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Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a methanolic extract of the Red Sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera and LC-HRESIMS-assisted dereplication resulted in the isolation of four compounds, three new cerebrosides, spiniferosides A (1), B (2), and C (3), and cholesterol sulfate (4). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of their 1D NMR and HRMS spectral data. Metabolic profiling of the H. spinifera extract indicated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, mostly hydroxy fatty acids, diterpenes, triterpenes, and cerebrosides. The isolated compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicities against the breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 displayed promising cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cells, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 13.83, 8.13, 8.27, and 35.56 µM, respectively, compared to that of the standard drug doxorubicin (IC\(_{50}\) 8.64 µM). Additionally, docking studies were performed for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 to elucidate their binding interactions with the active site of the SET protein, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which could explain their cytotoxic activity. This study highlights the important role of these metabolites in the defense mechanism of the sea cucumber against fouling organisms and the potential uses of these active molecules in the design of new anticancer agents.
Bioactivity-guided isolation supported by LC-HRESIMS metabolic profiling led to the isolation of two new compounds, a ceramide, stylissamide A (1), and a cerebroside, stylissoside A (2), from the methanol extract of the Red Sea sponge Stylissa carteri. Structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The bioactive extract’s metabolomic profiling showed the existence of various secondary metabolites, mainly oleanane-type saponins, phenolic diterpenes, and lupane triterpenes. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was tested against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and HepG2. Both compounds, 1 and 2, displayed strong cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC\(_{50}\) values at 21.1 ± 0.17 µM and 27.5 ± 0.18 µM, respectively. They likewise showed a promising activity against HepG2 with IC\(_{50}\) at 36.8 ± 0.16 µM for 1 and IC\(_{50}\) 30.5 ± 0.23 µM for 2 compared to the standard drug cisplatin. Molecular docking experiments showed that 1 and 2 displayed high affinity to the SET protein and to inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), which could be a possible mechanism for their cytotoxic activity. This paper spreads light on the role of these metabolites in holding fouling organisms away from the outer surface of the sponge, and the potential use of these defensive molecules in the production of novel anticancer agents.
Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) Den Hartog is a seagrass belonging to the plant family Cymodoceaceae with ubiquitous phytoconstituents and important pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities. In this work, a new ergosterol derivative named thalassosterol (1) was isolated from the methanolic extract of T. ciliatum growing in the Red Sea, along with two known first-reported sterols, namely ergosterol (2) and stigmasterol (3), using different chromatographic techniques. The structure of the new compound was established based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and by comparison with the literature data. The new ergosterol derivative showed significant in vitro antiproliferative potential against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, with IC\(_{50}\) values of 8.12 and 14.24 µM, respectively. In addition, docking studies on the new sterol 1 explained the possible binding interactions with an aromatase enzyme; this inhibition is beneficial in both cervical and breast cancer therapy. A metabolic analysis of the crude extract of T. ciliatum using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HR-MS) revealed the presence of an array of phenolic compounds, sterols and ceramides, as well as di- and triglycerides.
