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Institute
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (87)
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ResearcherID
- B-1911-2015 (1)
- C-2593-2016 (1)
- D-1221-2009 (1)
- N-2030-2015 (1)
- N-3741-2015 (1)
Anxiety is an affective state characterized by a sustained, long-lasting defensive response, induced by unpredictable, diffuse threat. In comparison, fear is a phasic response to predictable threat. Fear can be experimentally modeled with the help of cue conditioning. Context conditioning, in which the context serves as the best predictor of a threat due to the absence of any conditioned cues, is seen as an operationalization of sustained anxiety.
This thesis used a differential context conditioning paradigm to examine sustained attention processes in a threat context compared to a safety context for the first time. In three studies, the attention mechanisms during the processing of contextual anxiety were examined by measuring heart rate responses and steady-state-visually evoked potentials (ssVEPs). An additional focus was set on the processing of social cues (i.e. faces) and the influence of contextual information on these cues. In a last step, the correlates of sustained anxiety were compared to evoked responses by phasic fear, which was realized in a previously established paradigm combining predictable and unpredictable threat.
In the first study, a contextual stimulus was associated with an aversive loud noise, while a second context remained unpaired. This conditioning paradigm created an anxiety context (CTX+) and a safety context (CTX-). After acquisition, a social agent vs. an object was presented as a distractor in both contexts. Heart rate and cortical responses, with ssVEPs by using frequency tagging, to the contexts and the distractors were assessed. Results revealed enhanced ssVEP amplitudes for the CTX+ compared to the CTX− during acquisition and during presentation of distractor stimuli. Additionally, the heart rate was accelerated in the acquisition phase, followed by a heart rate deceleration as a psychophysiological marker of contextual anxiety.
Study 2 used the same context conditioning paradigm as Study 1. In contrast to the first study, persons with different emotional facial expressions were presented in the anxiety and safety contexts in order to compare the differential processing of these cues within periods of threat and safety. A similar anxiety response was found in the second study, although only participants who
Abstract
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were aware of the contingency between contexts and aversive event showed a sensory amplification of the threat context, indicated by heart rate response and ssVEP activation. All faces irrespective of their emotional expression received increased attentional resources when presented within the anxiety context, which suggests a general hypervigilance in anxiety contexts.
In the third study, the differentiation of predictable and unpredictable threat as an operationalization of fear and anxiety was examined on a cortical and physiological level. In the predictable condition, a social cue was paired with an aversive event, while in the unpredictable condition the aversive event remained unpaired with the respective cue. A fear response to the predictable cue was found, indicated by increased oscillatory response and accelerated heart rate. Both predictable and unpredictable threat yielded increased ssVEP amplitudes evoked by the context stimuli, while the response in the unpredictable context showed longer-lasting ssVEP activation to the threat context.
To sum up, all three studies endorsed anxiety as a long-lasting defensive response. Due to the unpredictability of the aversive events, the individuals reacted with hypervigilance in the anxiety context, reflected in a facilitated processing of sensory information and an orienting response. This hypervigilance had an impact on the processing of novel cues, which appeared in the anxiety context. Considering the compared stimuli categories, the stimuli perceived in a state of anxiety received increased attentional resources, irrespective of the emotional arousal conveyed by the facial expression. Both predictable and unpredictable threat elicited sensory amplification of the contexts, while the response in the unpredictable context showed longer-lasting sensory facilitation of the threat context.
Blanco, Ignacio ; Kuchenbaecker, Karoline ; Cuadras, Daniel ; Wang, Xianshu ; Barrowdale, Daniel ; Ruiz de Garibay, Gorka ; Librado, Pablo ; Sanchez-Gracia, Alejandro ; Rozas, Julio ; Bonifaci, Núria ; McGuffog, Lesley ; Pankratz, Vernon S. ; Islam, Abul ; Mateo, Francesca ; Berenguer, Antoni ; Petit, Anna ; Català, Isabel ; Brunet, Joan ; Feliubadaló, Lidia ; Tornero, Eva ; Benítez, Javier ; Osorio, Ana ; Ramón y Cajal, Teresa ; Nevanlinna, Heli ; Aittomäki, Kristina ; Arun, Banu K. ; Toland, Amanda E. ; Karlan, Beth Y. ; Walsh, Christine ; Lester, Jenny ; Greene, Mark H. ; Mai, Phuong L. ; Nussbaum, Robert L. ; Andrulis, Irene L. ; Domchek, Susan M. ; Nathanson, Katherine L. ; Rebbeck, Timothy R. ; Barkardottir, Rosa B. ; Jakubowska, Anna ; Lubinski, Jan ; Durda, Katarzyna ; Jaworska-Bieniek, Katarzyna ; Claes, Kathleen ; Van Maerken, Tom ; Díez, Orland ; Hansen, Thomas V. ; Jønson, Lars ; Gerdes, Anne-Marie ; Ejlertsen, Bent ; De la Hoya, Miguel ; Caldés, Trinidad ; Dunning, Alison M. ; Oliver, Clare ; Fineberg, Elena ; Cook, Margaret ; Peock, Susan ; McCann, Emma ; Murray, Alex ; Jacobs, Chris ; Pichert, Gabriella ; Lalloo, Fiona ; Chu, Carol ; Dorkins, Huw ; Paterson, Joan ; Ong, Kai-Ren ; Teixeira, Manuel R. ; Hogervorst, Frans B. L. ; Van der Hout, Annemarie H. ; Seynaeve, Caroline ; Van der Luijt, Rob B. ; Ligtenberg, Marjolijn J. L. ; Devilee, Peter ; Wijnen, Juul T. ; Rookus, Matti A. ; Meijers-Heijboer, Hanne E. J. ; Blok, Marinus J. ; Van den Ouweland, Ans M. W. ; Aalfs, Cora M. ; Rodriguez, Gustavo C. ; Phillips, Kelly-Anne A. ; Piedmonte, Marion ; Nerenstone, Stacy R. ; Bae-Jump, Victoria L. ; O'Malley, David M. ; Schmutzler, Rita K. ; Wappenschmidt, Barbara ; Rhiem, Kerstin ; Engel, Christoph ; Meindl, Alfons ; Ditsch, Nina ; Arnold, Norbert ; Plendl, Hansjoerg J. ; Niederacher, Dieter ; Sutter, Christian ; Wang-Gohrke, Shan ; Steinemann, Doris ; Preisler-Adams, Sabine ; Kast, Karin ; Varon-Mateeva, Raymonda ; Gehrig, Andrea ; Bojesen, Anders ; Pedersen, Inge Sokilde ; Sunde, Lone ; Birk Jensen, Uffe ; Thomassen, Mads ; Kruse, Torben A. ; Foretova, Lenka ; Peterlongo, Paolo ; Bernard, Loris ; Peissel, Bernard ; Scuvera, Giulietta ; Manoukian, Siranoush ; Radice, Paolo ; Ottini, Laura ; Montagna, Marco ; Agata, Simona ; Maugard, Christine ; Simard, Jacques ; Soucy, Penny ; Berger, Andreas ; Fink-Retter, Anneliese ; Singer, Christian F. ; Rappaport, Christine ; Geschwantler-Kaulich, Daphne ; Tea, Muy-Kheng ; Pfeiler, Georg ; John, Esther M. ; Miron, Alex ; Neuhausen, Susan L. ; Terry, Mary Beth ; Chung, Wendy K. ; Daly, Mary B. ; Goldgar, David E. ; Janavicius, Ramunas ; Dorfling, Cecilia M. ; Van Rensburg, Elisabeth J. ; Fostira, Florentia ; Konstantopoulou, Irene ; Garber, Judy ; Godwin, Andrew K. ; Olah, Edith ; Narod, Steven A. ; Rennert, Gad ; Paluch, Shani Shimon ; Laitman, Yael ; Friedman, Eitan ; Liljegren, Annelie ; Rantala, Johanna ; Stenmark-Askmalm, Marie ; Loman, Niklas ; Imyanitov, Evgeny N. ; Hamann, Ute ; Spurdle, Amanda B. ; Healey, Sue ; Weitzel, Jeffrey N. ; Herzog, Josef ; Margileth, David ; Gorrini, Chiara ; Esteller, Manel ; Gómez, Antonio ; Sayols, Sergi ; Vidal, Enrique ; Heyn, Holger ; Stoppa-Lyonnet, Dominique ; Léoné, Melanie ; Barjhoux, Laure ; Fassy-Colcombet, Marion ; Pauw, Antoine de ; Lasset, Christine ; Fert Ferrer, Sandra ; Castera, Laurent ; Berthet, Pascaline ; Cornelis, François ; Bignon, Yves-Jean ; Damiola, Francesca ; Mazoyer, Sylvie ; Sinilnikova, Olga M. ; Maxwell, Christopher A. ; Vijai, Joseph ; Robson, Mark ; Kauff, Noah ; Corines, Marina J. ; Villano, Danylko ; Cunningham, Julie ; Lee, Adam ; Lindor, Noralane ; Lázaro, Conxi ; Easton, Douglas F. ; Offit, Kenneth ; Chenevix-Trench, Georgia ; Couch, Fergus J. ; Antoniou, Antonis C. ; Pujana, Miguel Angel
While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood approach. The association of HMMR rs299290 with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers was confirmed: per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 - 1.15, p = 1.9 x 10\(^{-4}\) (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p = 0.043). Variation in CSTF1, located next to AURKA, was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs2426618 per-allele HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.16, p = 0.005 (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045). Assessment of pairwise interactions provided suggestions (FDR-adjusted p\(_{interaction}\) values > 0.05) for deviations from the multiplicative model for rs299290 and CSTF1 rs6064391, and rs299290 and TUBG1 rs11649877 in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Following these suggestions, the expression of HMMR and AURKA or TUBG1 in sporadic breast tumors was found to potentially interact, influencing patients' survival. Together, the results of this study support the hypothesis of a causative link between altered function of AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 and breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Division of labor represents a major advantage of social insect communities that accounts for their enormous ecological success. In colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, division of labor comprises different tasks of fertile queens and drones (males) and, in general, sterile female workers. Division of labor also occurs among workers in form of an age-related polyethism. This helps them to deal with the great variety of tasks within the colony. After adult eclosion, workers spend around three weeks with various duties inside the hive such as tending the brood or cleaning and building cells. After this period workers switch to outdoor tasks and become foragers collecting nectar, pollen and water. With this behavioral transition, workers face tremendous changes in their sensory environment. In particular, visual sensory stimuli become important, but also the olfactory world changes. Foragers have to perform a completely new behavioral repertoire ranging from long distance navigation based on landmark orientation and polarized-skylight information to learning and memory tasks associated with finding profitable food sources. However, behavioral maturation is not a purely age-related internal program associated with a change, for example, in juvenile hormone titers. External factors such as primer pheromones like the brood pheromone or queen mandibular pheromone can modulate the timing of this transition. In this way colonies are able to flexibly adjust their work force distribution between indoor and outdoor tasks depending on the actual needs of the colony. Besides certain physiological changes, mainly affecting glandular tissue, the transition from indoor to outdoor tasks requires significant adaptations in sensory and higher-order integration centers of the brain.
