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Part 1 of this work describes the development of accurate physically grounded force fields for
intermolecular Cation-π interactions based on SAPT energy decomposition analysis.
The presented results demonstrate the benefits of the used DFT-SAPT method to describe non-bonding
interactions. First of all, this method is able to reproduce the high level CCSD(T) energy values
but using much less computational time. Second it provides the possibility to separate the total
intermolecular interaction energy into several physically meaningful contributions. The relative
contributions of the dimers investigated can be seen in Fig. 6.16. In Tab. 6.3 the percentage
contribution of the attractive energy parts to the stabilization energy is shown. The polarization
energy is important for the NH+...C6H6 interaction, whereas it becomes less crucial
considering other dimers. The dispersion energy contribution is large in the case of
the C6H6...H2O dimers, whereas it is relatively less important for the NH+...C6H6
interaction. The electrostatic energy contributes a large amount of stabilizing energy
in all considered dimer interactions. ...
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of ionic hydrocarbons : microsolvation and protonation sites
(2007)
This work has presented a spectroscopic analysis of three types of hydrocarbon cations: two ionized aromatic hydrocarbons, two protonated aromatic hydrocarbons and the cation of a fundamental radical hydrocarbon. The experiments were centered on the proton stretch vibrations of mass-selected complexes of these systems and polar (H2O) and non polar (Ar, N2, CO2) ligands. The experiments have been done in a tandem mass spectrometer coupled with an electron impact ionization ion source; an OPO laser system was used as tunable IR light source. All the proposed dimer structures have been also modeled using quantum chemical calculations (QCC). These calculations have consistently been matched with the experimental results and have enabled clear identification of the spectral features observed. This has enabled the evaluation of thermochemical properties which could not be extracted directly from experiment. The experiments done on complexes of 1-Np+ and Im+ have allowed for the acidity of their various groups to be probed: the shifts in the frequency as well as the enhancement in the intensity of the OH and NH stretch vibrations resulting from the complexation have yielded dependences on both the species (L) and the number (n) of the ligands. OH bound 1-Np+···Ar has been detected for the first time, showing that the REMPI-IRPD method is severely limited with respect to the production of the most stable isomer of a given cationic complex. The detection of c-1-Np+···(N2)n corresponds to the first observation of c-1-Np+ complexes and enables thus direct comparison of both 1-Np+ rotamers. The shift of the NH vibration of Im+···N2(H) yielded the first experimental estimate for the PA of the imidazyl radical. It was also found that the most stable 1-Np+···Ar and Im+···Ar structures differ qualitatively from that of the corresponding neutral dimers (H-bound vs pi-bound), emphasizing the large impact of ionization on the interaction potential and the preferred recognition motif between acidic aromatic molecules (A) and nonpolar ligands. The IRPD spectra of 1-Np+···Ln and Im+···Ln yielded spectroscopic information about the CH, NH and OH stretch vibrations of bare 1-Np+ and Im+. The dependence of the shifts in the frequency of the OH and NH stretch vibrations allows for creating microsolvation models. The spectroscopic results obtained on size-selected 1-NpH+···Ln show that, in the output of the presently used ion source, three classes of 1-NpH+ isomers can be identified: oxonium ions (1-Np protonated at the O atom); carbenium ions obtained by protonation in the para and ortho positions with respect to the OH functional group; carbenium ions obtained by the addition of a proton to well-defined sites on the second naphthalene ring. The spectral identification of these three classes of protonation sites is supported by their different photofragmentation patterns. It was demonstrated that the spectroscopic monitoring of the microsolvation of ImH+ in Ar and N2 together with the QCCs paint a very detailed picture of the microsolvation process, evidencing clear differences between the microsolvation models as function of the PA of the ligands. Important differences have also been identified between the various binding sites, enabling the creation of a clear scale of priorities for occupation of the binding sites during microsolvation. The application of IRPD to the study of microhydrated ImH+ provided for the first time direct spectroscopic information on the properties of the N-H bonds of this biomolecular building block under controlled microhydration. It was demonstrated that, as protonation enhances the acidity of the NH groups, the ability for proton conductivity of ImH+ increases. A very important result is derived from the IRPD spectroscopy of C2H5+···L (L = Ar, N2, CO2, CH4) dimers. The equilibrium geometry of the C2H5+ has long been debated. Now, IRPD spectra were recorded over the range of the CH stretch fundamentals (covering possible sp3 and sp2 hybridization of C). Depending on the ligand species, the spectra are found to be dominated by the fingerprint of two largely different dimer geometries. Using the experimental C2H5+···Ar spectrum and the corresponding QCCs, the structure of the (weakly perturbed) C2H5+ was found to be the nonclassical one, with one proton straddling across the C=C bond of the H2C=CH2. On the other hand, ligands like N2 and CH4 are strongly influencing the geometry, as seen in the spectral signatures of the C2H5+···N2 and C2H5+···CH4, which correspond to the classical [H2CCH3]+. It was thus demonstrated that while the nonclassical C2H5+ is the global minimum on the PES of the free [C2,H5]+, the structure of the C2H5+ can be strongly influenced by the chemical properties of the environment.