This thesis is divided into three parts with the main goal allocating novel antimicrobial compounds that could be used as future antibiotics. The first part aimed to evaluate the potential of plant suspension cultures for the production of antimicrobial proteins. The extracellular, intracellular and cell wall bound fractions of seven heterotrophic and photomixotrophic plant cell suspension cultures treated with nine different elicitors were tested for the elicitor dependent production of antimicrobial proteins. Bioactivities were tested against a selected panel of human isolates including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi using the disc diffusion assay. The intracellular fractions of elicited cell cultures were more active than extracellular fractions while the cell wall bound fractions showed lowest activities. Among the 21 fractions tested, the intracellular fraction of Lavendula angustifolia elicited with DC3000 was most active against Candida maltosa. The second most active fraction was the intracellular fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana elicited with salicylic acid which was moreover active against all test strains. The antimicrobial activity of elicited Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures was tested by bioautography to locate the antimicrobial proteins in the crude extract. The intracellular fraction of photomixotrophic Arabidopsis thaliana cells elicited with salicylic acid was selected for further gel filtration chromatography on S-200 column leading to the purification of one 19 kDa antimicrobially active protein, designated, AtAMP. Our findings suggest that elicited plant cell cultures may present a new promising alternative source of antimicrobial proteins. The second part comprises the isolation of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges and testing the bioactivities of new species for further investigations. Actinobacterial communities of eleven taxonomically different sponges that had been collected from offshore Ras Mohamed (Egypt) and from Rovinj (Croatia) were investigated by a culture-based approach using different standard media for isolation of actinomycetes and media enriched with aqueous sponge extract to target rare and new actinomycete species. Phylogenetic characterization of 52 representative isolates out of 90 based on almost complete sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA supported their assignment to 18 different actinomycete genera. Altogether 14 putatively new species were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2% to other strains in the NCBI database. The use of M1 agar amended with aqueous sponge extract yielded a putative new genus related to Rubrobacter which highlighting the need for innovative cultivation protocols. Biological activity testing showed that five isolates were active against Gram-positives only, one isolate was active against Candida albicans only and one isolate showed activity against both groups of pathogens. Moreover, the antiparasistic activity was documented for four isolates. These results showed a high diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges as well as highlighted their potential to produce anti-infective agents. The third part of the thesis focused on the isolation and structure elucidation of new bioactive compounds. Streptomyces strain RV15 recovered from sponge Dysidea tupha, was selected for further chemical analysis by virtue of the fact that it exhibited the greatest antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Candida albicans among the all tested strains. Moreover, members of the genus Streptomyces are well known as prolific producers of interesting pharmacologically active metabolites. Chemical analysis of the methanolic crude extract using different chromatographic tools yielded four new compounds. The structures of the new compounds were spectroscopically elucidated to be four new cyclic peptides, namely, cyclodysidins A-D. Their bioactivity was tested against different proteases, bacteria and Candida as well as tumor cell lines. The compounds did not show any significant activities at this point.
In dieser Dissertation wird beschrieben, wie es durch systematische Anwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden zur Herstellung und Modifizierung von Diamant gezielt und verlässlich möglich ist, die Eigenschaften von Diamanten zu beeinflussen. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch Variation der Parameter bei dem Wachstum von Diamant Einfluss auf dessen Morphologie und Eigenschaften genommen werden kann. Des Weiteren wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, mit dem die Oberfläche des Diamanten durch Ozon effizient oxidiert beziehungsweise reduziert werden kann. Um diese veränderte Oberflächenbelegung möglichst genau zu analysieren, wird im letzten Teil der Dissertation eine Methode zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analytik der Oberflächen von Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien beschrieben.
Tropische Infektionskrankheiten wie Malaria, Leishmaniose oder auch die Afrikanische Trypanosomiase sind aufgrund von zunehmenden Resistenzen der Erreger, globaler Erwärmung, aber auch von Versäumnissen in der Vergangenheit bei der kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung bestehender sowie der Erforschung neuer Medikamente auch im 21. Jahrhundert noch eine große Bedrohung für Millionen von Menschen. Die Suche nach neuartigen Wirkstoffen und deren Weiterentwicklung zu potenziellen Medikamenten ist daher zwingend erforderlich. Insbesondere Produkte des Sekundärstoffwechsels wie etwa die Alkaloide bilden wichtige Grundlagen als Leitstrukturen für pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe. Eine solche Klasse phytochemischen Ursprungs sind die Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide mit interessanten strukturellen Eigenschaften sowie pharmakologischen Wirksamkeiten. Einige Vertreter zeigen ausgeprägte In-vitro-Aktivitäten gegen protozoische Erreger wie Plasmodien, Leishmanien und Trypanosomen. Besonders die neuartige Unterklasse ionischer N,C-verknüpfter Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide, wie z.B. Ancistrocladinium A und Ancistrocladinium B, zeichnen sich durch gute antileishmaniale Wirkungen aus. In Vorarbeiten zeigten erste Studien zu Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungen (SAR-Studien) mit vereinfachten N,C-gekuppelten Arylisochinolinen, dass sich durch gezielte Strukturvariation die Aktivität gegen einen Erreger verbessern lässt. Zusätzlich wurde mit ersten Untersuchungen zum Wirkmechanismus dieser interessanten Verbindungen begonnen. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die kontinuierliche Verbesserung der analytischen Methoden inzwischen die schnelle und gezielte Suche nach neuen Verbindungen aus der Natur. Durch die Anwendung von Online-Analyse-Verfahren, wie z.B. die Kopplung von HPLC mit NMR und MS, gelingt die Aufklärung der Konstitution von Substanzen direkt aus Extrakten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Verbesserung der biologischen Aktivitäten der N,C-verknüpften Arylisochinoline durch strukturelle Derivatisierung sowie Beiträge zur Aufklärung des Wirkmechanismus mittels markierter Verbindungen. Zusätzlich sollten Naturstoffe unter Verwendung moderner HPLC-Kopplungstechniken untersucht und strukturell aufgeklärt werden.