The mushroom bodies integrate olfactory, visual, gustatory and mechanosensory information. Furthermore, they play important roles in learning and memory processes. It is therefore not surprising that the mushroom bodies, in particular their main input region, the calyx, undergo volumetric neuronal plasticity. Similar to behavioral maturation, plastic changes of the mushroom bodies are associated with age, but are also to be affected by modulating factors such as task and experience.
In my thesis, I analyzed in detail the neuronal processes underlying volumetric plasticity in the mushroom body. Immunohistochemical labeling of synaptic proteins combined with quantitative 3D confocal imaging revealed that the volume increase of the mushroom body calyx is largely caused by the growth of the Kenyon cell dendritic network. This outgrowth is accompanied by changes in the synaptic architecture of the mushroom body calyx, which is organized in a distinct pattern of synaptic complexes, so called microglomeruli. During the first week of natural adult maturation microglomeruli remain constant in total number. With subsequent behavioral transition from indoor duties to foraging, microglomeruli are pruned while the Kenyon cell dendritic network is still growing. As a result of these processes, the mushroom body calyx neuropil volume enlarges while the total number of microgloumeruli becomes reduced in foragers compared to indoor workers. In the visual subcompartments (calyx collar) this process is induced by visual sensory stimuli as the beginning of pruning correlates with the time window when workers start their first orientation flights. The high level of analysis of cellular and subcellular process underlying structural plasticity of the mushroom body calyx during natural maturation will serve as a framework for future investigations of behavioral plasticity in the honeybee.
The transition to foraging is not purely age-dependent, but gets modulated, for example, by the presence of foragers. Ethyl oleate, a primer pheromone that is present only in foragers, was shown to delay the onset of foraging in nurse bees. Using artificial application of additional ethyl oleate in triple cohort colonies, I tested whether it directly affects adult neuronal plasticity in the visual input region of the mushroom body calyx. As the pheromonal treatment failed to induce a clear behavioral phenotype (delayed onset of foraging) it was not possible to show a direct link between the exposure to additional ethyl oleate and neuronal plasticity in mushroom body calyx. However, the general results on synaptic maturation confirmed my data of natural maturation processes in the mushroom body calyx.
Given the result that dendritic plasticity is a major contributor to neuronal plasticity in the mushroom body calyx associated with division of labor, the question arose which proteins could be involved in mediating these effects. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) especially in mammals, but also in insects (Drosophila, Cockroach), was shown to be involved in facilitating learning and memory processes like long-term synaptic potentiation. In addition to presynaptic effects, the protein was also revealed to directly interact with cytoskeleton elements in the postsynapse. It therefore is a likely candidate to mediate structural synaptic plasticity. As part of my thesis, the presence and distribution of CaMKII was analyzed, and the results showed that the protein is highly concentrated in a distinct subpopulation of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, the noncompact Kenyon cells. The dendritic network of this population arborizes in two calyx subregions: one receiving mainly olfactory input – the lip – and the collar receiving visual input. This distribution pattern did not change with age or task. The high concentration of CaMKII in dendritic spines and its overlap with f-actin indicates that CaMKII could be a key player inducing structural neuronal plasticity associated with learning and memory formation and/or behavioral transitions related to division of labor. Interestingly CaMKII immunoreactivity was absent in the basal ring, another subregion of the mushroom body calyx formed almost exclusively by the inner compact Kenyon cells and known to receive combined visual and olfactory input. This indicates differences of this mushroom body subregion regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling plastic changes in corresponding Kenyon cells.
How is timing of behavioral and neuronal plasticity regulated? The primer pheromone ethyl oleate was found in high concentrations on foragers and was shown to influence behavioral maturation by delaying the onset of foraging when artificially applied in elevated concentrations. But how is ethyl oleate transferred and how does it shift the work force distribution between indoor and outdoor tasks? Previous work showed that ethyl oleate concentrations are highest in the honeycrop of foragers and suggested that it is transferred and communicated inside the colony via trophallaxis. The results of this thesis however clearly show, that ethyl oleate was not present inside the honey crop or the regurgitate, but rather in the surrounding tissue of the honey crop. As additionally the second highest concentration of ethyl oleate was measured on the surface of the cuticle of forgers, trophallaxis was ruled out as a mode of transmission. Neurophysiological measurements at the level of the antennae (electroantennogram recordings) and the first olfactory neuropil (calcium imaging of activity in the antennal lobe) revealed that the primer pheromone ethyl oleate is received and processed as an olfactory stimulus. Appetitive olfactory conditioning using the proboscis extension response as a behavioral paradigm showed that ethyl oleate can be associated with a sugar reward. This indicates that workers are able to perceive, learn and memorize the presence of this pheromone. As ethyl oleate had to be presented by a heated stimulation device at close range, it can be concluded that this primer pheromone acts via close range/contact chemoreception through the olfactory system. This is also supported by previous behavioral observations.
Taken together, the findings presented in this thesis revealed structural changes in the synaptic architecture of the mushroom body calyx associated with division of labor. For the primer pheromone ethyl oleate, which modulates the transition from nursing to foraging, the results clearly showed that it is received via the olfactory system and presumably acts via this pathway. However, manipulation experiments did not indicate a direct effect of ethyl oleate on synaptic plasticity. At the molecular level, CaMKII is a prime candidate to mediate structural synaptic plasticity in the mushroom body calyx. Future combined structural and functional experiments are needed to finally link the activity of primer pheromones like ethyl oleate to the molecular pathways mediating behavioral and synaptic plasticity associated with division of labor in Apis mellifera. The here identified underlying processes will serve as excellent models for a general understanding of fundamental mechanisms promoting behavioral plasticity.
