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Background: Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population.
Methods: A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging examination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH.
Results: NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects (0.725%) and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinese people aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females (1.02% vs. 0.51%, \(\chi^2\) = 24.997, P < 0.001). Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents (0.85% vs. 0.61%, \(\chi^2\) = 5.847, P = 0.016). Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significant public health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk factors with atherosclerosis.
Background
Anemia is common and is associated with impaired clinical outcomes in diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). It may be explained by reduced erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis, but recent data suggest that EPO-resistance and diminished iron availability due to inflammation contribute significantly. In this cohort study, we evaluated the impact of hepcidin-25—the key hormone of iron-metabolism—on clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with CKD along with endogenous EPO levels.
Methods
249 diabetic patients with CKD of any stage, excluding end-stage renal disease (ESRD), were enrolled (2003–2005), if they were not on EPO-stimulating agent and iron therapy. Hepcidin-25 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The association of hepcidin-25 at baseline with clinical variables was investigated using linear regression models. All-cause mortality and a composite endpoint of CKD progression (ESRD or doubling of serum creatinine) were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
Patients (age 67 yrs, 53% male, GFR 51 ml/min, hemoglobin 131 g/L, EPO 13.5 U/L, hepcidin-25 62.0 ng/ml) were followed for a median time of 4.2 yrs. Forty-nine patients died (19.7%) and forty (16.1%) patients reached the composite endpoint. Elevated hepcidin levels were independently associated with higher ferritin-levels, lower EPO-levels and impaired kidney function (all p<0.05). Hepcidin was related to mortality, along with its interaction with EPO, older age, greater proteinuria and elevated CRP (all p<0.05). Hepcidin was also predictive for progression of CKD, aside from baseline GFR, proteinuria, low albumin- and hemoglobin-levels and a history of CVD (all p<0.05).
Conclusions
We found hepcidin-25 to be associated with EPO and impaired kidney function in diabetic CKD. Elevated hepcidin-25 and EPO-levels were independent predictors of mortality, while hepcidin-25 was also predictive for progression of CKD. Both hepcidin-25 and EPO may represent important prognostic factors of clinical outcome and have the potential to further define “high risk” populations in CKD.
Background
Information extraction techniques that get structured representations out of unstructured data make a large amount of clinically relevant information about patients accessible for semantic applications. These methods typically rely on standardized terminologies that guide this process. Many languages and clinical domains, however, lack appropriate resources and tools, as well as evaluations of their applications, especially if detailed conceptualizations of the domain are required. For instance, German transthoracic echocardiography reports have not been targeted sufficiently before, despite of their importance for clinical trials. This work therefore aimed at development and evaluation of an information extraction component with a fine-grained terminology that enables to recognize almost all relevant information stated in German transthoracic echocardiography reports at the University Hospital of Würzburg.
Methods
A domain expert validated and iteratively refined an automatically inferred base terminology. The terminology was used by an ontology-driven information extraction system that outputs attribute value pairs. The final component has been mapped to the central elements of a standardized terminology, and it has been evaluated according to documents with different layouts.
Results
The final system achieved state-of-the-art precision (micro average.996) and recall (micro average.961) on 100 test documents that represent more than 90 % of all reports. In particular, principal aspects as defined in a standardized external terminology were recognized with f 1=.989 (micro average) and f 1=.963 (macro average). As a result of keyword matching and restraint concept extraction, the system obtained high precision also on unstructured or exceptionally short documents, and documents with uncommon layout.
Conclusions
The developed terminology and the proposed information extraction system allow to extract fine-grained information from German semi-structured transthoracic echocardiography reports with very high precision and high recall on the majority of documents at the University Hospital of Würzburg. Extracted results populate a clinical data warehouse which supports clinical research.
FAZIT:
Die EQUAL-Studie stellt eine europäische Initiative zur Beantwortung wichtiger Fragen rund um die Betreuung älterer Patienten mit fortschreitender chronischen Niereninsuffizienz dar.
Die Pilotstudie konnte in Deutschland erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Es konnten insgesamt 30 Patienten eingeschlossen werden. Hierbei wurden geeignete Rekrutierungsarten und Rekrutierungsstrategien identifiziert.