Metabolic glycoengineering enables a directed modification of cell surfaces by introducing target molecules to surface proteins displaying new features. Biochemical pathways involving glycans differ in dependence on the cell type; therefore, this technique should be tailored for the best results. We characterized metabolic glycoengineering in telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC-TERT) as a model for primary hMSC, to investigate its applicability in TERT-modified cell lines. The metabolic incorporation of N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac\(_4\)ManNAz) and N-alkyneacetylmannosamine (Ac\(_4\)ManNAl) into the glycocalyx as a first step in the glycoengineering process revealed no adverse effects on cell viability or gene expression, and the in vitro multipotency (osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential) was maintained under these adapted culture conditions. In the second step, glycoengineered cells were modified with fluorescent dyes using Cu-mediated click chemistry. In these analyses, the two mannose derivatives showed superior incorporation efficiencies compared to glucose and galactose isomers. In time-dependent experiments, the incorporation of Ac\(_4\)ManNAz was detectable for up to six days while Ac\(_4\)ManNAl-derived metabolites were absent after two days. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the successful metabolic glycoengineering of immortalized hMSC resulting in transient cell surface modifications, and thus present a useful model to address different scientific questions regarding glycosylation processes in skeletal precursors.
Nach wie vor ist die Zahl der Malaria-Neuerkrankungen mit ca. 500 Millionen Menschen weltweit sehr besorgniserregend. Durch zunehmende Resistenzen der Erreger gegen zahlreiche Arzneimittel wird die Situation zusätzlich verschärft. Daher ist die Suche und Entwicklung neuartiger Medikamente wichtiger denn je. Die Natur ist immer noch das größte Reservoir an neuen Wirkstoffen, welche als Leitstrukturen für Arzneistoffe fungieren. In den letzten Jahren wurde eine große Zahl neuartiger, biologisch aktiver Naturstoffe identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihres Potenzials für eine pharmazeutische Weiterentwicklung analysiert. Die Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide gehören zu solch einer vielversprechenden Wirkstoffklasse, da sie sich v.a. durch ihre hervorragenden pharmakologischen Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Kürzlich wurden die ersten N,C-gekuppelten Naphthyldihydroisochinolin-Alkaloide, Ancistrocladinium A und B, entdeckt. Diese Verbindungen weisen als strukturelle Besonderheit eine außergewöhnliche Iminium-Aryl-Achse auf und besitzen zudem exzellente anti-infektive Aktivitäten, insbesondere gegen den Erreger der Orientbeule, Leishmania major. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war die Synthese neuartiger sterisch gehinderter und strukturell vereinfachter Naphthylisochinoline für weiterführende Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungen (SAR-Studien) und die stereochemische Analyse dieser Verbindungen. Zudem sollte eine Syntheseroute zu den neuartigen dimeren C,C-gekuppelten Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloiden Shuangancistrotectorin A und B entwickelt werden.