Basset, Yves ; Cizek, Lukas ; Cuénoud, Philippe ; Didham, Raphael K. ; Novotny, Vojtech ; Ødegaard, Frode ; Roslin, Tomas ; Tishechkin, Alexey K. ; Schmidl, Jürgen ; Winchester, Neville N. ; Roubik, David W. ; Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre ; Bail, Johannes ; Barrios, Hector ; Bridle, Jonathan R. ; Castaño-Meneses, Gabriela ; Corbara, Bruno ; Curletti, Gianfranco ; da Rocha, Wesley Duarte ; De Bakker, Domir ; Delabie, Jacques H. C. ; Dejean, Alain ; Fagan, Laura L. ; Floren, Andreas ; Kitching, Roger L. ; Medianero, Enrique ; de Oliveira, Evandro Gama ; Orivel, Jerome ; Pollet, Marc ; Rapp, Mathieu ; Ribeiro, Servio P. ; Roisin, Yves ; Schmidt, Jesper B. ; Sørensen, Line ; Lewinsohn, Thomas M. ; Leponce, Maurice
Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.
The main prediction of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) is that observation of humanlike characters that are difficult to distinguish from the human counterpart will evoke a state of negative affect. Well-established electrophysiological [late positive potential (LPP) and facial electromyography (EMG)] and self-report [Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)] indices of valence and arousal, i.e., the primary orthogonal dimensions of affective experience, were used to test this prediction by examining affective experience in response to categorically ambiguous compared with unambiguous avatar and human faces (N = 30). LPP and EMG provided direct psychophysiological indices of affective state during passive observation and the SAM provided self-reported indices of affective state during explicit cognitive evaluation of static facial stimuli. The faces were drawn from well-controlled morph continua representing the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). The results provide no support for the notion that category ambiguity along the DHL is specifically associated with enhanced experience of negative affect. On the contrary, the LPP and SAM-based measures of arousal and valence indicated a general increase in negative affective state (i.e., enhanced arousal and negative valence) with greater morph distance from the human end of the DHL. A second sample (N = 30) produced the same finding, using an ad hoc self-rating scale of feelings of familiarity, i.e., an oft-used measure of affective experience along the UVH' familiarity dimension. In conclusion, this multi-method approach using well-validated psychophysiological and self-rating indices of arousal and valence rejects for passive observation and for explicit affective evaluation of static faces the main prediction of the UVH.
Converging evidence from controlled experiments suggests that the mere processing of a number and its attributes such as value or parity might affect free choice decisions between different actions. For example the spatial numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect indicates the magnitude of a digit to be associated with a spatial representation and might therefore affect spatial response choices (i.e., decisions between a "left" and a "right" option). At the same time, other (linguistic) features of a number such as parity are embedded into space and might likewise prime left or right responses through feature words [odd or even, respectively; markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect]. In this experiment we aimed at documenting such influences in a natural setting. We therefore assessed number space and parity space association effects by exposing participants to a fair distribution task in a card playing scenario. Participants drew cards, read out loud their number values, and announced their response choice, i.e., dealing it to a left vs. right player, indicated by Playmobil characters. Not only did participants prefer to deal more cards to the right player, the card's digits also affected response choices and led to a slightly but systematically unfair distribution, supported by a regular SNARC effect and counteracted by a reversed MARC effect. The experiment demonstrates the impact of SNARC- and MARC-like biases in free choice behavior through verbal and visual numerical information processing even in a setting with high external validity.
Ramachandran, Sarada D. ; Vivarès, Aurélie ; Klieber, Sylvie ; Hewitt, Nicola J. ; Muenst, Bernhard ; Heinz, Stefan ; Walles, Heike ; Braspenning, Joris
Human upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes are proliferating hepatocytes that retain many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the application of second-generation upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes from four donors for inhibition and induction assays using a selection of reference inhibitors and inducers. CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were reproducibly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner and the calculated IC\(_{50}\) values for each compound correctly classified them as potent inhibitors. Upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes were responsive to prototypical CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inducers, confirming that they have functional AhR-, CAR-, and PXR-mediated CYP regulation. A panel of 11 inducers classified as potent, moderate or noninducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were tested. There was a good fit of data from upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes to three different predictive models for CYP3A4 induction, namely the Relative Induction Score (RIS), AUC\(_{u}\)/F\(_{2}\), and C\(_{max,u}\)/Ind\(_{50}\). In addition, PXR (rifampicin) and CAR-selective (carbamazepine and phenytoin) inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction, respectively, were demonstrated. In conclusion, these data support the use of second-generation upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes for CYP inhibition and induction assays. Under the culture conditions used, these cells expressed CYP activities that were equivalent to or higher than those measured in primary human hepatocyte cultures, which could be inhibited or induced by prototypical CYP inhibitors and inducers, respectively. Moreover, they can be used to predict in vivo CYP3A4 induction potential using three prediction models. Bulk availability of cells from multiple donors makes upcyte\(^{®}\) hepatocytes suitable for DDI screening, as well as more in-depth mechanistic investigations.