Die Hauptstudie konnte mit Modifikationen im Design und Organisation aktuell erfolgreich in Deutschland und Europa durchgeführt werden.
Background: Accurate preoperative assessment of the aortic annulus dimension is crucial for successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In this study we examined the accuracy of a novel method using two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE) for measurement of the aortic annulus.
Methods: We evaluated the theoretical impact of the measurement of the annulus diameter and area using the circumcircle of a triangle method on the decision to perform the procedure and choice of the prosthesis size. Results: Sixty-three consecutive patients were scheduled for TAVI. Mean age was 82 +/- 4 years, and 25 patients (55.6 %) were female. Mean aortic annulus diameter was 20.3 +/- 2.2 mm assessed by TEE on the mid-esophageal long-axis view and 23.9 +/- 2.3 mm using CT (p < 0.001). There was a tendency for the TEE derived areas using the new method to be higher (p < 0.001). The TEE measurements were on average 42.33 mm(2) higher than the CT measurements without an evidence of a systematic over-or under-sizing (p = 1.00). Agreement between TEE and CT chosen valve sizes was good overall (kappa = 0.67 and weighted kappa = 0.71). For patients who turned out to have no AR, the two methods agreed in 84.6 % of patients.
Conclusions: CT remanis the gold standard in sizing of the aortic valve annulus. Nevertheless, sizing of the aortic valve annulus using TEE derived area may be helpful. The impact of integration of this method in the algorithm of aortic annulus sizing on the outcome of patients undergoing TAVI should be examined in future studies.
Background:
Accurate preoperative assessment of the aortic annulus dimension is crucial for successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In this study we validated a new method using two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE) for measurement of the aortic annulus prior to TAVI.
Methods:
We analysed 124 patients who underwent successful TAVI using a self-expandable prosthesis, divided equally into two groups; in the study group we used the cross sectional short axis 2D-TEE for measurement of the aortic annulus and in the control group we used the long axis 2D-TEE.
Results:
Both groups were comparable regarding the clinical parameters. On the other hand, patients in the study group had less left ventricular ejection fraction (38.9 % versus 45.6 %, p = 0.01). The aortic valve annulus was, although not statistically significant, smaller in the study group (21.58 versus 23.28 mm, p = 0.25). Post procedural quantification of the aortic regurgitation revealed that only one patient in both groups had severe aortic regurgitation (AR), in this patient the valve was implanted deep. The incidence of significant AR was higher in the control group (29.0 % versus 12.9 %, p = 0.027).
Conclusions:
Sizing of the aortic valve annulus using cross-sectional 2D-TEE offers a safe and plausible method for patients undergoing TAVI using the self-expandable prosthesis and is significantly superior to using long axis 2D-TEE.
Background
Comprehensive evidence on the incidence, time course and independent risk factors of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis (metaPC) in gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent in the context of available systemic combination chemotherapies is lacking.
Methods
Data from a prospectively collected single-institutional Center Cancer Registry with 1108 consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), clinical, histological and survival data were analyzed for independent risk factors and prognosis with focus on the development of metaPC. Findings were then stratified to the time periods of treatment with surgery alone, 5-Fluorouracil-only and contemporary combined systemic perioperative chemotherapy strategies, respectively.
Results
Despite R0 D2 gastrectomy (n = 560), 49.6% (±5.4%) of the patients were diagnosed with tumour recurrence and 15.5% (±1.8%) developed metaPC after a median time of 17.7 (15.1-20.3) months after surgery resulting in a tumour related mortality of 100% with a median survival of 3.0 months (2.1 – 4.0). Independent risk factors for the development of metaPC were serosa positive T-category, nodal positive-status, signet cell and undifferentiated gradings (G3/G4). Contemporary systemic combination chemotherapy did not improve the incidence and prognosis of metaPC (p = 0.54).
Conclusions
Despite significant improvements in the overall survival for the complete cohort with gastric cancer over time, those patients with metaPC did not experience the same benefits. The lack of change in the incidence, and persistent poor prognosis of metaPC after curative surgery expose the need for further prevention and/or improved treatment options for this devastating condition.