The one electron oxidation potential of ten TAAs with all permutations of Cl , OMe- and Me-substituents in the three p-positions were determined by CV. The half wave potential of the first oxidation wave correlates linearly with the number of Cl- and OMe-substituents. AM1-CISD derived values of the absorption energies are in good agreement with the experiments but differ strongly for the oscillator strengths as well as for neutral compounds and their corresponding mono radical cations. The small solvent dependence of the experimental UV/Vis spectra in CH2Cl2 and MeCN reflects a minor charge transfer character of the electronic transitions. The UV/Vis/NIR spectra of the series of TAAs and their corresponding radical cations and the AM1 computations reveal that even small substituents may lead to strong symmetry breaking and to a modified electronic structure. The spectroscopic properties of a series of four bis-TAA donor-bridge-donor X-B-X dimers, composed of two asymmetric TAA chromophores (monomers) were investigated. UV/vis-, fluorescence and transient absorption spectra were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding X-B monomers. The excited states of the dimers are described as MV states which show, depending on the chemical nature of the bridge, a varying amount of interactions. It was found that superradiant emission only proceeds in the case of weak and medium coupling. Whether the first excited state potential energy surface of the dimers is a single minimum or a double minimum potential depends on the solvent polarity and the electronic coupling. In the latter case, the dimer relaxes in a symmetry broken CT state. The [2.2]paracyclophane bridged dimer is an example for a weakly coupled system, because the spectroscopic behavior is very similar to the corresponding p xylene monomer. In contrast, anthracene as well as p-xylene bridges mediate a stronger coupling and reveal a significant cooperative influence on the optical properties. A series of [2.2]paracylophane bridged bis-TAA MV radical cations X-B-X+ were analyzed by a GMH three-level model which takes two transitions into account: the IV-CT band and the bridge band. From the GMH analysis, one can conclude that the [2.2]paracyclophane moiety is not the limiting factor which governs the intramolecular charge transfer. The electronic interactions are of course smaller than direct conjugation but from the order of magnitude of the couplings of the [2.2]paracyclophane MV species it can be assumed that this bridge is able to mediate significant through-space and through-bond interactions. From the exponential dependence of the electronic coupling V between the two TAA localized states on the distance r between the two redox centers, it was inferred that the HT proceeds via superexchange mechanism. The analysis reveals that even significantly longer conjugated bridges should still mediate significant electronic interactions, because the decay constant of a series of conjugated MV species is small. The absorption properties of a series of bis-TAA-[2.2]paracyclophane dications X+-B-X+ were presented. The localized and the CT transitions of these dications are explained and analyzed by an exciton coupling model which also considers the photophysical properties of the monomeric TAA radical cations. Together with AM1-CISD calculated transition moments, experimental transition moments and transition energies of the bis-TAA dications were used to calculate electronic couplings by a GMH approach. These couplings are a measure for interactions of the excited MV CT states. The modification of the diabatic states reveals similarities of the GMH three-level model and the exciton coupling model. Comparison of the two models shows that the transition moment between the excited mixed-valence states of the dimer equals the dipole moment difference of the ground and the excited bridge state of the corresponding monomer. Thianthrenophane (1) has a cavity which offers enough room to potentially enable endohedral coordination to small ions or molecules. For the complexation of silver(I) perchlorate, the complex stability constants of thianthrenophane logK1=5.45 and of thianthrene logK2=9.16 were determined by UV/Vis titration. Single competition transport experiments with ten metal salts demonstrate a very high selectivity of thianthrenophane as a carrier for silver(I) and a distinctly higher transport rate compared to carriers such as thianthrene and 14-ane-S4. Although the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the polymeric [Ag(1)]ClO4 shows an exohedral coordination to silver(I), the formation of an endohedral [Ag(1)]+ complex is suggested to be the explanation for the unusual carrier selectivity of silver(I) by 1 in bulk liquid membrane.
Merocyanine Dyes as Organic Semiconductors for Vacuum-processed Solar Cell and Transistor Devices
(2015)
The present thesis comprises the synthesis of new functional merocyanine dyes, the study of their electro-optical properties as well as solid state packing and their application as p-type semiconductor materials in transistor and solar cell devices. The absorption properties of the obtained compounds could be modified by variation of the donor unit, the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents in the acceptor unit or elongation of the polymethine chain. For a particular dye, the absorption band could be shifted by more than 160 nm by increasing the solvent polarity due to a conformational switch between a merocyanine-like and a cyanine-like structure. Single crystal analyses revealed that the studied dyes tend to pack either in an antiparallel fashion forming dimers with no overall dipole moment or in a staircase-like pattern where the dipole moments point to the same direction and are only balanced by another staircase oriented in the opposite direction (stair dimer). With respect to application as semiconductor materials, the latter packing arrangement resulted most favorable for charge carrier mobility. We concluded that this packing motif is preserved in the solar cell devices, where the selenium-containing dye afforded the highest performance of this series for an optimized planar-mixed heterojunction solar cell (6.2 %).
