Fc protein to INA-6 cells was also found to induce splicing of CCN1 pre-mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Only full length CCN1-Fc was able to induce mRNA splicing of all introns, whereas truncated recombinant isoforms lacking domain 4 failed to induce intron splicing. Blocking RGD-dependent integrins on INA-6 cells resulted in an inhibition of these splicing events. These findings expand knowledge on splicing of the proangiogenic, matricellular factor CCN1 in the tumor microenvironment. We propose that contact with MSC-derived CCN1 leads to splicing and enhanced transcription of CCN1 which further contributes to the translation of angiogenic factor CCN1 in myeloma cells, supporting tumor viability and myeloma bone disease.
Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ist ein Mitglied der TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-Familie, dass über die rezeptoreigene Todesdomäne Caspase 8-vermittelt Apoptose induzieren kann. Dies geschieht entweder auf direktem Wege durch Aktivierung von Caspase 3 oder durch die zusätzliche, für den Untergang der Zellen essentiellen Stimulation des intrinsischen mitochondrialen Signalwegs. Abhängig von der jeweiligen Art der Apoptoseinduktion werden Zellen somit in Typ I oder Typ II unterteilt. Durch das Vorhandensein von antiapoptotischen Proteinen wie unter anderem Bcl-xL kann in Letzterem negativ regulierend auf den Signalweg eingegriffen werden (siehe Abb. 3). Während der Aktivierung des Fas-Signalweges kommt es zur Phosphorylierung der MAP-Kinasen JNK, p38-MAPK und ERK; dies alleine ist jedoch nicht ausreichend für die Induktion des Zelltodes und findet ebenfalls in apoptoseresistenten Zellen statt. Weiterhin wurde bei der Regulation entzündlicher Prozesse eine Beteiligung von Fas beschrieben18. Bedingt durch die hohe Dichte an Fas und seinem Liganden FasL auf T-Zellen nimmt es durch Apoptoseinduktion auf T-Zellen selbst oder deren Zielzellen indirekt auf verschiedene Formen entzündlicher oder immunregulatorischer Prozesse wie beispielsweise die Transplantatabstoßung Einfluss.
Seit vielen Jahren ist zudem bekannt, dass durch die Aktivierung des Fas-Signalweges auch nichtapoptotische Signalwege induziert werden können. Beispielhaft hierfür steht der NF-B-Signalweg, welcher letztendlich zur Transkription antiapoptotischer Zielgene führt. Auch hierbei kommt es Caspase 8-vermittelt zur Phosphorylierung von JNK, p38-MAPK und ERK, weiterhin scheint eine Aktivierung dieses Signalweges in Zusammenhang mit einer erhöhten Produktion von Interleukin 8 zu stehen49.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hat sich nun gezeigt, dass die Aktivierung von Fas sowohl durch die Aktivierung von Caspase 8 als auch durch unabhängige Mechanismen zur Aktivierung von JNK führt. Hierbei wurde durch Stimulation der apoptosesensiblen T-Zelllinie Jurkat mit dem vorvernetzten FasL die Phosphorylierung von JNK bei nativen
Zellen ebenso wie mit dem Caspaseinhibitor zVAD vorbehandelnden Zellen nachgewiesen.
Des Weiteren konnte in den wenig apoptosesensitiven KB-Zellen sowie in den transfizierten und somit apoptoseresistenten Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen ein caspaseabhängiger, jedoch apoptoseunabhängiger Signalweg zur Aktivierung von JNK nachgewiesen werden. Dieses Phänomen scheint vom Zelltyp abhängig zu sein. Die Stimulation der Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen führte nach Vorbehandlung mit CHX, das eine Todesrezeptor-vermittelte, verstärkte Caspase 8-Aktivierung bewirkt, zur Aktivierung von JNK, während im simultan durchgeführten Zytotoxizitätsessay das Überleben der Zellen bestätigt werden konnte. Bei Zugabe des Caspaseinhibitors zVAD konnte in den Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen kein phosphoryliertes JNK nachgewiesen werden, während in den KB-Zellen eine Aktivierung von JNK bei reduzierter Konzentration von zVAD mit jedoch bestehendem Apoptoseschutz, graduell stattfand.
Zuletzt wurde der Einfluss der JNK-Aktivierung auf die Interleukin 8 Produktion untersucht. Hierzu wurde die Interleukin 8 Produktion bei Colo 357 Bcl-xL Zellen unter Stimulation mit FasL gemessen und mit der Produktion nach Vorbehandlung mit zVAD verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich eine unveränderte Produktion von Interleukin 8, was einen JNK-unabhängigen Weg postuliert, da JNK, wie im Vorversuch gezeigt, in dieser Zelllinie durch zVAD inhibiert wird. Unter Zugabe des JNK-spezifischen Inhibitors JNKII kommt es jedoch zu einer deutlichen, aber Konzentrations-abhängigen Suppression der Interleukin 8 Produktion, was in direktem Widerspruch zu dem vorab bestehenden Ergebnis steht. Möglicherweise führt eine erhöhte Konzentration von JNKII zu einer Hemmung zusätzlicher Signalwege wie beispielsweise der des NF-B-Signalweges, was indirekt zu einer Beeinflussung der Interleukin 8-Produktion führt. Weiterhin könnte eine obligat gemeinsame Aktivierung des JNK und des NF-B-Signalweges zur Interleukin 8 Produktion notwendig sein.
The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia will relapse, and older patients often fail to achieve remission with induction chemotherapy. We explored the possibility that leukemic suppression of innate immunity might contribute to treatment failure. Natural killer cell phenotype and function was measured in 32 consecutive acute myeloid leukemia patients at presentation, including 12 achieving complete remission. Compared to 15 healthy age-matched controls, natural killer cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients were abnormal at presentation, with downregulation of the activating receptor NKp46 (P=0.007) and upregulation of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A (P=0.04). Natural killer cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients had impaired effector function against autologous blasts and K562 targets, with significantly reduced CD107a degranulation, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production. Failure to achieve remission was associated with NKG2A overexpression and reduced TNF-alpha production. These phenotypic and functional abnormalities were partially restored in the 12 patients achieving remission. In vitro co-incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blasts with natural killer cells from healthy donors induced significant impairment in natural killer cell TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production (P=0.02 and P=0.01, respectively) against K562 targets and a trend to reduced CD107a degranulation (P=0.07). Under transwell conditions, the inhibitory effect of AML blasts on NK cytotoxicity and effector function was still present, and this inhibitory effect was primarily mediated by IL-10. These results suggest that acute myeloid leukemia blasts induce long-lasting changes in natural killer cells, impairing their effector function and reducing the competence of the innate immune system, favoring leukemia survival.