Background
In patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD), increased levels of circulating fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) are independently associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Interventional strategies aiming to reduce levels of FGF-23 in HD patients are of particular interest. The purpose of the current study was to compare the impact of high-flux versus low-flux HD on circulating FGF-23 levels.
Methods
We conducted a post-hoc analysis of the MINOXIS study, including 127 dialysis patients randomized to low-flux (n = 62) and high-flux (n = 65) HD for 52 weeks. Patients with valid measures for FGF-23 investigated baseline and after 52 weeks were included.
Results
Compared to baseline, a significant increase in FGF-23 levels after one year of low-flux HD was observed (Delta plasma FGF-23: +4026 RU/ml; p < 0.001). In contrast, FGF-23 levels remained stable in the high flux group (Delta plasma FGF-23: +373 RU/ml, p = 0.70). The adjusted difference of the absolute change in FGF-23 levels between the two treatment groups was statistically significant (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
Over a period of 12 months, high-flux HD was associated with stable FGF-23 levels, whereas the low-flux HD group showed an increase of FGF-23. However, the implications of the different FGF 23 time-trends in patients on high flux dialysis, as compared to the control group, remain to be explored in specifically designed clinical trials.
Balanced hydroxyethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) impairs kidney function in-vivo without inflammation
(2015)
Volume therapy is a standard procedure in daily perioperative care, and there is an ongoing discussion about the benefits of colloid resuscitation with hydroxyethylstarch (HES). In sepsis HES should be avoided due to a higher risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). Results of the usage of HES in patients without sepsis are controversial. Therefore we conducted an animal study to evaluate the impact of 6% HES 130/0.4 on kidney integrity with sepsis or under healthy conditions Sepsis was induced by standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (sCASP). sCASP-group as well as control group (C) remained untreated for 24 h. After 18 h sCASP+HES group (sCASP+VOL) and control+HES (C+VOL) received 50 ml/KG balanced 6% HES (VOL) 130/0.4 over 6h. After 24h kidney function was measured via Inulin- and PAH-Clearance in re-anesthetized rats, and serum urea, creatinine (crea), cystatin C and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as well as histopathology were analysed. In vitro human proximal tubule cells (PTC) were cultured +/- lipopolysaccharid (LPS) and with 0.1–4.0% VOL. Cell viability was measured with XTT-, cell toxicity with LDH-test. sCASP induced severe septic AKI demonstrated divergent results regarding renal function by clearance or creatinine measure focusing on VOL. Soleley HES (C+VOL) deteriorated renal function without sCASP. Histopathology revealed significantly derangements in all HES groups compared to control. In vitro LPS did not worsen the HES induced reduction of cell viability in PTC cells. For the first time, we demonstrated, that application of 50 ml/KG 6% HES 130/0.4 over 6 hours induced AKI without inflammation in vivo. Severity of sCASP induced septic AKI might be no longer susceptible to the way of volume expansion
Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren nehmen in der modernen Onkologie einen wachsenden Stellenwert ein. Sunitinib wirkt als Multityrosinkinaseinhibitor einerseits antiangiogenetisch, andererseits auch direkt antiproliferativ auf Tumorzellen. Im Tierversuch sind unter Sunitinib adrenotoxische Wirkungen beschrieben. Für das Nebennierenkarzinom, eine sehr seltene Tumorerkrankung mit schlechter Prognose, werden dringend neue Therapieoptionen benötigt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Effekt von Sunitinib auf die Proliferation von Nebennierenkarzinomzellen in vitro und auf deren Steroidbiosynthese untersucht.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Sunitinib dosisabhängig auf die beiden Nebennierenkarzinomzelllinien NCI-h295(R) und SW-13 antiproliferativ wirkt (SW-13: unter 0,1 µM Sunitinib 96 ± 7 %; 1 µM 90 ± 9 %*; 5 µM 62 ± 6 %*, Kontrollen 100 ± 9 %, ab 1 µM p<0,05). Steroidanalysen in den Zellkulturüberständen von NCI-h295-Zellen mittels Isotopenverdünnungs-/Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie belegen eine Abnahme der Cortisolsekretion (1 μM 90,1 ± 1,5 %*, 5 μM 57,2 ± 0,3 %*, Kontrollen 100 ± 2,4 %), während bestimmte Vorläuferhormone akkumulieren. Der beobachtete Anstieg der Quotienten von 17-OH-Pregnenolon zu 17-OH-Progesteron und DHEA zu Androstendion belegt eine partielle Hemmung der Steroidsynthese auf Ebene der 3ß-Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (HSD3B2). Nachdem eine direkte Hemmung des Enzyms HSD3B2 mittels Hefe-Mikrosomen-Assay ausgeschlossen werden konnte, bestätigte sich auf RNA- mittels Real-Time-PCR und Proteinebene mittels Western Blot eine dosisabhängige Hemmung der Transkription und Translation des Enzyms (mRNA: 1 μM 47 ± 7 %*; 5 μM 33 ± 7 %*; 10 μM 27 ± 6 %*; Protein: 1 μM 82 ± 8 %; 5 μM 63 ± 8 %*; 10 μM 55 ± 9 %*). Auch für CYP11B1 zeigte sich eine dosisabhängige Transkriptionshemmung durch Sunitinib, andere Enzyme wie CYP11A1 dagegen werden nicht beeinflusst.