Mittels Laserblitz-Photolyse wurden die Triplettlebenszeiten sowie die Löschraten der Triplettzustände verschiedener Acetophenonderivate durch dG, 8-oxodG, DNA, molekularen Sauerstoff und die Ketone selbst bestimmt. Für AP-OAc, AP und BP wurden Triplettlebensdauern von 7-9 µs gemessen, während die Triplettzustände von AP-OH und AP-OtBu aufgrund alpha Spaltung deutlich kurzlebiger waren (ca. 1 µs); die alpha Spaltung konnte EPR-spektroskopisch durch Spinabfangexperimente mit DMPO und TEMPO belegt werden. Im Fall von AP-OMe wurde weder dessen Triplettzustand noch die Bildung von Radikalen detektiert, was auf einer schnell ablaufenden Norrish-Typ-II-Spaltung beruht. Aufgrund dieses photochemischen Verhaltens wurden die Ketone (mit Ausnahme von AP-OMe) in zwei Gruppen klassifiziert, nämlich die „Gruppe A“-Ketone (keine Radikalbildung) und die „Gruppe B“-Ketone (Radikalbildner). Während die „Gruppe A“-Ketone gegenüber niedrigen Konzentrationen von DNA (62.5 µM) inaktiv waren, verursachten die bei der Bestrahlung der „Gruppe B“-Ketone generierten Peroxylradikale, neben wenigen direkt induzierten Strangbrüchen, hauptsächlich die Guaninoxidationsprodukte 8-oxoGua und guanidinfreisetzende Produkte (GRP). Erst wenn die DNA-Konzentration zehnfach erhöht wird (625 µM), tritt bei der Photolyse der „Gruppe A“-Ketone auch DNA-Oxidation durch einen Elektronentransfer von der Guaninbase auf das angeregte Keton ein. Ein analoger Konzentrationseffekt wurde auch in der dG-Oxidation beobachtet, bei niedrigen Substratkonzentrationen sind nur die radikalbildenden „Gruppe B“-Ketone aktiv. Die Tatsache, dass in der dG-Oxidation durch die „Gruppe A“-Ketone kein 8-oxodG detektiert wurde, wurde auf dessen effiziente Oxidation durch dG•+-Radikalkationen zurückgeführt. Die „Gruppe B“-Ketone sind in Abwesenheit von O2 gegenüber dG und DNA oxidativ inaktiv, da die in der alpha Spaltung generierten kohlenstoffzentrierten Radikale keine Peroxylradikale bilden können. Die „Gruppe A“-Ketone sind gegenüber DNA in Abwesenheit wie auch in Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff genauso reaktiv, da der Elektronentransfer von DNA zum Keton unabhängig von Sauerstoff ist. Um mechanistische Einblicke in die oxidative DNA-Schädigung zu erlangen, wurden photochemische Modellstudien mit dem Nukleosid dG sowie 8-oxodG durchgeführt, wobei zusätzlich Spiroiminodihydantoin gebildet wird. Bis vor kurzem wurde die Struktur dieses Oxidationsproduktes als 4-HO-8-oxodG angenommen, dass zuerst in der dG Oxidation mit Singulettsauerstoff (1O2) beobachtet wurde. Weder Spiroiminodihydantoin noch 4 HO-8-oxodG sind als authentische Verbindungen bekannt, so dass eine zweifelsfreie Strukturaufklärung die Bestimmung der Konnektivität der markierten Positionen erforderte. Diese Zuordnung erfolgte mittels eines SELINQUATE-NMR Spektrums, mit dem schlüssig die 4 HO-8-oxodG-Struktur ausgeschlossen wurde. Wie alle „Gruppe B“-Ketone sind auch alle „Gruppe A“-Ketone in Abwesenheit von O2 mit Ausnahme von AP-OAc gegenüber dG inert. Dies ist ein Beleg dafür, dass der Elektronentransferschritt von dG zum Keton in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff (im Gegensatz zur DNA-Oxidation) reversibel ist und daher keine Oxidation möglich ist, wenn die Ketylradikale nicht durch O2 abgefangen werden. Das aus AP-OAc gebildete Ketylradikal besitzt als einziges einen effektiven unimolekularen Deaktivierungsweg, nämlich die Acetation-abspaltung, so dass die Reversibilität nicht mehr möglich ist.