In the context of quantum mechanical calculations, the properties of non-adiabatic coupling in a small system, the Shin-Metiu model, is investigated.
The transition from adiabatic to non-adiabatic dynamics is elucidated in modifying the electron-nuclear interaction. This allows the comparison of weakly correlated electron-nuclear motion with the case where the strong correlations determine the dynamics.
The studies of the model are extended to include spectroscopical transitions being present in two-dimensional and degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy.
Furthermore, the quantum and classical time-evolution of the coupled motion in the complete electron-nuclear phase space is compared for the two coupling cases.
Additionally, the numerically exact electron flux within the weak coupling case is compared to the Born-Oppenheimer treatment.
In the last part of the thesis, the model is extended to two dimensions.
The system then possesses potential energy surfaces which exhibit a typical 'Mexican hat'-like structure and a conical intersection in the adiabatic representation.
Thus, it is possible to map properties of the system onto a vibronic coupling (Jahn-Teller) hamiltonian. Exact wave-packet propagations as well as nuclear wave-packet dynamics in the adiabatic and diabatic representation are performed.
In the present report, well-defined WO3 nanorods (NRs) and a rGO–WO\(_3\) composite were successfully synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method. The crystal phase, structural morphology, shape, and size of the as-synthesized samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The optical properties of the synthesized samples were investigated by Raman, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy and TEM results validate the formation of WO\(_3\) (NRs) on the rGO sheet. The value of the dielectric constant (ε′) of WO3 NRs and rGO–WO\(_3\) composite is decreased with an increase in frequency. At low frequency (2.5 to 3.5 Hz), the value of ε′ for the rGO–WO3 composite is greater than that of pure WO\(_3\) NRs. This could be due to the fact that the induced charges follow the ac signal. However, at higher frequency (3.4 to 6.0), the value of ε′ for the rGO–WO\(_3\) composite is less compared to that of the pure WO3 NRs. The overall decrease in the value of ε′ could be due to the occurrence of a polarization process at the interface of the rGO sheet and WO3 NRs. Enhanced interfacial polarization in the rGO–WO\(_3\) composite is observed, which may be attributed to the presence of polar functional groups on the rGO sheet. These functional groups trap charge carriers at the interface, resulting in an enhancement of the interfacial polarization. The value of the dielectric modulus is also calculated to further confirm this enhancement. The values of the ac conductivity of the WO\(_3\) NRs and rGO–WO\(_3\) composite were calculated as a function of the frequency. The greater value of the ac conductivity in the rGO–WO\(_3\) composite compared to that of the WO\(_3\) NRs confirms the restoration of the sp:\(^{++}\) network during the in situ synthesis of the rGO–WO\(_3\) composite, which is well supported by the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy.
Radiationless energy transfer is at the core of diverse phenomena, such as light harvesting in photosynthesis\(^1\), energy-transfer-based microspectroscopies\(^2\), nanoscale quantum entanglement\(^3\) and photonic-mode hybridization\(^4\). Typically, the transfer is efficient only for separations that are much shorter than the diffraction limit. This hampers its application in optical communication and quantum information processing, which require spatially selective addressing. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient radiationless coherent energy transfer over a distance of twice the excitation wavelength by combining localized and delocalized\(^5\) plasmonic modes. Analogous to the Tavis-Cummings model, two whispering-gallery-mode antennas\(^6\) placed in the foci of an elliptical plasmonic cavity\(^7\) fabricated from single-crystal gold plates act as a pair of oscillators coupled to a common cavity mode. Time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy (TR 2P-PEEM) reveals an ultrafast long-range periodic energy transfer in accordance with the simulations. Our observations open perspectives for the optimization and tailoring of mesoscopic energy transfer and long-range quantum emitter coupling.
Optimal open-loop control, i.e. the application of an analytically derived control rule, is demonstrated for nanooptical excitations using polarization-shaped laser pulses. Optimal spatial near-field localization in gold nanoprisms and excitation switching is realized by applying a shift to the relative phase of the two polarization components. The achieved near-field switching confirms theoretical predictions, proves the applicability of predefined control rules in nanooptical light–matter interaction and reveals local mode interference to be an important control mechanism.