Wenn sich diese in vitro Effekte bei Patienten unter Sunitinib-Therapie bestätigen sollten, könnte es bei einzelnen Patienten zu einer klinisch relevanten Nebenniereninsuffizienz kommen. Eine eindeutige Wirksamkeit von Sunitinib als Therapieoption beim Nebennierenkarzinom konnte im Rahmen der SIRAC-Studie nicht bestätigt werden. Hier ist jedoch anzumerken, dass wahrscheinlich eine gravierende Medikamenteninteraktion mit Mitotane zu einer Reduktion des Effekts von Sunitinib beigetragen hat.
Background:
Recently, we gained evidence that impairment of rOat1 and rOat3 expression induced by ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) is mediated by COX metabolites and this suppression might be critically involved in renal damage.
Methods:
(i) Basolateral organic anion uptake into proximal tubular cells after model ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) was investigated by fluorescein uptake. The putative promoter sequences from hOAT1 (SLC22A6) and hOAT3 (SCL22A8) were cloned into a reporter plasmid, transfected into HEK cells and (ii) transcriptional activity was determined after model ischemia and reperfusion as a SEAP reporter gen assay. Inhibitors or antagonists were applied with the beginning of reperfusion.
Results:
By using inhibitors of PKA (H89) and PLC (U73122), antagonists of E prostanoid receptor type 2 (AH6809) and type 4 (L161,982), we gained evidence that I/R induced down regulation of organic anion transport is mediated by COX1 metabolites via E prostanoid receptor type 4. The latter signaling was confirmed by application of butaprost (EP2 agonist) or TCS2510 (EP4 agonist) to control cells. In brief, the latter signaling was verified for the transcriptional activity in the reporter gen assay established. Therein, selective inhibitors for COX1 (SC58125) and COX2 (SC560) were also applied.
Conclusion:
Our data show (a) that COX1 metabolites are involved in the regulation of renal organic anion transport(ers) after I/R via the EP4 receptor and (b) that this is due to transcriptional regulation of the respective transporters. As the promoter sequences cloned were of human origin and expressed in a human renal epithelial cell line we (c) hypothesize that the regulatory mechanisms described after I/R is meaningful for humans as well.
Background
This article summarizes the 2012 European Renal Association—European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry Annual Report (available at www.era-edta-reg.org) with a specific focus on older patients (defined as ≥65 years).
Methods
Data provided by 45 national or regional renal registries in 30 countries in Europe and bordering the Mediterranean Sea were used. Individual patient level data were received from 31 renal registries, whereas 14 renal registries contributed data in an aggregated form. The incidence, prevalence and survival probabilities of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) and renal transplantation rates for 2012 are presented.