In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) becomes associated with a biologically salient event (unconditioned stimulus, US), which might be pain (aversive conditioning) or food (appetitive conditioning). After a few associations, the CS is able to initiate either defensive or consummatory responses, respectively. Contrary to aversive conditioning, appetitive conditioning is rarely investigated in humans, although its importance for normal and pathological behaviors (e.g., obesity, addiction) is undeniable. The present study intents to translate animal findings on appetitive conditioning to humans using food as an US. Thirty-three participants were investigated between 8 and 10 am without breakfast in order to assure that they felt hungry. During two acquisition phases, one geometrical shape (avCS+) predicted an aversive US (painful electric shock), another shape (appCS+) predicted an appetitive US (chocolate or salty pretzel according to the participants' preference), and a third shape (CS) predicted neither US. In a extinction phase, these three shapes plus a novel shape (NEW) were presented again without US delivery. Valence and arousal ratings as well as startle and skin conductance (SCR) responses were collected as learning indices. We found successful aversive and appetitive conditioning. On the one hand, the avCS+ was rated as more negative and more arousing than the CS and induced startle potentiation and enhanced SCR. On the other hand, the appCS+ was rated more positive than the CS and induced startle attenuation and larger SCR. In summary, we successfully confirmed animal findings in (hungry) humans by demonstrating appetitive learning and normal aversive learning.
The chloroform extract of Valeriana wallichii (V. wallichii) rhizomes was investigated to elucidate the structures responsible for reported antileishmanial activity. Besides bornyl caffeate (1, already been reported by us previously), bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in two additional cinnamic acid derivatives 2–3 with moderate leishmanicidal activity. The structure of a novel nepetolactone derivative 4 having a cinnamic acid moiety was elucidated by means of spectral analysis. To the best of our knowledge villoside aglycone (5) was isolated from this plant for the first time. The bioassay-guided fractionation yielded two new (compounds 6–7) and two known valtrates (compounds 8–9) with leishmanicidal potential against Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes. In addition, β-bisabolol (10), α-kessyl alcohol (11), valeranone (12), bornyl isovalerate (13) and linarin-2-O-methylbutyrate (14) were identified. This is the first report on the isolation of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (15), podophyllotoxin (16) and pinoresinol (17) in V. wallichii. In total thirteen known and four new compounds were identified from the extract and their cytotoxic and antileishmanial properties were evaluated.
León-Calvijo, María A. ; Leal-Castro, Aura L. ; Almanzar-Reina, Giovanni A. ; Rosas-Pérez, Jaiver E. ; García-Castañeda, Javier E. ; Rivera-Monroy, Zuly J.
Peptides derived from human and bovine lactoferricin were designed, synthesized, purified, and characterized using RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. Specific changes in the sequences were designed as (i) the incorporation of unnatural amino acids in the sequence, the (ii) reduction or (iii) elongation of the peptide chain length, and (iv) synthesis of molecules with different number of branches containing the same sequence. For each peptide, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was evaluated. Our results showed that Peptides I.2 (RWQWRWQWR) and I.4 ((RRWQWR)\(_{4}\)K\(_{2}\)Ahx\(_{2}\)C\(_{2}\)) exhibit bigger or similar activity against E. coli (MIC 4-33 μM) and E. faecalis (MIC 10-33 μM) when they were compared with lactoferricin protein (LF) and some of its derivate peptides as II.1 (FKCRRWQWRMKKLGA) and IV.1 (FKCRRWQWRMKKLGAPSITCVRRAE). It should be pointed out that Peptides I.2 and I.4, containing the RWQWR motif, are short and easy to synthesize; our results demonstrate that it is possible to design and obtain synthetic peptides that exhibit enhanced antibacterial activity using a methodology that is fast and low-cost and that allows obtaining products with a high degree of purity and high yield.
Bornyl caffeate (1) was previously isolated by us from Valeriana (V.) wallichii rhizomes and identified as an anti-leishmanial substance. Here, we screened a small compound library of synthesized derivatives 1–30 for activity against schistosomula of Schistosoma (S.) mansoni. Compound 1 did not show any anti-schistosomal activity. However, strong phenotypic changes, including the formation of vacuoles, degeneration and death were observed after in vitro treatment with compounds 23 (thymyl cinnamate) and 27 (eugenyl cinnamate). Electron microscopy analysis of the induced vacuoles in the dying parasites suggests that 23 and 27 interfere with autophagy.
This review outlines the most frequently used rodent stroke models and discusses their strengths and shortcomings. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not feasible because ischemic stroke in humans is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex pathophysiology. The transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model is one of the models that most closely simulate human ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this model is characterized by reliable and well-reproducible infarcts. Therefore, the MCAo model has been involved in the majority of studies that address pathophysiological processes or neuroprotective agents. Another model uses thromboembolic clots and thus is more convenient for investigating thrombolytic agents and pathophysiological processes after thrombolysis. However, for many reasons, preclinical stroke research has a low translational success rate. One factor might be the choice of stroke model. Whereas the therapeutic responsiveness of permanent focal stroke in humans declines significantly within 3 hours after stroke onset, the therapeutic window in animal models with prompt reperfusion is up to 12 hours, resulting in a much longer action time of the investigated agent. Another major problem of animal stroke models is that studies are mostly conducted in young animals without any comorbidity. These models differ from human stroke, which particularly affects elderly people who have various cerebrovascular risk factors. Choosing the most appropriate stroke model and optimizing the study design of preclinical trials might increase the translational potential of animal stroke models.
Analysis of discretization schemes for Fokker-Planck equations and related optimality systems
(2015)
The Fokker-Planck (FP) equation is a fundamental model in thermodynamic kinetic theories and
statistical mechanics.