Oxygen-centered radicals are important intermediates in photobiological, mechanistic and synthetic studies. The majority of precursors of reactive oxyl radicals are labile and thus delicate to handle. Therefore N-(alkoxy)-pyridinethiones and N-(Alkoxy)-thiazolethiones have attracted attention as "mild'' photochemical source of alkoxyl radicals, in the last few years. A disadvantage of the pyridine compounds, is their sensibility to daylight. Despite of their similarities, both molecules behave surprisingly different, if photolyzed in the absence of trapping reagents. The pyridinethione compounds undergo highly efficient radical chain reactions under such conditions while the corresponding thiazolethiones react surprisingly sluggish and give rise to several unwanted side products. The properties of both compounds should be understood and optimized in the frame of this work. Additionally new compounds should be suggested that can also be applied in the photochemical alkoxyl radical generation. Some background information about the generation and application of alkoxyl radicals is provided in chapter 2. Electronic excitations and UV/vis spectroscopy together with a description of quantum chemical approaches that are able to calculate such phenomena are outlined in chapter 3. Chapter 4 deals with the description of the vertical excitation spectra. During the validation CASSCF, CASPT2, TD-DFT and RI-CC2 were tested with respect to their ability to describe the vertical excitations in both compounds. The CASPT2 approach gives accurate descriptions of the electronic excitation spectra of all compounds. The time-dependent DFT results are very sensitive on the choice of the functional and a validation of the results should be always done. On the basis of these computations the spectroscopic visible absorption bands of both compounds were assigned to a pi-->pi* transition in the thiohydroxamic acid functionality. In chapter 5 the mechanism of the thermally and the photochemically induced N,O homolysis in both compounds is unveiled. The near UV-induced N,O homolysis will start from the S2 state. The expected relaxation from the S2- to the S1-state and the dissociation process is expected to be very fast in the case of the thiazolethione compound. The potential surfaces of the pyridine compound in contrast point to a slower N,O bond dissociation. Due to the resulting faster dissociation process the excess energy which results from the photochemical activation is quenched only to small amounts. The maximal possible excess energy of the fragments is lower and a quenching is much more likely in the case of the pyridinethione compounds. This explaines the different reactivities of both compounds. For the also already successfully applied precursor system N-(alkoxy)-pyridineones the computed dissociation paths show courses that clearly predict a slow bond dissociation process. Chapter 6 deals with the tuning of the initial excitation wave length of the known pyridinethiones und thiazolethiones. In the first part the effects of substituents on the thiazolethione heterocycle was examined. The UV/vis spectra of 4 and 5 substituted thiazolethiones can be interpreted like the spectrum of the parent compound. The second part of chapter 6 deals with the identification of a substitution pattern on the pyridine heterocycle which induces a blue shift of the photo active band. The computations showed that electron rich and electron poor substituents result the same effects on the electronic excitation spectra. These substituent effects are additive, but the steric orientation of the substituents has to be taken into account. Chapter 7 describes a computer aided design of new alkoxyl radical precursors. Combining the advantages of both compounds the radical formation should be initiated by an irradiation with light at about 350 nm, and the amount of side products during the radical formation process should be small. To achieve this 18 test candidates were obtained by a systematic variation of the parent compound of the thiazolethione precursor. To identify the promising new precursor systems a screening of the lower electronic excitations of all resulting 18 systems was performed with TD-DFT. For promising systems the N,O or P,O dissociation paths, respectively, were analyzed according to the developed model. N-(methoxy)-azaphospholethione and N-(methoxy)-pyrrolethione seem to be the most promising candidates. The computations predict a strong absorption at about 350 nm respectively 320 nm. Due to the amounts of maximal excess energy and the shapes of the potential surfaces of the N,O bond dissociation paths their reactivity should resemble more the behavior of the pyridinethiones.
In this work the energy transfer and excitonic coupling in different chromophore arrangements were investigated. A difference in the coupling strength was introduced by varring the connecting unit and the spacial orientation relative to each other.