Results
In 2012, the overall unadjusted incidence rate of patients with ESRD receiving RRT was 109.6 per million population (pmp) (n = 69 035), ranging from 219.9 pmp in Portugal to 24.2 pmp in Montenegro. The proportion of incident patients ≥75 years varied from 15 to 44% between countries. The overall unadjusted prevalence on 31 December 2012 was 716.7 pmp (n = 451 270), ranging from 1670.2 pmp in Portugal to 146.7 pmp in the Ukraine. The proportion of prevalent patients ≥75 years varied from 11 to 32% between countries. The overall renal transplantation rate in 2012 was 28.3 pmp (n = 15 673), with the highest rate seen in the Spanish region of Catalonia. The proportion of patients ≥65 years receiving a transplant ranged from 0 to 35%. Five-year adjusted survival for all RRT patients was 59.7% (95% confidence interval, CI: 59.3–60.0) which fell to 39.3% (95% CI: 38.7–39.9) in patients 65–74 years and 21.3% (95% CI: 20.8–21.9) in patients ≥75 years.
Background:
Recent decades have seen a rise in the incidence of well-differentiated (mainly papillary) thyroid carcinoma around the world. In Germany, the age-adjusted incidence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in 2010 was 3.5 per 100 000 men and 8.7 per 100 000 women per year.
Method:
This review is based on randomized, controlled trials and multicenter trials on the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma that were retrieved by a selective literature search, as well as on three updated guidelines issued in the past two years.
Results:
The recommended extent of surgical resection depends on whether the tumor is classified as low-risk or high-risk, so that papillary microcar cinomas, which carry a highly favorable prognosis, will not be overtreated. More than 90% of localized, well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas can be cured with a combination of surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. Radio active iodine therapy is also effective in the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas with distant metastases, yielding a 10-year survival rate of 90%, as long as there is good iodine uptake and the tumor goes into remission after treatment; otherwise, the 10-year survival rate is only 10%. In the past two years, better treatment options have become available for radioactive-iodine-resistant thyroid carcinoma. Phase 3 studies of two different tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown that either one can markedly prolong progression-free survival, but not overall survival. Their more common clinically significant side effects are hand-foot syndrome, hypertension, diarrhea, proteinuria, and weight loss.
Conclusion:
Slow tumor growth, good resectability, and susceptibility to radioactive iodine therapy lend a favorable prognosis to most cases of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The treatment should be risk-adjusted and interdisciplinary, in accordance with the current treatment guidelines. Even metastatic thyroid carcinoma has a favorable prognosis as long as there is good iodine uptake. The newly available medical treatment options for radioactive-iodine-resistant disease need to be further studied.
High convection volume in online post-dilution haemodiafiltration: relevance, safety and costs
(2015)
Increasing evidence suggests that treatment with online post-dilution haemodiafiltration (HDF) improves clinical outcome in patients with end-stage kidney disease, if compared with haemodialysis (HD). Although the primary analyses of three large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed inconclusive results, post hoc analyses of these and previous observational studies comparing online post-dilution HDF with HD showed that the risk of overall and cardiovascular mortality is lowest in patients who are treated with high-volume HDF. As such, the magnitude of the convection volume seems crucial and can be considered as the ‘dose’ of HDF. In this narrative review, the relevance of high convection volume in online post-dilution HDF is discussed. In addition, we briefly touch upon some safety and cost issues.
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inactivation in mice results in early postnatal lethality. Therefore we generated mice in which MR expression can be silenced during adulthood by administration of doxycycline (Dox). Using a lentiviral approach, we obtained two lines of transgenic mice harboring a construct that allows for regulatable MR inactivation by RNAi and concomitant expression of eGFP. MR mRNA levels in heart and kidney of inducible MR knock-down mice were unaltered in the absence of Dox, confirming the tightness of the system. In contrast, two weeks after Dox administration MR expression was significantly diminished in a variety of tissues. In the kidney, this resulted in lower mRNA levels of selected target genes, which was accompanied by strongly increased serum aldosterone and plasma renin levels as well as by elevated sodium excretion. In the healthy heart, gene expression and the amount of collagen were unchanged despite MR levels being significantly reduced. After transverse aortic constriction, however, cardiac hypertrophy and progressive heart failure were attenuated by MR silencing, fibrosis was unaffected and mRNA levels of a subset of genes reduced. Taken together, we believe that this mouse model is a useful tool to investigate the role of the MR in pathophysiological processes.
Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is a key outcome determinant and a leading cause of death for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In this report, we followed the 5-year clinical journey of a patient with CTEPH. The tricuspid pressure gradient was significantly increased in the early phase of CTEPH and “normalized” at the late phase of this patient’s clinical journey, but this “normalized” gradient is not a positive treatment response but rather an ominous sign of advancing right heart failure owing to an exhaustion of RV contractile function. Thus, appropriate interpretation of the tricuspid pressure gradient change is of importance for assessing RV dysfunction and treatment outcome during follow-up in patients with CTEPH. Besides systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), other RV functional parameters such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV fractional area change, and RV longitudinal strain, together with clinical markers, may provide additional guidance regarding functional improvement or progression in patients with CTEPH.
In dieser post-hoc Analyse der 4D Studie wurde evaluiert, in welchem Maße endotheliale Dysfunktion und Inflammation für die deutlich erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität terminal niereninsuffizienter Patienten verantwortlich sind. Das untersuchte Patientenkollektiv bestand aus 1255 Hämodialyse-Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, die multizentrisch, randomisiert und kontrolliert mit 20 mg Atorvastatin pro Tag oder Placebo behandelt wurden. Nutzen und Risiken dieser Therapie in Hinblick auf den primären Endpunkt bestehend aus kardialem Tod, Myokardinfarkt und Schlaganfall wurden über einen medianen follow-up Zeitraum von vier Jahren evaluiert. Bei diesem Kollektiv wurden die Biomarker ADMA, SDMA, H-Arginin und SCRP gemessen und mit Hilfe eines multivariaten Cox-Regressionsmodells hinsichtlich ihres prädiktiven Wertes in Bezug auf Schlaganfall und kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse untersucht. SCRP wurde zusätzlich in Relation zu dem traditionellen kardiovaskulären Biomarker LDL-Cholesterin analysiert und der Einfluss von Atorvastatin auf die untersuchten Marker erforscht.
Im Folgenden werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse zusammengefasst.
Patienten der zweiten Quartile (ADMA >0,77 bis ≤0,86 µmol L-1) hatten ein um 66% höheres Risiko einen Myokardinfarkt (HR 1.66, 95% KI 1.12-2.46) und ein um 36% höheres Risiko den kombinierten kardiovaskulären Endpunkt zu erreichen (HR 1.36, 95% KI 1.05-1.77) als Patienten der ersten Quartile (ADMA ≤0,77 µmol L-1).
SDMA war mit einer erhöhten Inzidenz von Schlaganfällen verbunden. Das Risiko einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden war für Patienten aus Quartile 3 (SDMA >2,45 bis ≤2,96 µmol L-1) um 125% (HR 2.25, 95% KI 1.24-4.11) und für Patienten aus Quartile 4 (SDMA >2,96 µmol L-1) um 90% (HR 1.89, 95% KI 1.02-3.53) höher als für Patienten aus Quartile 1.
In Abhängigkeit des H-Arginin-Wertes sank das Risiko des plötzlichen Herztodes und der Gesamtmortalität: Patienten in Quartile 4 (>1,4 µmol L-1) hatten ein um 51% niedrigeres Risiko an plötzlichem Herztod zu versterben als Patienten in Quartile 1 (≤0,87 µmol L-1) (HR 0.49, 95% KI 0.29-0.85). Das Risiko der Gesamtmortalität war in Quartile 3 (>1,1 bis ≤1,4 µmol L-1) (HR 0.78, 95% KI 0.62-0.99) und 4 (HR 0.65, 95% KI 0.50-0.84) im Vergleich zu Quartile 1 am niedrigsten.