In general, the FP equation appears in a number of different fields in natural sciences, for instance in solid-state physics, quantum optics, chemical physics, theoretical biology, and circuit theory. These equations also provide a powerful mean to define
robust control strategies for random models. The FP equations are partial differential equations (PDE) describing the time evolution of the probability density function (PDF) of stochastic processes.
These equations are of different types depending on the underlying stochastic process.
In particular, they are parabolic PDEs for the PDF of Ito processes, and hyperbolic PDEs for piecewise deterministic processes (PDP).
A fundamental axiom of probability calculus requires that the integral of the PDF over all the allowable state space must be equal to one, for all time. Therefore, for the purpose of accurate numerical simulation, a discretized FP equation must guarantee conservativeness of the total probability. Furthermore, since the
solution of the FP equation represents a probability density, any numerical scheme that approximates the FP equation is required to guarantee the positivity of the solution. In addition, an approximation scheme must be accurate and stable.
For these purposes, for parabolic FP equations on bounded domains, we investigate the Chang-Cooper (CC) scheme for space discretization and first- and
second-order backward time differencing. We prove that the resulting
space-time discretization schemes are accurate, conditionally stable, conservative, and preserve positivity.
Further, we discuss a finite difference discretization for the FP system corresponding to a PDP process in a bounded domain.
Next, we discuss FP equations in unbounded domains.
In this case, finite-difference or finite-element methods cannot be applied. By employing a suitable set of basis functions, spectral methods allow to treat unbounded domains. Since FP solutions decay exponentially at infinity, we consider Hermite functions as basis functions, which are Hermite polynomials multiplied by a Gaussian.
To this end, the Hermite spectral discretization is applied
to two different FP equations; the parabolic PDE corresponding to Ito processes, and the system of hyperbolic PDEs corresponding to a PDP process. The resulting discretized schemes are analyzed. Stability and spectral accuracy of the Hermite spectral discretization of the FP problems is proved. Furthermore, we investigate the conservativity of the solutions of FP equations discretized with the Hermite spectral scheme.
In the last part of this thesis, we discuss optimal control problems governed by FP equations on the characterization of their solution by optimality systems. We then investigate the Hermite spectral discretization of FP optimality systems in unbounded domains.
Within the framework of Hermite discretization, we obtain sparse-band systems of ordinary differential equations. We analyze the accuracy of the discretization schemes by showing spectral convergence in approximating the state, the adjoint, and the control variables that appear in the FP optimality systems.
To validate our theoretical estimates, we present results of numerical experiments.
Analysis of a multi-component multi-stage malaria vaccine candidate—tackling the cocktail challenge
(2015)
Boes, Alexander ; Spiegel, Holger ; Voepel, Nadja ; Edgue, Gueven ; Beiss, Veronique ; Kapelski, Stephanie ; Fendel, Rolf ; Scheuermayer, Matthias ; Pradel, Gabriele ; Bolscher, Judith M. ; Behet, Marije C. ; Dechering, Koen J. ; Hermsen, Cornelus C. ; Sauerwein, Robert W. ; Schillberg, Stefan ; Reimann, Andreas ; Fischer, Rainer
Combining key antigens from the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle in the context of a multi-stage-specific cocktail offers a promising approach towards the development of a malaria vaccine ideally capable of preventing initial infection, the clinical manifestation as well as the transmission of the disease. To investigate the potential of such an approach we combined proteins and domains (11 in total) from the pre-erythrocytic, blood and sexual stages of P. falciparum into a cocktail of four different components recombinantly produced in plants. After immunization of rabbits we determined the domain-specific antibody titers as well as component-specific antibody concentrations and correlated them with stage specific in vitro efficacy. Using purified rabbit immune IgG we observed strong inhibition in functional in vitro assays addressing the pre-erythrocytic (up to 80%), blood (up to 90%) and sexual parasite stages (100%). Based on the component-specific antibody concentrations we calculated the IC50 values for the pre-erythrocytic stage (17–25 μg/ml), the blood stage (40–60 μg/ml) and the sexual stage (1.75 μg/ml). While the results underline the feasibility of a multi-stage vaccine cocktail, the analysis of component-specific efficacy indicates significant differences in IC50 requirements for stage-specific antibody concentrations providing valuable insights into this complex scenario and will thereby improve future approaches towards malaria vaccine cocktail development regarding the selection of suitable antigens and the ratios of components, to fine tune overall and stage-specific efficacy.
The gene encoding the LIM and SH3 domain protein (LASP1) was cloned two decades ago from a cDNA library of breast cancer metastases. As the first protein of a class comprising one N-terminal LIM and one C-terminal SH3 domain, LASP1 founded a new LIM-protein subfamily of the nebulin group. Since its discovery LASP1 proved to be an extremely versatile protein because of its exceptional structure allowing interaction with various binding partners, its ubiquitous expression in normal tissues, albeit with distinct expression patterns, and its ability to transmit signals from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. As a result, LASP1 plays key roles in cell structure, physiological processes, and cell signaling. Furthermore, LASP1 overexpression contributes to cancer aggressiveness hinting to a potential value of LASP1 as a cancer biomarker. In this review we summarize published data on structure, regulation, function, and expression pattern of LASP1, with a focus on its role in human cancer and as a biomarker protein. In addition, we provide a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of published microarrays (n=2,780) that illustrates the expression profile of LASP1 in normal tissues and its overexpression in a broad range of human cancer entities.