The synthesis of the 2,7-substituted pyrene compounds could be optimised and good yields of HAB 1 and HAB 2 and small amounts of HAB 2 could be achieved by cobalt-catalysed trimerisation or Diels Alder reaction in the end. Absorption and fluorescence spectra reveal strong intramolecular interactions between the pyrene molecules in the HAB 1. Excitation spectra recorded at the high and low energy fluorescence suggest the contribution of two components to the spectra. One being similar to the ground state aggregate and a second species similar to undisturbed pyrene. All these feature can be accounted to two different fluorescent states which are due to electronical decoupling in the excited state. Due to the strong intramolecular coupling already in the ground state of the molecule, no energy transfer could be studied, as the six pyrene units cannot be seen as separate spectroscopic entities between which energy could be transferred.
In the second part of this thesis dye conjugates of different size and alignment were synthesised to study the interaction of the transition-dipole moments. Therefore a systematic investigation of Sonogashira conditions was performed in order to obtain good yields of the desired compounds and keep dehalogenation at a minimum level. Nevertheless only the symmetrical triads could be purified as the asymmeric triads and pentades proved to decompose during purification.
The pyrene containing triads Py2B and Py2SQB show small interactions already in the ground state represented by red shifts of the spectra and a broadening of the bands. Nevertheless, these interactions are in the weak coupling regime and energy transfer between the constituents is possible. On the contrary in the TA spectra it is obvious that always the whole triad, at least to some extend is excited. To question if the excitation of the high energy state is deactivated by energy transfer or rather IC in a superchromophore could not be distinguished in the course of this work. At present additional time-dependent calculations of the dynamics are in progress to get a deeper understanding of the photophysical processes taking place in the triads.
The dye conjugates B2SQB-3 and (SQB)2B-4 can be assigned to the strong interaction range and hence are describable by exciton theory. The transition-dipole moments proved to be more than additive and increase for both compounds from absorption to fluorescence. This can be explained by an enhancement of the coupling in the relaxed excited state compared to the absorption into the Franck-Condon state due to a more steep potential energy surface in the excited state and hence smaller fluctuations.
In the last part of this thesis the influence of disrupting electronical communication by implementing a rigid non-conjugated bridge in a bichromophoric trans-squaraine system was tested. While the flexible linked squaraines show complex spectra due to different conformers the SQA2Anth compound is rigified and no rotation is possible. This change in flexibility is represented in the steady-state spectra where just one main absorption and fluorescence band is present due to a single allowed excitonic state. The system proves to own an excited state that is completely delocalised over the whole molecule.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese geeigneter Modellsysteme für die Untersuchung gekrümmter Graphenfragmente. Dafür bot sich die Synthese von substituierten Pyracylenen an. Diese sollten in eine Aromatensphäre eingebunden sein, um so den Einfluss der Graphenumgebung zu simulieren. Ein geeignetes einfaches Untersuchungsobjekt stellt das Bisbenzo[d,j]pyracylen/ Dicyclopenta[fg,op]tetracen (10) dar. Auch die Einbettung in größere „Nanographene“ ist ein lohnendes Syntheseziel zur Untersuchung von Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen. Gegebenenfalls kann nach erfolgreicher Darstellung auch das Auftreten der Stone-Wales-Umlagerung untersucht werden. Das heißt, die Systeme sollen mit Hilfe der FVP auf ihr Vermögen zur Kohlenstoffgerüstumlagerung untersucht werden. Die folgende Abbildung zeigt die Zielmoleküle und mögliche Stone-Wales-Umlagerung. ...
Synthese einer Bibliothek von Aminosäure-basierten Oligopeptid-Amphiphilen mittels Festphasensynthese, deren kovalente Knüpfung an einen nukleophilen Kern zu C3-symmetrischen Sternmesogenen und die Analyse der Einflüsse der verwendeten Aminosäuren auf die Sekundärstruktur des synthetisierten Moleküls.
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In this thesis, the usage of onion-like carbon (OLC) for energy storage applications was researched regarding sustainability, performance and processability. This work targets to increase the scientific understanding regarding the role of OLC in electrodes and to facilitate a large-scale production, which is the foundation for commercial application. Research was devoted to increase the knowledge in the particular field, to yield synergistic approaches and a shared value regarding sustainability and performance.