Sensitives CRP als Baseline-Parameter wurde als Prädiktor für den kombinierten kardiovaskulären Endpunkt (HR 1.10, 95% KI 1.01-1.18) und die Gesamtmortalität (HR 1.25, 95% KI 1.17-1.33) identifiziert. Ebenso war der Mittelwert zweier Messungen mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko assoziiert: Das Risiko einen Schlaganfall (HR 1.20, 95% KI 1.01-1.42) oder den plötzlichen Herztod (HR 1.20, 95% KI 1.05-1.37) zu erleiden stieg um 20% pro Einheit Anstieg in logarithmisch-transformiertem CRP, das den kombinierten kardiovaskulären Endpunkt zu erreichen um 10% (HR 1.10, 95% KI 1.02-1.20) und die Gesamtmortalität um 30% (HR 1.30, 95% KI 1.21-1.39). Patienten, deren SCRP-Wert initial unterhalb des Medians von 5 mg L-1 lag und im Verlauf um mehr als 100% anstieg, hatten ein um mehr als 4fach erhöhtes Risiko einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden (HR 4.07, 95% KI 1.20-13.78) und ein um mehr als 60% erhöhtes Risiko zu versterben (HR 1.63, 95% KI 1.08-2.45) als Patienten, deren SCRP im Verlauf um 47,3% fiel.
LDL in Kombination mit SCRP zeigte sich hier nicht prädiktiv für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse.
Die Atorvastatin-Behandlung beeinflusste außer dem LDL-Cholesterin keinen der untersuchten Parameter. In der Subgruppe der Patienten mit den höchsten CRP-Werten fand sich eine erhöhte Schlaganfallinzidenz unter denen, die mit Atorvastatin behandelt wurden.
Insgesamt stellen hohes SDMA und SCRP als Verlaufsparameter im Gegensatz zu ADMA und H-Arginin unabhängige Prädiktoren für das Auftreten von Schlaganfällen bei Hämodialyse-Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 dar.
Thalidomid als Therapieoption beim fortgeschrittenen Nebennierenkarzinom: Eine retrospektive Studie
Das adrenokortikale Karzinom (ACC) ist ein seltener Tumor mit einer schlechten Prognose. Im fortgeschrittenen Stadium gelten Mitotane und zytotoxische Chemotherapien als Standardtherapie, mit denen allerdings nur kurzzeitig eine Tumorkontrolle erreicht werden kann. Daher machte Thalidomid Hoffnung auf eine mögliche ´Rettungs´-Therapie.
Im Rahmen dieser retrospektiven Studie sollte der Nutzen und die Tolerabilität von Thalidomid beim fortgeschrittenen Nebennierenkarzinom untersucht werden. Insgesamt konnten 15 Patienten aus dem deutschen Nebennnierenkarzinomregister herausgefiltert werden, die den Einschlusskriterien entsprachen und Thalidomid als off-label erhalten haben.
Als Endpunkt wurden das progressionsfreie Überleben, ausgewertet geblinded gemäß RECIST 1.1., und das Gesamtüberleben festgelegt.
Alle 15 Patienten (7 Männer; medianes Alter 48,9 (Range 34,4 – 69,0) Jahre) waren bereits mit bis zu sechs systemischen Therapien vorbehandelt. Thalidomid wurde in einer Dosierung gemäß Verträglichkeit verabreicht (mediane Startdosis 100 mg/d) und das Restaging erfolgte alle 12 Wochen, das Erste im Median nach 10,9 Wochen.
Das progressionfreie Überleben lag im Median bei 11,1 Wochen (Range 4,4 – 34,4 Wochen), das Gesamtüberleben lag im Median bei 34,4 Wochen (Range 5,1 – 111,1 Wochen).
Während der erste Patient, der eine Krankheitsstabilisierung erfahren hat, die Behandlung aufgrund von Epistaxis und Diarrhoe Grad I nach 22,3 Wochen abbrach, zeigte der zweite Patient nach 34,4 Wochen weiterhin eine Krankheitsstabilisierung, obwohl er unter den vorangegangenen vier zytotoxischen Therapien progredient war.
Unter Thalidomid wurden nur geringgradige bis mäßige Nebenwirkungen beobachtet (hauptsächlich Fatigue und gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen).
Schlussfolgerung: Thalidomid ist ein gut verträgliches Medikament, das nur bei einer Minderheit zahlreich vortherapierter Patienten zu einer Krankheitsstabilisierung führte.