An Overview of the Regional Experiments for Land-atmosphere Exchanges 2012 (REFLEX 2012) Campaign
(2015)
Timmermans, Wim J. ; van der Tol, Christiaan ; Timmermans, Joris ; Ucer, Murat ; Chen, Xuelong ; Alonso, Luis ; Moreno, Jose ; Carrara, Arnaud ; Lopez, Ramon ; Fernando de la Cruz, Tercero ; Corcoles, Horacio L. ; de Miguel, Eduardo ; Sanchez, Jose A. G. ; Perez, Irene ; Belen, Perez ; Munoz, Juan-Carlos J. ; Skokovic, Drazen ; Sobrino, Jose ; Soria, Guillem ; MacArthur, Alasdair ; Vescovo, Loris ; Reusen, Ils ; Andreu, Ana ; Burkart, Andreas ; Cilia, Chiara ; Contreras, Sergio ; Corbari, Chiara ; Calleja, Javier F. ; Guzinski, Radoslaw ; Hellmann, Christine ; Herrmann, Ittai ; Kerr, Gregoire ; Lazar, Adina-Laura ; Leutner, Benjamin ; Mendiguren, Gorka ; Nasilowska, Sylwia ; Nieto, Hector ; Pachego-Labrador, Javier ; Pulanekar, Survana ; Raj, Rahul ; Schikling, Anke ; Siegmann, Bastian ; von Bueren, Stefanie ; Su, Zhongbo (Bob)
The REFLEX 2012 campaign was initiated as part of a training course on the organization of an airborne campaign to support advancement of the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction processes. This article describes the campaign, its objectives and observations, remote as well as in situ. The observations took place at the experimental Las Tiesas farm in an agricultural area in the south of Spain. During the period of ten days, measurements were made to capture the main processes controlling the local and regional land-atmosphere exchanges. Apart from multi-temporal, multi-directional and multi-spatial space-borne and airborne observations, measurements of the local meteorology, energy fluxes, soil temperature profiles, soil moisture profiles, surface temperature, canopy structure as well as leaf-level measurements were carried out. Additional thermo-dynamical monitoring took place at selected sites. After presenting the different types of measurements, some examples are given to illustrate the potential of the observations made.
Blein, Sophie ; Bardel, Claire ; Danjean, Vincent ; McGuffog, Lesley ; Healay, Sue ; Barrowdale, Daniel ; Lee, Andrew ; Dennis, Joe ; Kuchenbaecker, Karoline B. ; Soucy, Penny ; Terry, Mary Beth ; Chung, Wendy K. ; Goldgar, David E. ; Buys, Saundra S. ; Janavicius, Ramunas ; Tihomirova, Laima ; Tung, Nadine ; Dorfling, Cecilia M. ; van Rensburg, Elizabeth J. ; Neuhausen, Susan L. ; Ding, Yuan Chun ; Gerdes, Anne-Marie ; Ejlertsen, Bent ; Nielsen, Finn C. ; Hansen, Thomas V. O. ; Osorio, Ana ; Benitez, Javier ; Andreas Conejero, Raquel ; Segota, Ena ; Weitzel, Jeffrey N. ; Thelander, Margo ; Peterlongo, Paolo ; Radice, Paolo ; Pensotti, Valeria ; Dolcetti, Riccardo ; Bonanni, Bernardo ; Peissel, Bernard ; Zaffaroni, Daniela ; Scuvera, Giulietta ; Manoukian, Siranoush ; Varesco, Liliana ; Capone, Gabriele L. ; Papi, Laura ; Ottini, Laura ; Yannoukakos, Drakoulis ; Konstantopoulou, Irene ; Garber, Judy ; Hamann, Ute ; Donaldson, Alan ; Brady, Angela ; Brewer, Carole ; Foo, Claire ; Evans, D. Gareth ; Frost, Debra ; Eccles, Diana ; Douglas, Fiona ; Cook, Jackie ; Adlard, Julian ; Barwell, Julian ; Walker, Lisa ; Izatt, Louise ; Side, Lucy E. ; Kennedy, M. John ; Tischkowitz, Marc ; Rogers, Mark T. ; Porteous, Mary E. ; Morrison, Patrick J. ; Platte, Radka ; Eeles, Ros ; Davidson, Rosemarie ; Hodgson, Shirley ; Cole, Trevor ; Godwin, Andrew K ; Isaacs, Claudine ; Claes, Kathleen ; De Leeneer, Kim ; Meindl, Alfons ; Gehrig, Andrea ; Wappenschmidt, Barbara ; Sutter, Christian ; Engel, Christoph ; Niederacher, Dieter ; Steinemann, Doris ; Plendl, Hansjoerg ; Kast, Karin ; Rhiem, Kerstin ; Ditsch, Nina ; Arnold, Norbert ; Varon-Mateeva, Raymonda ; Schmutzler, Rita K. ; Preisler-Adams, Sabine ; Markov, Nadja Bogdanova ; Wang-Gohrke, Shan ; de Pauw, Antoine ; Lefol, Cedrick ; Lasset, Christine ; Leroux, Dominique ; Rouleau, Etienne ; Damiola, Francesca ; Dreyfus, Helene ; Barjhoux, Laure ; Golmard, Lisa ; Uhrhammer, Nancy ; Bonadona, Valerie ; Sornin, Valerie ; Bignon, Yves-Jean ; Carter, Jonathan ; Van Le, Linda ; Piedmonte, Marion ; DiSilvestro, Paul A. ; de la Hoya, Miguel ; Caldes, Trinidad ; Nevanlinna, Heli ; Aittomäki, Kristiina ; Jager, Agnes ; van den Ouweland, Ans M. W. ; Kets, Carolien M. ; Aalfs, Cora M. ; van Leeuwen, Flora E. ; Hogervorst, Frans B. L. ; Meijers-Heijboer, Hanne E. J. ; Oosterwijk, Jan C. ; van Roozendaal, Kees E. P. ; Rookus, Matti A. ; Devilee, Peter ; van der Luijt, Rob B. ; Olah, Edith ; Diez, Orland ; Teule, Alex ; Lazaro, Conxi ; Blanco, Ignacio ; Del Valle, Jesus ; Jakubowska, Anna ; Sukiennicki, Grzegorz ; Gronwald, Jacek ; Spurdle, Amanda B. ; Foulkes, William ; Olswold, Curtis ; Lindor, Noralene M. ; Pankratz, Vernon S. ; Szabo, Csilla I. ; Lincoln, Anne ; Jacobs, Lauren ; Corines, Marina ; Robson, Mark ; Vijai, Joseph ; Berger, Andreas ; Fink-Retter, Anneliese ; Singer, Christian F. ; Rappaport, Christine ; Geschwantler Kaulich, Daphne ; Pfeiler, Georg ; Tea, Muy-Kheng ; Greene, Mark H. ; Mai, Phuong L. ; Rennert, Gad ; Imyanitov, Evgeny N. ; Mulligan, Anna Marie ; Glendon, Gord ; Andrulis, Irene L. ; Tchatchou, Andrine ; Toland, Amanda Ewart ; Pedersen, Inge Sokilde ; Thomassen, Mads ; Kruse, Torben A. ; Jensen, Uffe Birk ; Caligo, Maria A. ; Friedman, Eitan ; Zidan, Jamal ; Laitman, Yael ; Lindblom, Annika ; Melin, Beatrice ; Arver, Brita ; Loman, Niklas ; Rosenquist, Richard ; Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. ; Nussbaum, Robert L. ; Ramus, Susan J. ; Nathanson, Katherine L. ; Domchek, Susan M. ; Rebbeck, Timothy R. ; Arun, Banu K. ; Mitchell, Gillian ; Karlan, Bethy Y. ; Lester, Jenny ; Orsulic, Sandra ; Stoppa-Lyonnet, Dominique ; Thomas, Gilles ; Simard, Jacques ; Couch, Fergus J. ; Offit, Kenenth ; Easton, Douglas F. ; Chenevix-Trench, Georgia ; Antoniou, Antonis C. ; Mazoyer, Sylvie ; Phelan, Catherine M. ; Sinilnikova, Olga M. ; Cox, David G.
Introduction:
Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Methods:
We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals.
Results:
We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk.
Conclusions:
This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.
Simon, Nadine ; Käthner, Ivo ; Ruf, Carolin A. ; Pasqualotto, Emanuele ; Kübler, Andrea ; Halder, Sebastian
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can serve as muscle independent communication aids. Persons, who are unable to control their eye muscles (e.g., in the completely locked-in state) or have severe visual impairments for other reasons, need BCI systems that do not rely on the visual modality. For this reason, BCIs that employ auditory stimuli were suggested. In this study, a multiclass BCI spelling system was implemented that uses animal voices with directional cues to code rows and columns of a letter matrix. To reveal possible training effects with the system, 11 healthy participants performed spelling tasks on 2 consecutive days. In a second step, the system was tested by a participant with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in two sessions. In the first session, healthy participants spelled with an average accuracy of 76% (3.29 bits/min) that increased to 90% (4.23 bits/min) on the second day. Spelling accuracy by the participant with ALS was 20% in the first and 47% in the second session. The results indicate a strong training effect for both the healthy participants and the participant with ALS. While healthy participants reached high accuracies in the first session and second session, accuracies for the participant with ALS were not sufficient for satisfactory communication in both sessions. More training sessions might be needed to improve spelling accuracies. The study demonstrated the feasibility of the auditory BCI with healthy users and stresses the importance of training with auditory multiclass BCIs, especially for potential end-users of BCI with disease.
Ardelt, Peter U. ; Ebbing, Jan ; Adams, Fabian ; Reiss, Cora ; Arap, Wadih ; Pasqualini, Renata ; Bachmann, Alexander ; Wetterauer, Ulrich ; Riedmiller, Hubertus ; Kneitz, Burkard
Background
To use combinatorial epitope mapping ("fingerprinting") of the antibody response to identify targets of the humoral immune response in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder.
Methods
A combinatorial random peptide library was screened on the circulating pool of immunoglobulins purified from an index patient with a high risk TCC (pTa high grade plus carcinoma in situ) to identify corresponding target antigens. A patient cohort was investigated for antibody titers against ubiquitin.
Results
We selected, isolated, and validated an immunogenic peptide motif from ubiquitin as a dominant epitope of the humoral response. Patients with TCC had significantly higher antibody titers against ubiquitin than healthy donors (p<0.007), prostate cancer patients (p<0.0007), and all patients without TCC taken together (p<0.0001). Titers from superficial tumors were not significantly different from muscle invasive tumors (p = 0.0929). For antibody response against ubiquitin, sensitivity for detection of TCC was 0.44, specificity 0.96, positive predictive value 0.96 and negative predictive value 0.41. No significant titer changes were observed during the standard BCG induction immunotherapy.
Conclusions
This is the first report to demonstrate an anti-ubiquitin antibody response in patients with TCC. Although sensitivity of antibody production was low, a high specificity and positive predictive value make ubiquitin an interesting candidate for further diagnostic and possibly immune modulating studies.