Die Transplantation nimmt, mehr noch als die verschiedenen Dialyseverfahren, den höchsten Stellenwert in der Therapie eines terminalen Nierenversagens ein. Eine Transplantation erfordert jedoch auch immer eine suffiziente Immunsuppression, ohne die die Funktionalität des Transplantats nicht gewährleistet werden kann. Kortikosteroide werden dabei immer noch sehr häufig nach Nierentransplantation eingesetzt. Jedoch bringt diese Medikation auch Risiken mit sich. In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Analyse wurden die Daten von insgesamt 809 Patienten ausgewertet. Die Patienten wurden in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt, wobei zwischen steroidfrei und nicht-steroidfrei in Jahr zwei nach Transplantation unterschieden wurde. Untersucht wurde, ob es Unterschiede im Patienten- und Transplantatüberleben, bei akuten Abstoßungen oder bei steroidtypischen Nebenwirkungen gibt.
Wir konnten ein tendenziell besseres Patientenüberleben in der steroidfreien Gruppe feststellen, vor allem zu sehen an der Zehn-Jahres-Überlebensrate (86,0% vs. 79,8%).
Bezüglich des Transplantatüberlebens zeigte sich ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zugunsten der steroidfreien Patienten (nach fünf Jahren 92,2% vs. 79,7%). Ein Transplantatverlust war in der steroidfreien Kohorte seltener zu beobachten (23,1% vs. 33,8%). Bei den in Jahr zwei steroidfreien Patienten ereigneten sich weniger akute Abstoßungsereignisse, sowohl bioptisch gesicherte als auch nur klinisch verdächtige Episoden.
Steroidtypische Nebenwirkungen, zum Beispiel ein Posttransplantationsdiabetes sowie kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse wurden tendenziell häufiger in der Kohorte mit fortgesetzter Steroideinnahme diagnostiziert. Im Auftreten von Malignomen gab es keinen Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen. Zu beachten ist die Möglichkeit eines Selektionsbias bei der retrospektiven Auswertung.
Somit ergeben sich in unserer Analyse für eine verkürzte Einnahme von Steroiden nach Transplantation greifbare Vorteile für das Patienten- und Transplantatüberleben. Die Steroidtherapie sollte jedoch mindestens bis sechs Monate nach Transplantation beibehalten werden. Nach diesem Zeitraum erscheint das Absetzen der Steroide sicherer zu sein, da akute Abstoßungsepisoden seltener auftreten. Sowohl Patienten- und Transplantatüberleben werden durch das Absetzen der Steroidtherapie günstig beeinflusst. Ein früheres Absetzen, wie es in anderen Studien durchgeführt wurde, führte häufiger zu höheren Raten an akuten Rejektionen. Kortikosteroide waren und bleiben somit ein unverzichtbarer Teil der initialen immunsuppressiven Therapie nach Nierentransplantation.
Background
In spite of several research studies help to describe the heart in Fabry disease (FD), the cardiomyopathy is not entirely understood. In addition, the impact of blood pressure and alterations in geometry have not been systematically evaluated.
Methods
In 74 FD patients (mean age 36±12 years; 45 females) the extent of myocardial fibrosis and its progression were quantified using cardiac magnetic-resonance-imaging with late enhancement technique (LE). Results were compared to standard echocardiography complemented by 2D-speckle-tracking, 3D-sphericity-index (SI) and standardized blood pressure measurement. At baseline, no patient received enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). After 51±24 months, a follow-up examination was performed.
Results
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in patients with vs. without LE: 123±17 mmHg vs. 115±13 mmHg; P = 0.04. A positive correlation was found between SI and the amount of LE-positive myocardium (r = 0.51; P<0.001) indicating an association of higher SI in more advanced stages of the cardiomyopathy. SI at baseline was positively associated with the increase of LE-positive myocardium during follow-up. The highest SBP (125±19 mmHg) and also the highest SI (0.32±0.05) was found in the subgroup with a rapidly increasing LE (ie, ≥0.2% per year; n = 16; P = 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression analysis including SI, SBP, EF, left ventricular volumes, wall thickness and NT-proBNP adjusted for age and sex showed SI as the most powerful parameter to detect rapid progression of LE (AUC = 0.785; P<0.05).
Conclusions
LV geometry as assessed by the sphericity index is altered in relation to the stage of the Fabry cardiomyopathy. Although patients with FD are not hypertensive, the SBP has a clear impact on the progression of the cardiomyopathy.